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Name Date Class
Succession
The four pictures below show succession in a small area in New York. Think of these pictures as four photographs, with many years in between. Notice that in each picture, the plants have changed and so have the animals. Use the pictures to answer the questions below.
Stage 1 Stage 2 white-tailed deer
white-footed mouse red squirrel short-tailed shrew
Stage 3 Stage 4
red fox
short-tailed shrew red squirrel
lite-tailed deer^J .U-^ •—--^pir^C white-footed/ .....£=AieC..mouse ^
Wi^whi white-footed mouse ....sS^-
short-taiied shrew
1. In which stage is grass mostly found? I
S k c g e 1 i s u ^ h g r e g / b t S < ; is mcs+lj -fvund. 2. The grasshopper sparrow is so named because of what it eats. Why do you think it is mostly
found in Stage 1?
3. What new species appears in Stage 3? What can you hypothesize about this species based on
the four pictures?
4. By Stage 4, what type of vegetation has taken over?
T 11 hxLif^ KtT<; 4 ^ j b ^ ^ U ^ C V' € F
5. How did the trees change the environment, making it less favorable for the grasses to grow?
T K ^ V f AS d-^t^-c L^spaaZ, (Tlful hi (TtijkL c^Lct /̂ WL S^U.^
6. Which animal survived in all stages of this succession? Why?
28 Ecosystems
A. Factors that affect biomes chmate <^ CC^O "2—
1. temperature . tefd p a^t eWMl. § - 73
B, Major h> lOFy\3 —large areas with similar climates and ecosystems
.—cold, dry, treeless region
a. Permanently frozen sod called P'C^F'/Al G 'frVS
— I ~) ^M
b. Average temperature: ' ^ ^—'
c. Average precipitation is /tlS <, 'HlQ/] X^C'^ per year. d. Plants: ^ D S . S P S grasses, small shrubs, lichens
e. Animals: insects, ducks, geese, other birds, mice, arctic / l d^M^A, ^ reindeer
2. / C{ l^j ^ — cold forest of mostly evergreen trees
a. Soil 2haii.'S in the short summer.
b, Prpripitatinn- mostly snow. ^ 3 -̂/<1? f / ' C / V l per year .
forests—region with four seasons, mostly trees that lose their
leaves in autumn
a. Temperatures range from in winter to
in summer.
b. Precipitation: throughout the year, 73 cm-/53' cm per year
4. T ^ > ^ ^ f ^ t 4 ^ liain. forests—taU trees with needlelike leaves
a. Average temperature: /
b. Precipitation: cm- ^OC) cm per year
5. / lADp I I IT/Tl I lAy forests—^the most biologically diverse of all biomes
a. Average temperature: M ^
b. Precipitation: 2Mj cm- (DOCJ cm per year
c. Four ~2^lY\-^S : forest floor, understory, canopy, emergents
d. Human impact: habitats being (d QJ^iFrO^ _ by farmers and loggers
6. D €3erf; - -driest biome, supports htde plant life
a. Temperatures: vary from. 3 f i t - to 6 u ) | d
b. Precipitation: less than 3- 3 cm per year
c. Soil: thin, <^V:^y| A '-^l or gravelly
d. Plant: cactus
e. Animal: kangaroo |MA-"3"
_—^prairies or plains, dominated by grasses
a. Temperatures: temperate or
b. Precipitation cm per year; dry season
£co{o^[j C K a p k r 3 Sec+ion 3
R ^ c k p a Q e S 7 1 - " ^ 3
Section 3 Aquatic Ecosystems
_ ecosystems—include flowing and standing water, low or no salt
1. Rivers and streams— f ((;v^•^^A^' water
a. Most u . f r t ' ^ t A f b washed into water from land.
b. The faster the flow, the greater the (ZACj Cj € X^ content.
2. Lakes and ponds—very Httle C v ' C m e / ^-f^
a. Sunlight warms and lights pond b c T - f j o m ^ _ supporting plant and animal life.
b. Deeper lakes support hfe along S^U:^ / Ip VA shoreline or surface
3. Water p 0 I WriQyi —a problem caused by fertilizer-filled runoff and sewage
4. I'lZ-^-tbrV" —regions wet all or most of year
a. Lie between |3Dcl M 655^5 and water
b. Very b d i M i \ ecosystems
B. Salt water ecosystems—95% of Earth's water contains high concentration of salt, or
high .S4l/)*1|-Kl
1. Open oceans—divided into hghted and dark life Z-pr^ 'CcL.
—upper 200 m and home of plankton
b. 1^6wiC ysjnCrS—below 200 m where animals feed on material that floats down or
prey on each other
2. (-Z TQ. J j^Pip-fS —diverse and fragile ecosystems formed from coral shells of
calcium carbonate
3. Seashores—along C0r2 IH ^ 6
a. /D r i I i 2^)/]tP —covered with water at high tide and exposed to air at
low tide
b. Drastic P l^ClPiCjC^Z in temperature, moisture, salinity, and wave action
4. L-6i WCtto-j •—̂ where a river meets an ocean; called bays, lagoons, harbors, inlets, sounds
a. Rich in n u - { r ic^>vhS
b. Changing M\Ai'V.Y't?S of salt water and freshwater
Name
m Date Class
Directed Reading for
Gontent Mastery
Overview Ecosystems
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
cold forest region tundra deserts
include include include
1. taiga
2.
d e s G c t 5
that is a that is a that are
cold, dry,
treeless region
the driest
biomes on
Earth
5 3 5
grassland
include
3.
A.2i5sUH:i
such as the
prairies of
North America
Directions: In the spaces provided, indicate whether each ecosystem is saltwater, freshwater, or both.
5 N i f iNArifM 5. coral reefs
-ff-AAb u.'c?4iP
_ 6. estuaries
_ 7. rivers and streams
_ 8. open oceans
firtbb [^Jcli£ r~ 9. lakes and ponds
_ 10. wetlands
. 7 / 7 / - f a M < 4 c r
Ecosystems 17
Name Date Class
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1 • How Ecosystems Change
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used more than once.
primary secondary succession pioneer climax
1. The gradual change from one community of organisms to another is
ecological 7 a C C £ 5 S i ( 9 n .
2. Succession that takes place in a forest that has heen destroyed hy fire is an
example of . ^ e c f ^ n c i a r x ) succession.
3. The first organisms to move into a disturbed environment are the
j A i O n e £ ^ V ^ species.
4. A community that tends to remain the same and is in the final stage of
succession is a yy\X community.
5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location that does not have
soil is I \ A ' 3 d r ^ succession.
6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a Cf /1 f K i p X - community.
7. When no life exists at all in an area, p>r i /W d r cj succession begins.
8. Physical disturbances are important in maintaining balance in
a A I I KKi dl y. community.
succession can take hundreds or even thousands of
years to develop into a climax community.
10. Number the following sentences describing primary succession so that they are
in the correct order.
2- a. Mosses and ferns grow in soil formed by decaying lichens.
b. Thicker, richer soil supports the growth of shrubs and trees, Insects,
small birds, and mammals move in.
3 c. Eventually, the soil layer thickens and grasses, wildflowers, and other
plants begin to take over.
_ d. Life on a hare rock begins as lichens and the forces of weather and
erosion help break down rocks in to smaller pieces to form soil.
18 Ecosystems
Name Date Class
, Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 2 • Biomes Sections - Aquatic Ecosystems
Directions: Use the following terms to identify the biome in which you would expect to find each animal listed below.
tundra grassland tropical rain forest
taiga temperate deciduous forest desert
1. salamanders 2v^JlMAx£^ TCUy^-^ ^
2. caribou ^kX^T^^ I
3. oak tree ^V>^fXA.PcML.. j LC^c
4. zebra n n^^l'^^^ut^ 3 5. moose T ^ g ^ Ihjpr^n'j
6. kangaroo rat dJAVg
Directions: Match the words and phrases in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the
correct word or phrase in the blank at the left.
Column I
7. organisms that float near the surface
of freshwater lakes and ponds
8. extremely fertile, productive
environments that serve as
important nurseries for many
ocean fish
9. home to organisms adapted to
dramatic changes in temperature,
moisture, and salinity
Column I I
a. intertidal zones
b. temperate rain forests
c. rivers and streams
d. biomes
e. algae, plants, and plankton
f. estuaries
g. deserts
10. flowing freshwater environments
11. usually covered with a thin sandy, or gravelly
soil that contains little organic matter
12. located in New Zealand, southern Chile, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States
13. large geographic areas that have similar
climates and ecosystems
Ecosystems 19
Name Date Class
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Key Terms Ecosystems
Directions: Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle.
P
3
0
T
P
fx
'7
p
p 0 '1 7 M ^ KJ
3
11
13
T
T
A fd
P3
10
12
P
P U- fp ,A
D A
p
Across
1
3
'>-'
9.
11.
12.
13.
The first living things in a disturbed environment, such as lichens
Forests with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth
.egions that are wet for all or most of a year
A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession
Climax communities dominated by grasses
A cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes called a cold desert
/Water ecosystem formed from the calcium carbonate shells secreted hy a particular animal
Down
f l ^ The portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air during low tide
4. The normal, gradual changes that occur in the types of species that live in an area
dp 6. Forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves
7. Large geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems
8. A cold forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees.
IOP)The area where a river meets an ocean ' and contains a mixture of freshwater and saltwater
20 Ecosystems
^ p p ^ Chapter Review
Ecosys tems CP 5 / 5 6 8
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed letters to spell the term that answers question 14.
1. a community that has reached a stable j ^ ^ stage of ecological succession
2. the normal, gradual changes that occur
in the types of species that live in an
area
3 the portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air during low tide
4. temperate and tropical regions that receive between 25 cm and 75 cm of precipitation a year and and have climax communities of grasses
5. forest with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth
6. forest dominated by climax communities of trees that lose their leaves every autumn
7. large geographic areas that have similar chmates and ecosystems
8. a cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes called a cold desert
9. a cold forest region dominated by
cone-bearing evergreen trees
10. the driest biome, often covered with a
thin, sandy, or gravelly soil, contains
little organic matter
11. the area where a river meets an ocean
contains both freshwater and salt water
12. regions that are wet for all or most of a year
13. ecosystems formed from the calcium 13. carbonate shells secreted by animals
^ ^ i n j z i l u jfL _i_ i . y_
2. s u c c c [ e l s 5 f o n
3. 1 n -f- [ e ] r - h ( d Q
5. -h^o
6. J 5 _ ^ i n [ ^ _ £ ^ j C _ Q _ 2 ± l J L
A c=_ j _ i _LL_ iZ_ u _ S
7. JO 1
8. jtiuEloLii.^ 9. A a
10. _ije^A_[e]_r J L
11. A A i l A . GuH^y^
12. J A Z [ i l j t_L PL J T A A
2 o m a \ j r _ e eAs
14. The first living things to arrive at a primary succession: p i O t T & £ / W ^ p g . C > l € L i S
Ecosystems 35
Name Date
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Dirediosis: For each of the following, write either P for pioneer species orCfor climax community in the lines provided.
G _ 1, beech-maple forest
^ 2 . hchens
L- 3 . mosses and ferns
Directions: For each of the following, write either P for primary succession orS for secondary succession in the lines provided.
^ 4 . erupting volcano
__P_ 5. abandoned paved parking lot
6. wilderness after a forest fire
Directions: Match the location and wildlife with the correct biomes. Biomes may be used more than once.
7. Douglas fir; spruce; black bear; cougar
8. eastern United States; Europe
d 9 . kangaroos; wildebeests; cattle
10. just south of the tundra biome; cone-bearing
evergreen trees; elk
- G near the equator, including in South America
h> 1 2 . white-tailed deer; brightly colored leaves in autumn
U- 1 3 . cactus; scorpions; kangaroo rats
14. snowy owls; reindeer; lichens
a. taiga
b. temperate deciduous
forest
c desert
d. grassland
e. tropical rain forest
f. tundra
g. temperate rain forest
- f
G 1 5 . more biological species than anywhere else in the world
D'mcttms: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 16. In water environments, what are the most important factors that determine which species
can survive?
W^-fe^ -kmpgyu-WinC^amoant p-f s<4nli^^4t^ a/\<^ S a l t ieAcmaoA^-..
I
I
^ ^ K i c K S p e C i - C ^ CXLA S u r v i v e . | 1 7 . . Name three standing freshwater ecosystems. 8
LaKtSj por\ds J a n d w e t i a r d j a r € S'^'ACI tftsBiAA-fe.r* 1 8 . Why are wetlands important? ^ dCOSLj S f O D | .
1 9 . What causes tides to rise and fall each day? ^
The. Qra\/\-hcH6r\ci\l n^Xh. Sun 4- H g i r K \ causes -t i A e s 4o r i s - e - a -fa. 11 e ^ L c h d a y . —^
36 Ecosystems /