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है”ह”ह

IS 14792 (2000): Irrigation Equipment - Design,Installation and Operation of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems- Code of Practice [FAD 17: Farm Irrigation and DrainageSystems]

IS 14792:2000

W-?-dkTm

Indian Standard

IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT — DESIGN, INSTWLATIONAND OPERATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS — CODE OF PRACTICE

ICS 65.060.35

July 2000

~ BIS 2000

BUREAlr OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAI-IADUR SHAH ZAFAR MmG

NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group s

—..,.

Irrigation and Farm Drainage Equipment and System Sectional Committee, FAD 54

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by theIrrigation and Farm Drainage Equipment and System Sectional Committee had been approved by the Foodand Agriculture Division Council.

The use of sprinkler irrigation systems in this country is increasing at a substantial rate. As the need forrecommended practices for systems design and installation has been felt extensively, this standard has beenprepared.

This standard has been prepared with two principal objectives. Firstly to give guidance to purchasers on thevarious aspects of sprinkler irrigation that they must take into account in order that they may be providedwith an efticient and economical irrigation system that properly maintained and operated, will give a reasonablylong, safe period of useful service. Secondly, to serve as a reference for minimum requirements to be attainedby sprinkler irrigation equipment manufacturers and other concerned with sprinkler irrigation systems.

In preparation of this standard assistance has been derived from NZS 5103:1973 ‘Code of practice for thedesign, installation and operation of sprinkler irrigation systems’, prepared by Standards Association of NewZealand.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the finalvalue, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordancewith IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding of numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retainedin the rounded off value, should be the same as that of the speeitled value in this standard.

IS 14792:2000

Indian Standard

IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT – DESIGN, INSTALLATIONAND OPERATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS — CODE OF PRACTICE

1 SCOPE

1.1 This standard prescribes the procedure for thedesign, installation and operation of sprinkler systemsused for irrigation of agricultural lands, orchards,lawns and land scoped areas.

2 TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard the followingdefinitions shall apply.

2.1 Application Rate

The precipitation rate expressed in millimetres depthof water per hour. For sprinkler lines fitted withsprinklers, the rate is calculated on the basis of thedistance between sprinkler lines settings, the spacingof the sprinklers along the sprayline, and the averagedischarge of the sprinklers.

2.2 Available Water-Holding Capacity (AvailableMoisture)

The difference in moisture content of a soil betweenfield capacity and permanent wilting point expressedas millimetres depth of water per metre depth of soil.

2.3 Crop Factor

The ratio of the evapotranspiration of a particularcrop to that of an average grass pasture.

2.4 Design Area

The specific land area in hectares which the supplieror designer and the purchaser mutually understand isto be irrigated by the sprinkler system.

2.5 Effective Root Depth

The depth of the soil in metrcx from the surfacewhich contains 80 percent of the roots of the crop.The soil lying between these two boundaries is referredto as the effective root zone.

2.6 Evapotranspiration Rate

The amount of water evaporated and transpired fromthe leaf surfaces of the plant and evaporated from thesoil in a given time, generally expressed in millimetresdepth of water per day.

2.’? Field Capacity

The maximum amount of water that a soil will holdagainst drainage by gravity.

1

2.8 Infiltration Rate

The rate at which soil will take in water during theirrigation period, expressed in millimetres depth ofwater per hour.

2.9 Irrigation

The process of supplementing natural precipitationso as to maintain moisture within the effective rootzone of the growing plant above permanent, wiltingpoint and up to field capacity.

2.10 Leaching

The removal of soluble mineral salts from the soil.

2.11 Mainline

That part of the piping system that feeds all or partof the irrigating water to the sprinkler direct orthrough a sub-mainline.

2.12 Permanent Wilting Point

The moisture content in a soil at which plants willpermanently wilt.

2.13 Sprinkler

A line of pipe or tubing having perforations or flittedwith sprinklers along its length. A sprinkler line maybe one of several operated from a common mainline,or it may be a single unit supplied directly from thesource. It may be movable or permanently located.

2.14 Sprinkler Irrigation System

This comprises all equipment required to pressurize,convey and distribute water by sprinkling to the designarea.

2.15 Sub-mainline

That part of the piping system, where fitted, thatconnects the mainline and the sprayline.

2.16 Uniformity Coefficient

A measure of the uniformity of water applicationobtained when given sprinklers, operating at a givenpressure, are spaced in a given pattern under knownconditions.

2.17 Water Application Eftlciency

For a given area, the ratio of the quantity of waterapplied to the effective root zone to the quantity ofwater discharged from the system expressed as apercentage.

1S 14792:2000

3 HYDROLOGICAL DESIGN

3.0 This section lists thegeneral hydrological designobjectives that should be achieved in the design of asprinkler irrigation system. As a design aid, averagevalues for the soil, water, and plant parameters thatshould be considered are listed. This information willallow the system requirements to be assessed.

3.1 Depth of Water Application

In the design of the system the gross depth ofapplication (equivalent rainfall) per irrigation isgoverned by the following factors:

a)

b)

c)

d)

c)

The capacity of the soil for moisture storage;

The depth of the effective root zone of thecrop irrigated;

The water application efficiency;

Depletion of the available moisture in thecrop root zone; and

The leaching requirement to prevent salinityin the root zone exceeding a safe figure insoils having internal drainage below the rootzone.

3.1.1 Available water holding capacities of soils basedon textural classes values for available water-holdingcapacities in millimetres per metre depth of soil aregiven in Table 1. Based upon soils of various texturalclasses, identification of textural classes by feel andappearance is described in Annex A.

Table 1 Mean Available Water-HoldingCapacities of Soils of Various Textural Classes

(Clause 3.1. 1)

S1 No. Textural Class Water Available

Oii)

iii)

iv)

v)

w)

vii)

rnndm Depth of Soii—

Very coarse texture — very coarse sands 33-62

Coarse texture — coarse sanda, fine 62-104

StUdS and iOmy SiUdS

Moderately coarse texture — sandy loams 104-146

Medium texture — very tine smdy loams 125-192

loams and silt loams

Moderately tine texture — clay loams 146-208

silty clay loams and sandy clay loams

Fine texture — sandy clays, silty clays 133-208

and clay

Peats and mucks 167-250

NOTES

1 Before Table 1 is applied to the soils of an are% a sufficient

number of e~h auger test holes should be put dowm todetermine variatiom in the depth and textural class of thesoils within the effeetive crop root depth

2 Where detailed determinations of the water holding capacitiesof soils have been made, the values so obtained may be usedin place of Table 1.

3.1.2 Effective Crop Root Depths

Average effective root depths for mature crops shallbe used in calculating the depth of water application.Such root depths shall be as shown in Table 2.

3.1.3 Depletion of Available Soil Moisture

In general, depletion of available soil moisture shouldnot be permitted to exceed 70 percent in lighter soils,and this figure should decrease progressively to 40percent for heavy soils. For average soils, depletionshould not exceed 50 percent. In the case of vegetablesdepletion figures should not exceed half those quotedabove.

3.2 Net Depth of Application

The net depth of application for a root zone shouldbe obtained by summing the depths of water whichcan be depleted from each successive interval of depth.

3.3 Leaching

3.3.1 Where saline soils are irrigated it is possiblethat salts may be concentrated to harmfid levels inthe root zone. The same situation may apply ifirrigation water contains appreciable amounts of salt.In such cases a quantity of water in addition to thenet depth of application (Dn) should be applied witheach irrigation. This additional water will percolatethrough the root zone of the crop and leach anyaccumulation of salts to a lower level.

3.3.2 Leaching Requirement

The additional quantity of water required for leachingpurposes should be determined from the followingformula:

where

L

ECW

EC=

Dn

Ew

R

NOTES

.

.

.

——

——

——

looox Ecwx Dn_RL=

ECe x Ew

Leaching requirement in rnillimetre$

electrical conductivity of irrigationwater in millimhos per centimetreat 25”C;

maximum allowable electricalconductivity of the saturated soilpaste extract in the design area forthe crop being irrigated, inrnillimhos per centimetre at 25”C;

net depth of application inmillimetres;

water application efficiency aspercentage; and

average rainfall in millimetresobtain~d by interpolation, for thegrowing season of the crop beingirrigated.

1 If L has a negative value the leaching requirement can beomitkd.

2 Maximum values of the electrical conductivity for the saturatedsoil paste extract of various mops are given in Table 3.

2

IS 14792:2000

Table 2 Effective Crop Root Depths Under Irrigation

(Clause 3. 1.2)

crop Root Depth

Frud Crops

ApplesApricotsBeny fruitsCherriesChinese goodse-berriesCitrusGrapesPassion fruitPeachesPearsPlumsStrawberriesr3~ana

Vegetables

AsparagusBerms13eetrootBroccoliBrussels sproutsCabbagescarrotsCauliflowersCeleryCucumbersLettucesOnionsParsnipsPeasPotatoesPotatoes (sweet)

0.76-1.220.61-1.370.31-0.760.76-1.220.31-0.460,61-1.220.46-0.910.31-0.460.61-1.220.61-1.220.76-1,220.31-0.460.300.60

1.830.46-0.610.31-0.460.46-0.610,46-0.610.46-0.610.46-0.610.46-0.610.610.46-0.610.15-0.460.310.62-0,910.46-0,610.61-0.910.61-0.91

Cmp Root Depth

pumpkinsRadishRock melonsSpinach (silver beet)SquashSweet comTomatoesTurnips (Whitt3)Wales melons

Field Crops

BarleyLucerneMaizeoatsRice-sprinkler irrigatedSorghum (grain & sweet)TobaccoWheatSoybeansSugarcaneCotton

Pasture and Fad&r Crops

Fodder beetLucerneMillet-fodderPastures anoualPastures-perennialRapeSorghum alum

0.91-1.220.310.610.46-0.610.61-0.910.61-0.910.61-1.220.31-0.610.61-0.91

0.91-1.11.22-1,830.61-0.910.61-0.760.61-0.910.61-0.910.61-1.220.76-1.100.60-0.750.45-1.100.60-1.85

0.46-0.611.22-1.830.31-0.610.31-0.760.31-0,760.46-0.610.91-1.22

NOTES

1 This table lists ranges of root depth in conditions of unimpeded growth.

2 A soil auger should be used to determine depth of soil available for growing the crop. This information could be obtained at the sametime as the operation described under Note 1 to Table 1,

3 Root depths as shown above should be modified according to the chamcteriatics and properties of the soil to be irrigated. In general,with lighter soil the larger values should be used and with heavier soils the smaller values.

4 Where detailed determinations of crop root depths have been made, the figures so established should be used.

5 In the case of cultivated orchards, the first 150 mm of soil tiom the surface shall be omitted in determining the available water-holdingcapacity.

3.4 Gross Depth of Application

The gross depth of application should be determinedfrom the following formula:

D“ x 103+LD~=—————

J%

whereD~ = gross depth of application in

millimetres;

D. = net depth of application inrnillimetres;

[2 = leaching requirement in millimetres;and

Ew = water application efficiencypercentage.

3

3.5 Estimation of Soil Moisture Loss byEvaporation and Transpiration

The transfer of moisture from the soil to the air bydirect evaporation and by transpiration from plantcover is influenced by many factors. The temperatureand dryness of the air, the strength of the wind, thetemperature of the soil itself, and the abundance ofmoisture in the soil, all have their effects. As aconsequence, the day to day variations in the loss ofmoisture from the soil can be quite considerable.Measurement of these losses is quite difficult, but thetotal loss over a period can be estimated with usefulaccuracy from an average daily rate of loss for thedistrict and time of the year. Typical values for PETfor various climatic conditions are given in Table 4.

1S 14792:2000

Table 3 Maximum Electrical Conductivity (in Millimhos per Centimetre at 25-C)Saturated Soil Extract

(C[ause 3.3.2)

Nil Nil Nil

Ver-y Low Low Medirsm High

Tolerwrce Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance

2-3 mmholcm 4-6 mmholcm 6-8 mmho/cm 10-12 mmho/cm

FruiI CropsApp]esApricots13mr-yfruitCherriesChinese gooseberriesCitrusGrapesPassion fruitPeachesPeansPlumsStrawberries 1

Ikgetables

Beans Corn(sweet) Broccoli

CarrotsCelery Lettuce Cabbages

Cucumbers Potatoes Cauliflowers

OniOns Potatoes (sweet) Tomatoes

Parsnips Pumpkins

PeasRadishRock melonsSquashWater melons

Field Crops

‘1’ohacco Maize Lucerne Barley

Oata

SorghumWheat

NOTE — The quantity of water required for leaching calculated from the higher conductivity figure in the range at the head of theseCOIunum should be taken to be the minimum for control of salinity tiecting satisfactory crop yields. Calculations baaed on the lowerconductivity figures are more desirable.

—..

AsparagusBeetrootSpinach

Table 4 Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) for the various factors outlined in 4.1 shall not, in(Clause 3.5) general, exceed the interval determined from the

following formula:Climate mm of Water Used per Day

cool humid 2,5-3.8

cool dry 3.8-5.1’

Wanrr humid 3.8-5.1

warm dry 5.1-6.3 whereHot humid 5.1-7.6

Hot dry 7.6-11.5 1=

4 SYSTEM CAPACITYDn =

4.1 General Requirements J’f”.The system shall have the capacity to meet the peakmoisture demands of each and all crops irrigatedwithin the area for which it is designed.

4.2 Irrigation Interval f=The interval between irrigations, including provision

4

irrigation interval in days;

net depth of application in millimetres(see 3.2);

estimated average water need ofpasture in rnillimetres per day formonth of peak demand duringgrowing petit@ and

crop factor relative to pasture (seeTable 5).

Table 5 Crop Factors(Clause 4.2)

CmpCitms

Deciduous orchard

Cram sorghum

Lucerne

Maize

Millet

Oats, barley, wheat

Pasture

Potato

Rice

Tobacco

Tomato

Vegetables

Crop Factor

0.75

0.85

1.0

1.15

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

5 APPLICATION RATE

5.1 General Requirement

A sprinkler irrigation system, when properly designed

IS 14792:2000

and operated, should apply water at a rate whichdoes not cause surface run-off or water to lie on thesurface of the ground after irrigation has ceased.

5.2 Application Rate to be Used

The determination of a proper rate of applicationshould be the responsibility of the person designingthe system. The rate used should take into account:

a)

b)

c)

d)

The depth of application required asdetermined from 4 and the length of timerequired between settings for economicaloperation;The lower water application efficiencyobtained from very low application rates (seeNote 4 to Table 6);

Any changes in cultivation practice duringgrowing of the crop, and the possibility ofreduction in the intlltration rate during theirrigation season; and

The infiltration rate and slope (see Table 6).

Table 6 Estimated Maximum Water Application Rates for Design(Clause 5.2)

SIOpesl) S10pes2) Slope#

Soit Croups Based on 0-8:

Texture and Pmfde

Sand.. and light sandy 31.8

loams uniform in texture10 I X2 m pumice

Sandy loams to 0.61 m 20.3

ovcrl~ying a heavier subsoil

hfediuu] lacrms to sandy 16.5

cltys over a heavier subsoil

Clay loams over a clay 12.7

subsoil

Silt loams and silt clay 10.2

clays 6,4

Peat 16.5

Ij 0.8” slope — level to undulating.

2) 9“-12,5° @Ie — undulating to low biIk.

3) over 12.5° slope — low to steep hills.

9’ to 12.5”

25.4

16.5

12.7

10,2

7.6

5.1—

over 12.5”

20.3

12.7

10.2

7.6

5.1

3.8—

NOTES

1

2

3

4

5

6

The above figures are intended for guidance only. where detailed soil surveys and irrfWation e@mirrtents have been carried out orwhere reliable application rate &ta are available for a similar soil, the figures so established for application rates should be u~d.

For bare cultivation such as undertree watering of orchards and watering of vegetables, the above ratea should be reduced by upto50 percent (to avoid soil loss or damage to structure).

Lighter application rates should be used when pastures snd crops are being established.

In areaa where very high evapotmnapriration rates frequently occur, when application rates are below 6 mm (0.25 in) per hour,

consideration should be given:

a) To the practicability of designing the system to operate from lab everrirtg through the night until morning when, generally, hotwindy conditions that would adversely allect e5iciencies will not apply, or

b) To the use of surface irrigation. If the topo~aphy is not s~itable for surke irrigation, and if it is not practicable to restrict irrigationto night time operation, due allowance should be made for water application efficiency lower tharr those specified irr 4.7

in areas where very bigb evapotmnspiration rates frequently occur and when application rates are less than 6 mm per hour, conductivityof irrigation water is greater than 1 mmbo arrd the crops being watered are fruit and vegetable crops shown irr COI1 and 2 of Table 3,

or tomatoes, or tobacco, then night watering or surface tilgation should be adopted.

a) If the peat is dry botJr the formation of puddles and/or “run-off may be expected on initial irrigation. To minimize the operatorshould try decreasing the amount of water applied per shft artd perhaps increasing the frequency of application until the surface is

thoroughly wetted.

b) Once moisture content is continuously maintained betweem the tolerable maximum and minimum values, application at the rates

eiven in ‘fable 6 mav be comidered,

5

IS 14792:2000

6 UNIFORMITY OF WATER APPLICATION

6.1 Pressure Variation in Sprayline

The pressure drop over the length of any spraylinemeasured at the sprinkler heads includlng variationsdue to changes in elevation, shall not exceed 20percent of the maximum sprinkler operating pressureover 95 percent of the installation design area, andshall not exceed 30 percent of the maximum sprinkleroperating pressure over the remaining 5 percent ofthe installation design area.

6.2 Spacing of Sprinklers

6.2.1 Sprinklers with Measured UniformityCoefJcients

If test information is available regarding the measnredperformance of sprinklers in conditions similar tothose existing in a design situation, such informationshould be used to select sprinkler spacing to producethe best uniformity coefficient.

6.2.2 Sprinklers without Measured UnifromityCoefJcients

When uniformity coetlicients are not available, asprinkler shall be chosen which, when operating atthe minimum pressure in the sprayline produces adesign diameter of a wetted circle (D) of not lessthan that recommended by the manufacturer for thespacing adopted, or that given by the followingformuale, whichever is the greater:

a) Rectangular spacing D = 1.3 times thediagonal or 1.55 times the length of thelonger side, whichever is the greater.

b) Square spacing D = 1.3 times the diagonal.

D,D2c) Triangular spacing D = 1.3 ~

whereD] D2 = distance between sprinklers in

adjacent parallel spraylines; and

b = distance between adjacent parallelspraylines.

6.2.3 Water Application Rate

Average water application rate for different sprinklerdischarges and spacings shall be determined by thefollowing formula:

~ =3600qa Slxs

(mm/h)

2

where

Ra = is application rate, mdh;

q = is sprinkler discharge, I/s; and

5’1,S2 = are sprinkler spacings, m.

For irrigation of long and mrrow strips, single settingof sprinkler line may be sti]cient if the application

rate is decided in accordance with the followingformula:

R=3600 q

(mm/h)S1 X 0.8S 1

6.2.4 Sprayline Spacings

Sprayline spacings required to provide uniformity ofapplication under different wind conditions are asgiven hereunder:

6.2.4.1 Lateral spacing

Wind Velocity Lateral Spacing

w) (?? of wetting diameter)

No wind 65

<8 60

8 to 16 50

>16 30

6.2.4.2 Sprinkler spacing

Pattern Wind Velocity Sprinkler Spacing

w) (% of wetting diameter)

Square or No wind 65rectangular

<7 60

7 to 13 50

> 13 30

7 INSTALLATION

7.1 Buried Mains

7.1.1 Pipes used as buried mains for irrigation shallbe laid in accordance with the relevant IndianStandards.

7.1.2 Particular attention is drawn to the necessityfor concrete anchor blocks of snllicient size beingprovided at any significant change in direction orgrade, change in diameter, major branch connectionor terminal, and adjacent to any values or fittingsthat may give rise to hydraulic loading along theline.

7.2 Pumps and Prime Movers

7.2.1 Internal combustion engines shall be providedwith protective devices. Devices shall be suppliedthat stop the engine if

a) engine temperature exceeds the safety pointfor the prime move~ and

b) oil pressure falls below the minimumspecified; or pressure because of loss ofsuction or reduction in delivery pressure.

7.2.3 Wiring and starting equipment for electricallyoperated planta shall comply with Electrical Code1985. Electric motors shall be provided with overload,low-voltage, and inter phase variation protection.

6

7.2.4 Pumps, power units and transmission shall beeffectively guarded.

8 OPERATION

8.1 The purchaser shall be supplied with writtenoperational data, performance, and layout details ofthe system and its components including:

a) sprinkler make, model, performance, andnozzle diameter;

b) design layout of sprayline;

c) design pump duty; and

d) correct range of operating pressures for thesystem.

8.2 The supplier or his agent shall demonstrate theimportant aspects regarding the operation, care, andmaintenance of the unit including methrxls of shiftingand setting up the portable components of the system.

8.3 The maintenance of optimum levels of moistureis a complex operation in which operator experiencewill play an important part. Where possible soilmoisture levels should be determined to provide thebasis for system operation. In the absence of soilmoisture measurement, the technique as givenin 8.4 shall be used.

8.4 The moisture content of soil can be assessed byfeel and appearance and a guide to this technique isgiven in Annex B.

9 RESPONSIBILIT~S OF MANUFACTUREDEALER

9.1 Investigation

9.1.1 The manufacturer/dealer shall take allreasonable action within his capacity to determinethat the supply of water, furnished by the purchaser,is stilcient for the system under consideration.

9.1.2 Sui%cient information shall be obtained by themanufacturer/dealer to ensure that the values used indesign for available moisture and intlltration rate ofthe soil to be irrigated are correct.

9.1.3 The manufacturer/dealer shall take sufficientmeasurements of the area to be irrigated to ensurethat accurate and economical design of the systemcan be made. Distances shall be measured and levelstaken as required to provide a proper basis for design.In case the information about the area and itstopography is supplied by the purchaser, themanufacturer/dealer may veri@ the same.

9.2 Design

9.2.1 The system design shall be capable of meetingthe duty, agreed between the manufacturer/dealer andthe purchaser. Additional system capacity shall notbe provided without the knowledge and expressedwish of the purchaser.

9.2.2 The manufacturer/dealer shall ensure that thereis clear understanding with the purchaser of the area,

.

IS 14792:2000

that is to be irrigated with the system, and of theperformance capacity of the system.

9.2.3 Information to Purchaser Beforv Sale

M the time of quotation the manufacturer/dealer shalldetail clearly the capital costs of componentassemblies, operating expenses, and the total labourrequirement likely to be encountered during thenormal operation of the plant.

9.4 Installation

9.4.1 The manufacturer/dealer shall be responsiblefor providing the purchaser with full instructions foroperating and maintaining the system so as to achievethe design performance. Reasonable operating andmaintenance instructions shall be provided by themanufacturer/dealer in writing.

9.4.2 When the manufacturer/dealer undertakes theinstallation of the system, he shall be responsible forensuring that the equipment is properly installed andthat it will achieve the design performance. Themanufacturer/dealer shall be responsible in thesecircumstances for undertaking all necessary tests tocontirm that the installation is correct.

9.4.3 Where the purchaser specifies that he will dohis own installation or arrange for someone otherthan the dealer to do the installation, themanfucaturer’s responsibility shall be limited torecommending how to install the equipment.

10 RESPONSIBILITIES OF PURCHASER

10.1 Request for Service

10.1.1 The purchaser shall provide the manufacturer/dealer with all the information available to himconcerning the quantity and quality of water availablefor use, labour avadable for operation of the system,availability of power, and any other relevantinformation necessary for proper and economic designof the system.

10.1.2 The purchaser shall be responsible forobtaining such advice as is necessary to ensure thatthe area nominated by him to be watered and thewater supply to be used are suitable for the crops tobe grown on the area.

10.2 purchase of Equipment

10.2.1 The purchaser shall accept written quotationsonly and shall give a written order for the quotationaccepted.

10.2.2 The purhaser shall satis@ himself that thesystem to be accepted and installed is likely to proveprofitable, and shall be responsible for seeking suchadvice as is available about such profits and costsbefore accepting any quotation.

10.2.3 Operation

The purchaser shall ensure that the system is operatedin accordance with the manufacturer ‘s/supplier’srecommendations.

1

IS 14792:2000

ANNEX A

(Clause 3.1. 1)

IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS BY FEEL AND APPEARANCE

A-1 INTRODUCTION

In order to achieve uniformity in the application ofthe data given in Table 1 and in the recognition ofsoils, the following description of soil types is given.

A-1.l Sand

Sand is loose and single grained, and the individualgrains can be seen or felt. Squeezed in the handwhen dry, it will fall apart when pressure is released.Squeezed when moist, it will form a cast, but willcrumble when touched.

A-1.2 Fine Sand

Fine sand is a loose soil in which a large proportionof individual grains can be seen or felt. Squeezed inthe hand when dry, it has a slight tendency tocohesion. Squeezed when moist, the cast will bearonly very careful handling, otherwise it will crumble.

A-1.3 Sandy Loam

A sandy loam is a soil containing much sand butwhich has enough silt and clay to make it somewhatcohesive. The individual sand grains can readily beseen and felt. Squeezed in the hand when dry, it willform a cast which will readily fall apart; but ifsqueezed when moist, a cast can be formed that willbear careful handling without breaking.

A-1.4 Fine Sandy Loam

A fine sandy loam contains a fairly large proportionof finer sand which gives the soil a gritty feel. Siltand clay make the soil rather more mellow to the feelthan a sandy loam. Squeezed in the hand when dry,it will form a cast which will bear very carefulhandling. Squeezed when moist the cast will breakfairly readily.

A-1.5 Loam

A loam is a soil having a mixture of the differentgrades of sand, silt and clay in such proportion thatthe characteristics of no one predominates. It isInellow with a somewhat gritty feel, and when moistis slightly plastic. Squeezed in the hand when dry, itwill form a cast that will bear careful handlings whilethe cast formed by squeezing the moist soil can behandled quite freely without breaking.

A-1.6 Silt Loam

A silt loam is a soil having a moderate amount of thefine grades of sand and only a small amount of clay,over half of the particles being of the size called‘silt’, when dry it may appear quite cloddy, but thelumps can be readily broken; and when pulverized itfeels smooth, soft and flowy. When wet the soil readilyruns together. Either dry or moist, it will form caststhat can be freely handled without breaking; but whenmoistened and squeezed between thumb and finger,it will not ‘ribbon’ but will give a broken appearance.

A-1.7 Light Clay Loam

A light clay loam forms clods or lumps which arefairly hard when dry and the clods can be quite readilybroken. When the soil is moist, this soil will barelyform a ‘ribbon’ but it will break extremely easily.

A-1.8 Clay Loam

A clay loam is a fine textured soil which usuallybreaks into clods or lumps that are hard when dry.When the moist soil is pinched between thumb andfinger, it will form a thin ‘ribbon’ which will breakreadily, barely sustaining its own weight. The moistsoil is plastic and will form a cast that will bearmuch handling. When kneaded in the hand, it doesnot crumble readily but tends to work in a heavycompact mass.

A-1.9 Heavy Clay Loam

A hemy clay loam will form hard lumps or clodswhen dry and when wet the soil will form a ‘ribbon’which will bear some handling and will tend to clingtogether. It could be distinguished from a clay in thatthe ‘ribbon’ will tend to break up.

A-1.1O Clay

A clay is a fine textured soil that usually forms veryhard lumps or clods when dry and is quite plasticand usually sticky when wet. When the moist soil ispinched out between the thumb and finger, it willform a long flexible ‘ribbon’. Some clays very highin colloids are, friable and may lack plasticity at allconditions of moisture.

IS 14792:2000

ANNEX B

(Clause 8.4)

GUIDE FOR READILY AVAILABLE MOISTURE BASED ONFEEL OR APPEARANCE OF SOIL

Percent Available Loam-y Sands and P&y Fine Sandy Loam Silty Clay LoamsMoisture Remaining Sandy Loums (Coarse and Silt Loam (iMedium and Clay Loams

Textured) Textured) (Fine Texture)-.

()-25 Dv, loose, flows Powdery, sometimes Hard, baked,through fingers slightly crusted, cracked, diflicult

but easily broken to break downdown into a powdeq into powderycondition conditions

25-50 Appears to be dry, Somewhat crumbly Somewhat pliable,will not form a but holds together with balls underball with pressure pressure pressure

50-75 Tends to ball under Forms a ball, some- Forms a ball,pressure, but what plastic sticks ribbons outseldom holds to- slightly with between thumb andgether when bounced pressure forefinger, has ain hand slick feeling

75-1oo Forms a weak ball, Forms a very pliable Easily ribbonsbreaks easily when ball, slicks readily out between thumbbounced in hand, and forefinger,will not slick has a slick

feeling

100(at FC) Upon squeezing no Same as sandy loam Same as sandyfree water appears loamon soil, but wetoutline of ball isleft on hand; soilsticks to thumb whenrolled between thumband forefinger

-.. .

Saturated Free water appears Same as sandy loam Same as sandyon soil when loamsqueezed

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. FAD 54 (2835).

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