Is it more important to know the truth or to be able to
convince someone of something?
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Argument is writing that takes a position on an issue and gives
evidence to back it up. It wants the audience to be persuaded to do
or to think something.
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Claim: This is the position you are taking in the overall
conversation. Reasons: Why you are taking this side of the
argument. Support/Evidence: This is the proof that backs up your
claim.
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Counterarguments/Objections: This is where you address what
others might say against your argument. Builds credibility
Recognizes other side
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You can disarm disagreements and criticism before they even
happen. This will enhance your credibility and make your argument
more convincing.
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Art of using language effectively and persuasively Most often
seen in speeches Uses rhetorical appeals(proof) Uses rhetorical
devices -
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Communicator/ Writer Audience/ Reader Message/ Text
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Logos- refers to the argument's logical appeals, appeal to a
readers sense of reason includes facts, statistics, details What
facts and other supporting details does the writer use to back up
his or her claims?
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Pathos- refers to the argument's emotional appeals, that is,
how well the writer taps into the reader's emotions. Emotional
appeals might inspire patriotism, happiness, sadness, anger, and
other emotions in the audience. What emotions does the writer use
against the reader?
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Ethos: the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's
authority We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the
central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to
the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words
making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the
paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect. How
does the writer try to make him, herself, or even a company more
credible?
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Product- Jennifer Lopez perfume Credibility- pop star, model,
fashion designer Why buy this perfume? I will be strong and
beautiful like Jennifer Lopez!
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Powerful language is needed to create a persuasive argument
Authors use devices for a variety of purposes: 1. create flow and
rhythm 2. emphasize major points 3. make connections for the
readers
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- Rhetorical ?- question that requires no answer Ex: Why could
I never please? Why was it useless to try to win anyones favor?
(Jane already knows the painful answers to these questions; they
just reflect her unhappiness.) Repetition : REPEATS PHARSES, WORDS-
FOR DERSIRED EFFECT PURPOSE: EMPHASIS; GET AUDIENCE TO
ENGAGE(THINK) ABOUT THE ARGUMENT
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A CONCISE STATEMENT OF TRUTH Ex: A penny saved is a penny
earned; Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy,
and wise. Purpose: builds ethos by connecting to audience with
something they may know or something they can use later
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Parallel Structure - repetition of same grammatical structure;
match noun w/noun, verb w/verb, etc. All elements have equal
importance and are similarly phrased. Ex: The burden must be
carried; the want provided for; the suffering endured; the
responsibility fulfilled. Purpose: creates flow and rhythm
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A DIRECT OR INDRIECT REFERNECE TO ANOTHER PIECE OF LITERATURE
OR WORK OF ART LOTS OF ALLUSIONS TO THE BIBLE Ex: Frankenstein is
often compared to Adam the first man since he was the first of his
kind Purpose: provides a context by connecting to another
piece
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A comparison of two similar situations implying the outcome of
one will resemble the outcome of another Conaways analogy of
driving the car and needing to know the destination to looking at
each embedded assessment and discovering what activities and
knowledge we must have Purpose: makes a connection for the
reader
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Hyperbole- extreme exaggeration Simile- comparison using like
or as Metaphor- direct comparison Purpose: Use of these figurative
language techniques adds to understanding; makes connections for
readers
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Contrast between what is said and what is meant Oedipus curses
the murderer of Laius. Not realizing he is the murderer, he is
cursing himself. Purpose: sometimes can add emotion like shock or
humor
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Antithesis - strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or
ideas Ex: Give me liberty or give me death! Purpose: powerful,
evoke emotion
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- unassociated ideas, words, or phrases placed next to one
another creating an effect of surprise or wit Ex: a liberal America
or a conservative America Purpose: emphasizes differences to show
similarities
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- repetition of word or phrase at beginning of verses, clauses,
paragraphs I was pregnant with poverty, pregnant with dirt,
pregnant with smells, pregnant with cold. Purpose: creates rhythm
and flow and adds emphasis; enhance understanding
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P.A.T.T.R.
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P: Purpose- what is the point of the argument? LOGOS? ETHOS?
PATHOS? A: Audience- who is the intended audience? Who is the
author appealing to? T: Theme- what is the authors commentary on
the subject: T:Tone- how does the speaker feel about the
subject/topic? Look @ diction, images, details, syntax R:
Rhetorical Strategies- what are the rhetorical strategies and how
do they help the argument?
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Start with a hook- engage audience Use rhetorical devices and
rhetorical appeals Dont forget counterarguments End with a call to
action restate claim and appeal to values
