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Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit-Driven? Rubén Cuevas (UC3M), Michal Kryczka (Institute IMDEA Networks), Angel Cuevas (UC3M), Sebastian Kaune (TU Darmstadt), Carmen Guerrero (UC3M) and Reza Rejaie (Univ. Oregon) Rubén Cuevas [email protected] University Carlos III of Madrid

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Page 1: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit-Driven? Rubén Cuevas (UC3M), Michal Kryczka (Institute IMDEA Networks), Angel Cuevas (UC3M), Sebastian Kaune (TU Darmstadt), Carmen Guerrero (UC3M) and Reza Rejaie (Univ. Oregon)

Rubén Cuevas [email protected]

University Carlos III of Madrid

Page 2: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

2 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 3: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

3 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 4: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

•  BT is massively used and responsible of a large portion of the Internet Traffic

•  Its success is due to the availability of (often copyrighted) valuable/popular content at very low cost

•  Publishing content implies: –  Spend Resources (cpu, bw, …) –  Legal implications (fines, even prison)

4 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Source: Sandvine. Fall 2010 Global Internet Phenomena Report

Motivation

What are the main incentives of content publishers in BitTorrent? 1. Altruism (good citizens) ? 2. Profit-driven incentive ? 3. Any other incentive ?

Page 5: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

5 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 6: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Data Collection •  Content Publisher can be identifed by

–  USERNAME used to register the torrent in a BitTorrent Portal

–  IP address used for initially seed the content in the swarm

•  We crawl BitTorrent Portals –  To retrieve the Content Publisher’s username (easy)

•  We crawl BitTorrent Trackers: –  To retrieve the Content Publisher’s IP address (difficult) –  To retrieve the IP addresses of the downloaders of a

given content

6 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Page 7: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Our Dataset

Dataset name

BitTorrent Portal

Start Date End Date # Torrents (username/ IP

addr)

# IP addresses

mn08 Mininova 09-Dec-08 16-Jan-09 - / 20.8K 8.2M

pb09 Pirate Bay 28-Nov-09 18-Dec-09 23.2K / 10.4K 52.9K

pb10 Pirate Bay 06-Apr-10 05-May-10 38.4K / 14.6K 27.3M

7 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Page 8: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

8 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 9: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Skewness of Contribution

0 20 40 60 80 1000

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage of publishers

Perc

enta

ge o

f pub

lishe

d co

nten

t

mn08pb09pb10

9 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

40% of the content is published by 3% (~100) of the publishers

Page 10: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Identifying major publishers

•  Top-100 publishers based on IP addresses –  55% use an unique username –  45% use a large number of usernames -> “Fake”

• Hacked or random-name usernames •  Fake content -> PB removes the username account •  25% usernames, 30% content, 25% downloads

•  Top-100 publishers based on usernames –  25% use an unique IP –  If we remove the fake usernames -> “Top”

•  37% content and 50% downloads

10 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

“Top” + “Fake” publishers are responsible of 66% of the content

75% of the downloads

Page 11: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Signature of Content Publishers

•  Do major publishers have any distinguishing features (i.e. signature) ?

•  We examine the following characteristics –  Type of published content –  Popularity of published content –  Availability and Seeding behavior

•  Aggregated Session Time per Publisher

11 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Page 12: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

All Fake Top101

102

103

104

Avg N

um D

ownlo

ader

s per

Tor

rent

per P

ublis

her

Popularity of published content

12 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

“Fake” publishers’ content is the most unpopular: -  Portals remove indentified fake content -  Users quickly report fake content in forums

The median popularity of “Top” publishers’ torrents is 7 times higher than a typical user (“All”)

pb10

Page 13: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

All Fake Top0

100

200

300

400

500

600Ag

greg

ated S

essio

n Tim

e per

Pub

lishe

r (Ho

urs)

13 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Seeding behavior of content publishers Aggregated Session Time per Publisher

pb10

Nobody helps on seeding fake content. “Fake” publishers have to seed all their published content. This requires long sessions in the system

“Top” publishers much more available than regular publishers (more contents seed during longer periods)

Page 14: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

14 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 15: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Incentives of “Fake” publishers •  They publish files with catchy titles

–  e.g. recently released Hollywood movies •  We download few files from them and

found two profiles. •  Anti-piracy agencies publish fake

version of the content to be protected –  Loops with few scenes or anti-piracy ads

•  Malicious users try to spread malware –  The content point to an specific player to

be reproduced that is a malware 15 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven?

ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Page 16: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Incentives of “Top” publishers Data Collection •  We emulate the experience of a user by

downloading a few files published by each “Top” publisher looking for a promoted URL –  Name of the downloaded file –  Torrent webpage’s textbox –  Name of a text file displayed when opening the

torrent •  Publisher’s username

–  Username = promoted URL (e.g. ultratorrents) •  Business Service

–  Type of service offered at the promoted URL

16 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Page 17: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

•  Private BT Portals/Trackers (profit-driven) –  18% of the content, 29% of the downloads –  Financial profit: ads, donations and VIP access –  Video, audio and software

•  promoted Web Sites (profit-driven) –  8% of the content, 11% of the downloads –  Mostly hosting (adult) images portals that publish porn

content in the Pirate Bay –  Financial profit: ads

•  Altruistic (major) Publishers –  11.5% of the content, 11.5% of the downloads –  Light content (music and e-books) –  Detailed description, asking for help on seeding

17 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Incentives of “Top” publishers Profiles

Page 18: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Estimating Publishers’ Income of profit-driven publishers •  For each promoted web site we collect

from 6 different monitor sites: –  Avg. value of the web site –  Avg. daily income of the web site –  Avg. daily visits to the web site

18 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Web Site Value ($) Min / Median / Max

Web Site Daily Income ($)

Web Site Daily Visits

Private BT Portals

1K/33K/2.8M 1/55/3.7K 74/21K/1.4M

Promoted Web Sites

24/22K/1.8M 1/51/1.9K 7/22K/772K

Promoted Web Sites are fairly profitable and visible Few of the profit-driven publishers are associated to very valuable web sites ( valued up to $ millions)

Page 19: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Outline

19 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

1.  Motivation

2.  Data Collection

3.  Identifying Major Publishers

4.  Incentives of Major Publishers

5.  Conclusion

Page 20: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Conclusion •  67% of the published content and 75% of

the downloads depend on few publishers •  “Fake” Publishers

–  Antipiracy agencies and malicious users –  30% of the content and 25% of downloads –  Systematic poisoning attack on BT Portals

•  “Top” profit-driven publishers –  Associated to fairly profitable web sites –  37% of non-fake content and 54% non-fake

downloads 20 Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven?

ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

The removal of the financial-driven publishers (e.g. by antipiracy legal actions) may severely affect the popularity of BitTorrent. If this happens:

“Will BitTorrent survive as the most popular file-sharing application without these financial-driven publishers?”

http://bittorrentcontentpublishers.netcom.it.uc3m.es

Page 21: Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit ...events.networks.imdea.org/sites/default/files/2011-11-18-Presentation... · content at very low cost • Publishing content

Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit Driven? ACM CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia

Is Content Publishing in BitTorrent Altruistic or Profit-Driven? Rubén Cuevas (UC3M), Michal Kryczka (IMDEA Networks), Angel Cuevas (UC3M), Sebastian Kaune (TU Darmstadt), Carmen Guerrero (UC3M) and Reza Rejaie (Univ. Oregon)

Thanks for your attention!

Rubén Cuevas

[email protected] University Carlos III of Madrid