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IS 1448-7 (2004): Methods of Test for Petroleum and itsProducts, Part 7: Determination of Calorific Value byCalculation [PCD 1: Methods of Measurement and Test forPetroleum, Petroleum Products and Lubricants]

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

Indian Standard

METHODS OF TEST FOR PETROLEUM

AND ITS PRODUCTS

[P: 7]

DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY CALCULATION

(First Revision)

ICS 75.080

(3 BIS 2004

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BA[HADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

November 2004 Price Group 3

Methods of Measurement and Test for Petroleum, Petroleum Products and LubricantsSectional Committee, PCD 1

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard [P : 7] (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft

finalized by the Methods of Measurement and Test for Petroleum, Petroleum Products and Lubricants SectionalCommittee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council.

This test method was first published in 1960. In this standard scope as well as terminology have been modified.

Summary of test method, significance and use have been included. Presentation of calculation has been updated.Considerable assistance has been derived from ASTM D 4868 ‘Standard test method for estimation of net andgross heat of combustion of burner and diesel fuels’ for formulation of this test method.

The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.

In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed orcalculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numericalvalues (revised)’.

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

Indian Standard

METHODS OF TEST FOR PETROLEUMAND ITS PRODUCTS

[P: 7]

DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY CALCULATION

(First Revision)

1 SCOPE

1.1 This method is intended for the determination ofthe calorific value, gross or net, of petroleum fuels by

calculation from the fuel density, sulphur, water andash content.

1.2 This method shall be used only as a routinealternate method for the quick estimation of calorificvalue, and for accurate determination and in case ofdispute the method prescribed in IS 1448 [P : 6] shallbe adopted.

2 REFERENCES

The following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis standard. At the time of publication the editionsindicated were valid. All standards are subject torevision and parties to agreements based on this

standard are encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent editions of the standardsindicated below:

IS No.

1448

[P: 4]: 1984

[P: 6]: 1984

[P: 33] :1991

[P: 34] :1979

[P: 40] :1987

Title

Methods of test for petroleum andits productsAsh, sulphated ash and watersoluble ash (second revision)Heat of combustion of liquidhydrocarbon fuels by Bombcalorimeter method (Jrst revision)

Sulphur by Bomb method (secondrevision)

Determination of sulphur inpetroleum products (Lamp method)

(second revision)

Water by distillation (thirdrevision)

3 TERMINOLOGY

For the purpose of this test method, the followingdefinitions shall apply.

3.1 Gross Calorific Value — The gross calorific value

of a fuel at constant volume is the number of heat unitswhich would be liberated when unit weight of fuel isburnt at constant volume in oxygen saturated withwater vapour, the original and final materials being at15“C, the residual products being carbon dioxide,sulphur dioxide, nitrogen and water, the water otherthan that originally present as vapour, being in theliquid state.

3.2 Net Calorific Value — The net calorific value of

a fuel is the number of heat units which would be

liberated when unit weight of the fueI is burned in

oxygen saturated with water vapour, the original andfinal materials being at 15°C and the residual products

being carbon dioxide and nitrogen. This value may beexpressed either at constant pressure or constantvolume.

3.3 Units of Measurement — The units of measurement

employed in this method are the caIorie and the BritishThermal Unit, defined as follows:

1 calorie at 15°C = 4.1855 joule

1 calorie =4. 1868 joule (exactly)

1 Btu/lb°F =4. 1868 joule/g°C (exactly)

3.4 Most petroleum products consist essentially of alarge number of different hydrocarbons which are sonearly alike physically that a mixture of them exhibitsa thermodynamic behaviour somewhat analogous tothat shown by a mixture of isotopes. It has beenestablished experimentally that many of theseproperties, including the calorific value, are closely

related to the density of the liquid which may easilybe determined using a hydrometer. The relationship

affords a very useful means of computing the caloriticvalue of petroleum and its products.

The relation between total heat of combustion atconstant volume and specific gravity for purehydrocarbons, water-, ash- and sulphur-free, found inpetroleum is given by:

qv=12400–2 100d2

1

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

where

q = calorific value at constant volume in cal/g,and

d = specific gravity at 15.56°C/l 5.56°C.

The calorific value at constant pressure is given by:

9p=9v–ff(wL-Qo.ol

where

q = calorific value at constant pressure, in cal/g;

q“ = calorific value at constant volume, in cal/g;v

H = hydrocarbon content, percent by weight, inthe material, calculated from the approximaterelation:

H=26–15d

d = the specific gravity at 15.56 °C/15.560C;

W = number of grams of water formed from 1 gof hydrogen, equal to 9;

L = latent heat of vaporization of water at 20”Cequal to 585; and

C = correction to take into account the change involume from initial to final products, equal

to 220.

The calorific values of petroleum and its product whichare mixtures of hydrocarbons containing certainimpurities in the form of water, ash and sulphur areobtained from the relations given in 7.

4 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD

The density, sulphur, water and ash content of thesample are determined by experimental test methods.The heat of combustion is calculated using the valuesobtained by these test methods based on reportedcorrelation.

5 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

This test method is intended for use in case where anexperimental determination of heat of combustion isnot available and can not be made, conveniently andwhere an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is notintended as a substitute for experimental measurement

of heat of combustion.

6 METHOD

6.1 Experimental Determination

Determine the water content of the material by themethod given in IS 1448 [P : 40], ash content by themethod given in IS 1448 [P : 4] and sulphur contentby the method given in IS 1448 [P : 33] or IS 1448[P: 34].

7 CALCULATION

7.1 Calculate the heat of combustion of the fuel

corrected for sulphur, water and ash content inaccordance with the following equations:

Qv(Gross)=qv-O.Ol qv(W+A +$+X(S) . . . (1)

QPFJet)=qP-O.l q,(W+A +S)+X(S)-Y(W)... (2)

where

Q,= corrected calorific value of the material atconstant volume, in cal/g;

q = calorific value at constant volume, in cal/gv (12 400-2100 d,);

d = specific gravity at 15.56 °C/15.560C;

W= percent, water by mass, of the material(W= number of grams of water formed for1 g of hydrogen equal to 9);

A = percent, ash by mass, of the material;

S = percent, sulphur by mass, of the material;

X = correction factor equal to 22.5 when Q isexpressed, in cal/g;

Q,= corrected calorific value of material atconstant pressure in cal/g;

q,= calorific value at constant pressure, in cal/g

[9p= 9v-~(wL-Qo.ol];

H = hydrogen content, percent by mass (H =

26-15 d);

Y = correction factor, equal to 5.85 when Q isexpressed, in cal/g;

L = latent heat of vaporization of water at 20”C,equal to 585; and

C = corrections to take into account the change in

volume from initial to final products, equalto 220.

7.2 Increase the values given in Table 1 by about one

percent to get the calorific value of the vapour in the

case of volatile petroleum products.

8 REPORT

Report the result as the estimated gross or net to thenearest whole number.

9 PRECISION

The precision of the estimated value will be dependentupon the accuracy of the determined density, sulphur,water and ash contents.

Repeatability Reproducibility

75 callg 150 cal/g

2

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

Table 1 Heat of Combustion of Crude Oils, Fuel Oils, Kerosine and Volatile Petroleum Products

(Clause 7.2)

Gravity Density Total Heat of Combustion Net Heat of CombustionA at 15°C at Constant Volume at Constant Pressure

~egree Specific at \ g/ml CallgAPI 15.56°C/15.560C

cailg

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1011121314

1.00000.99300.98610.97920.9725

0.96590.95930.95290.94650.9402

0.93400.92790.92180.91590.9100

0.90420.89840.89270.88710.8816

0.87620.87080.86540.86020.8550

0.84990.84480.83980.83480.8299

0.825 I0.82030.81560,81090.8063

0.80170.79720.79270.78830.7839

0.77960.77530,77110.76690.7628

0.75870.75470,75070.74670.7428

0.99940.99240.98550.97870.9719

1030010330103601039010410

97409770979092109840

1516171819

0.96530.95880.95230.94590.9397

1044010470104901052010540

98609880990099209940

2021222324

2526272829

0.93350.92730.92130.91530.9095

1057010590106201064010660

99609980

100001002010040

0.90370.89790.89230.88670.8811

1068010710107301075010770

1005010070100901011010120

3031323334

0.87570.87030.86500.85970.8545

1079010810108301085010860

1014010150101701018010200

3536373839

0.84940.84430.83930.83440.8295

108601090010920I094010950

1021010230102401026010270

4041424344

0.82470.81990.81560.81050.8059

0.80130.79680.79240.78800.7836

1097010990110001102011030

1105011070110801110011110

1028010300103101032010330

4546474849

1034010363103731038010390

5051525354

0,77930.77500.77080.76660.7625

1040010440104201043010440

5556575859

0.75840.75440.75040.74640.7425

1119011200112201123011240

1045010460104701048010490

3

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

Table 1 (Concluded)

Gravity Density Total Heat of Combustion Net Heat of CombustionA at l!YC at Constant Volume at Constant Pressure

‘%egree Specific at =API

glml callg Callg15.56”C115.56°C

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

60 0.7389 0.7387 1125061

105000.7351 0.7358 11270 10510

62 0.7313 0.7310 1128063

105200.7275 0.7273 11290

6410530

0.7238 0.7236 11300 10540

6566676869

7072747678

0.72010.71650.71280.70930.7057

0.70220.69530.68860.68190.6757

0.71990.71620.71260.70910.7055

0,70200.69510.68840.68180.6753

11310113201I 3301134011350

1136011380114001142011440

1054010550105601057010580

1058010600106101063010640

80 0.6690 0.6689 11460 1065082 0.6628 0.6636 11480 1067084 0.6566 0.6565 11490 1068086 0,6506 0.6505 11510 1069088 0.6446 0.6446 11530 10700

90 0.6388 0.6387 11540 1071091 0.6331 0.6330 1I 560 IO72094 0.6275 0.6274 11570 1074096 0.6220 0.6219 11590 1075098 0.6166 0.6165 11600 IO760

100 0.6112 0.6112 11620105

107700.5983 0.5983 11650

11010790

0,5859 0.5859 11680 10810115 0.5740 0.5741 11710120

108300.5626 0,5627 11740 10850

125 0.5517 0.5519 11760130

108600.5411 0.5413 11790

13510880

0.5310 0.5312 11810 10900140 0.5212 0.5215 11830145

109100.5118 0.5121 11850 10920

4

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

ANNEX A

(Foreword)

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Methods of Measurement and Test for Petroleum, Petroleum Products and LubricantsSectional Committee, PCD 1

Organization

Indian Institute of Petroleum, Debra Dun

Air Headquarters (Ministry of Defence), New Delhi

AIMIL Ltd, Delhi

All India Instrument Manufacturers and Dealers Association,Mumbai

Automotive Research Association of India (ARM), Pune

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai

Bogaigaon Refinery & Petro-Chemicals Ltd, Dhaligaon

Castrol India Ltd, Mumbai

Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad

Central Revenue Control Laboratory (Department of Revenue),New Delhi

Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai and VisakhRefinery

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd Assam Oil Division, Digboi

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (Marketing Division), Mumbai

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (R & P Division), New Delhi

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (R & D Centrej, Faridabad

Indian Oil Blending Ltd, Mumbai

Lubrizol India Ltd, Mumbai

Madras Refineries Ltd, Chennai

Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemicals Ltd, Mangalore

Ministry of Defence (DRDO), Kanpur

Ministry of Defence (DGQA), New Delhi

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, New Delhi

Representative(s)

DR M. O. GARG (Chairman)

DR A. DUITA (Alternate)

JOINTDIRECTOR(QAS Aero)DEPUTYDIRECTOR(QAS) (Alfernafe)

SHRI S. C. JAIN

SHRI SURSNDERSHARMA(Alternate)

Stau VINAY TOSHNIWAL

EXECUTIVESECRETARY(Ahernate)

Smu B. BHANOT

SW M. K. CHAUDHORI(Alternate)

SHRIR. K. MODI

DRY. P. RAO (Alternate)

SHRIC. P, BEZBORUAH

Smrr S. S. ROY (Alternate)

SHRSM. GUPTA

DR P. SAMUEL

DR K. N. BHATTACHARYA(Alternate)

CHIEFCHEMIST

DEPUTYCHIEFCHEMIST(Aherrrafe)

Smu B. K. JOSHI

SHRJS. S, MAZUMDAR(Alternate)

SHIUN. S. J. RAO

SW G. SRIGANESH(Alternate)

SHRIA. K. CHAKRABORTV

SHRIP. M. SINHA(Alfernate)

.%mr A. K. VERMA

DR T. K. DE (Alternate)

SHRID, J. KAKATI

SHRIA. K. KATHORIA(A[iernate)

MU N, R. RAJE

SHRSH. S. MEHTA

Stno A. K. SEHGAL(Alfernaie)

SHRIR, R. PARMAR

DR U. S. RAO (Alternate)

SHRIN. V. KALAIVANAN

SEMORMANAGER(TS & QC) (Alternate)

StmI S. RAMESH

DR P. S. VENKATARAMANI

SHSUH, C. SRIVASTAVA(Aherrrafe)

SHRIK. H. GANDHI

SSDUA. J. S. ARORA(Alferrrate)

ADVISER (Refineries)DIRECTOR(Supply) (Alterna/e)

IS 1448 [P : 7] :2004

Organization

Ministry of Consumer Affaris, Food & Public Distribution,

New Delhi

National Test House, Kolkata

Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Debra Dun

Projects & Development India Ltd, Sindri

Reliance Petroleum Limited, Jamnagar

Research Designs & Standards Organization, Lucknow

Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi

BIS Directorate General

Representative(s)

DIRECTOR(Legal Metrology)

DEPUTYDUtECTOR(Legal Metrology) (Alternate)

SHJUK. C. NASKAR

SHRJP. K. CHAKRABORTY(.42ternafe)

DR S. F. H. RAzw

SW S. MATHUR (Ahernafe)

DR R. P. SINGH

SHRJv. s. RAJAN

DEPUTYDIRECTOR(Chemicals)

ASSKTANTRESEARCHOFFICER(CM-IV) (Alternate)

DR P. K. KAICKER

SHRtMATJLAXMIRAWAT(Alternate)

SHRJANJANKAR, Director& Head (PCD)

[Representing Director General (E2c-oflcio)]

Member-Secretary

Smu A. K. 13HATNAGARlXrector (PCD), BIS

6

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Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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