IRECTIO LEARNING FROM THE PAST AST N PACDE Annual Rep… · Output 1.3: Multi-stakeholder networks and dialogue on social accountability promoted 24 Output 1.4: Anti-corruption for

United Nations Development Programme

LEARNING FROM THE PAST

DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

UNDP GLOBAL THEMATIC PROGRAMME ON ANTICORRUPTION

FOR DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS

2012 ANNUAL REPORT

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Bureau for Development Policy

Democratic Governance Group

One United Nations Plaza

New York, NY 10017, USA

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.undp.org/governance

Annual Report cover 4/5/13 5:57 PM Page 1

LEARNING FROM THE PAST – DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

UNDP Global Thematic Programme on Anti-Corruptionfor Development Effectiveness (PACDE)

2012 ANNUAL REPORT

Editors: Phil Matsheza and Anga R Timilsina Design and layout: Valeur s.r.o.Cover photo: Panos Pictures

Copyright © March 2013

United Nations Development ProgrammeBureau for Development PolicyDemocratic Governance GroupOne United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017, USAEmail: [email protected]: www.undp.org/governance

The UNDP Global Thematic Programme onAnti-Corruption for Development Effectiveness(PACDE) expresses its appreciation to thedonors, partners and colleagues for supportingUNDP's work on anti-corruption.

PACDE is particularly grateful for the support re-ceived from the Australian Agency for Interna-tional Development (AusAID), the Government ofNorway and the Principality of Liechtenstein. Theirfinancial contribution has enabled UNDP to havea more sustainable anti-corruption programming.

We would like to thank the PACDE Board mem-bers including, UNDP Regional Bureaus, Noradand AusAID, for their inputs to the draft versionof this annual report.

The achievements and results reflected on thisannual report would not have been possible

without the remarkable work and effort of ouranti-corruption colleagues at regional andcountry levels.

We are grateful to the following UNDP anti-corruption practitioners for their contribu-tions: Arkan El-Seblani (Manager of the UNDPanti-corruption initiative in the Arab Coun-tries); Christianna Pangalos (Dakar RC);Francesco Checchi (Bratislava RC); GerardoBerthin (Panama RC); Job Ogonda (Johannes-burg RC) and Samuel De Jaegere (BangkokRC).

We would also like to thank the followingUNDP Country Offices for their inputs and casestudies that helped to enrich this annual re-port: Egypt, El Salvador, Nigeria, Papua NewGuinea, Ukraine, Chile, Colombia, Kosovo, thePhilippines, Morocco, among others.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PACDE 212 Annual Report || 3

CHAPTER 1: REPORT OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 8

CHAPTER 2: REPORT ON RESULTS 18

Objective 1: Reduce corruption for MDG acceleration 18

Output 1.1: Anti-corruption integrated in the MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) 18

Output 1.2: Sectoral approach to fight corruption implemented in health, education and water sectors 20

Output 1.3: Multi-stakeholder networks and dialogue on social accountability promoted 24

Output 1.4: Anti-corruption for women's empowerment and gender equality strengthened 29

Output 1.5: The capacity of LDCs to prevent illicit financial flows strengthened 32

Objective 2: Mainstream UNCAC and anti-corruption into national development processes 34

Output 2.1: UNCAC mainstreamed in the UN’s national-level programmes 34

Output 2.2: UNCAC implementation and going beyond the minimum processes supported 38

Output 2.3: Anti-corruption and UNCAC mainstreamed in post conflict and transitition countries 43

Objective 3: Strengthen the capacity of anti-corruption agencies 46

Output 3.1: Technical assistance provided to strengthen the capacity of selected ACAs 46

Objective 4: Mitigating corruption risks in climate change and natural resource management 50

Output 4.1: Corruption risk assessments and other anti-corruption measures integrated in REDD+ mechanisms 50

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 || PACDE 212 Annual Report

Output 4.2: Transparency and accountability integrated in the management of natural resources 52

Objective 5: Strengthening global leadership, anti-corruption advocacy and coordination 55

Output 5.1: Through increased visibility, awareness and representation, UNDP contributed to strengthening anti-corruption for development effectiveness 55

Output 5.2: Anti-corruption regional networks consolidated 62

CHAPTER 3: STRENGTHENING TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND REPORTING IN UNDP 67

Annex 1: Summary of results by output areas 72

Annex 2: Summary of PACDE expenditures in 2012 82

Annex 3: Highlights of milestones and progress on the sectoral country level pilots 83

TABLE OF CONTENTS


BrazilHEALTH SECTOR

This pilot project focuses on preventingcorruption in health sector among publicservants of Sao Paulo’s State HealthSecretariat. The project is implementedin partnership with the State Secretariatof Public Health.

ColombiaHEALTH SECTOR

The main goal of the project isto enhance the discussion ofcorruption and to bring newideas to prevent it amongpublic servants of Sao Paulo’sState Health Secretariat.

Costa Rica WATER SECTOR

The project is intended topromote transparency andaccountability of the RuralAdministrative Association ofAqueducts (ASADAS inSpanish) to improve watermanagement in Costa Ricathrough active involvementand monitoring of water users.

GuineaHEALTH SECTOR

This project aims to improvepeople's access to qualityhealth services throughmedia engagement andaccountability (radio,television, newspapers).

KosovoEDUCATION SECTOR

The objective of thisinitiative is to providescholars/students andteachers/professors with theopportunity to proactivelyengage in enhancingcorruption control inKosovo’s education sectorby making use of the onlineplatform www.kallxo.com.

LebanonEDUCATION, HEALTH AND WATER SECTORS

The project aims to work closely with the relevant parliamentarycommittees including, National Education and Higher Education;Public Works, Transportation, Energy and Water; and the PublicHealth, Labor and Social Affairs to develop sector-focusedexpert groups with relevant stakeholders to introduce andimplement a path for reform. The project will strengthen thecapacity of Lebanese Parliament to address critical reform issuesas they relate to sectoral policies.

LiberiaEDUCATION SECTOR

The project aims to applysectoral approach ingovernance with emphasison the education sector andestablish key risk factorswith follow-up actionsleading to strengtheninginstitutional frameworks.

Anti-corruption in REDD+

Bangladesh

Developing capacity forcorruption risks and socialimpact assessments in REDD+

Bhutan

Developing Options forBenefit Distribution andAddressing Corruption Risks

DRC

Technical Support toCorruption Risk Assessment in the REDD+ process

Kenya

Conducting InstitutionalContext Analysis on REDD+Governance, Transparency and Corruption risks

Nepal

Building approaches to addresscorruption risks and equitablesharing of REDD+ relatedbenefits

Nigeria

Integrating anti-corruption into the pilot ParticipatoryGovernance Assessment for REDD+

Philippines

Conducting corruption riskassessment and inform thenational REDD+ strategy

Vietnam

Integrating anti-corruption into the pilot ParticipatoryGovernance Assessment for REDD+

ANTICORRUPTION IN SECTORS (Education, Health, Water and Climate Change)

ArmeniaEDUCATION SECTOR

In partnership with the Republic ofArmenia Ministry of Education andScience, UNICEF and civil society, thisproject aims to implement a SocialInnovation Camp, including acomprehensive campaign of workshopsand web-based outreach.

CambodiaEDUCATION SECTOR

The objective of this project isto get a better understanding onthe nature and prevalence ofinformal fees in Cambodia andto identify appropriate globaland regional experiences andbest practices which can beapplicable to the Cambodiancontext.

ChinaEDUCATION SECTOR

UNDP China together with China Centrefor Comparative Politics and Economicsare mapping out corruption risks in thehigher education sector, proposingmitigation strategies, piloting riskreduction plans in selected universities toprevent corruption in this sector.

EthiopiaWATER SECTOR

This project seeks to contribute togovernment's efforts for improvedservice delivery to the citizens.Assessment of corruption risks in thewater sector is being conducted to gainbetter insight into transparency andaccountability concerns impedingservice delivery in the sector, identifyinterventions and mechanisms to beimplemented for zero tolerance forcorruption in the sector.

JordanEDUCATION SECTOR

The objective of this project is to enhance monitoring,transparency and accountability measures in serviceprovision in the health sector and reporting on violationsthrough a web portal that provides citizens with theopportunity to have their voices heard and contribute to monitoring service delivery in the health sector.

KyrgyzstanEDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTORS

UNDP supports the Ministryof Health and Ministry ofEducation of the KyrgyzRepublic to identify thecorruption risks in theprocedures established for thehealth sector bodies toimplement their functions. Oneof the main goals of the projectis to assess corruption riskvulnerabilities in the sectors.

PhilippinesWATER SECTOR

The objective of this project is to mitigatecorruption risks in water governance throughparticipation in related public financeprocesses, instituting reforms at the local level.

SwazilandHEALTH SECTOR

This project aims to increaseefficiency and effectiveness ofmaternal and neonatal healthcare service delivery throughenhanced procurement systemsin two major hospitals.

UgandaEDUCATION SECTOR

The overall objective of the project is tostrengthen community participation andoversight for transparent and accountableutilization of universal primary education. Theproject will build capacity of citizens to monitorthe public service delivery.

This report provides an overview of the workand achievements of the UNDP Global ThematicProgramme on Anti-corruption for Develop-ment Effectiveness (PACDE) in 2012. The reportis organized as follows: chapter 1 provides anoverview on the global trend on anti-corrup-tion and UNDP’s anti-corruption programming.Chapter two specifically focuses on the resultsachieved in 2012 according to PACDE’s outputareas, particularly highlighting baseline,progress, limitation/challenges and a risk miti-gation plan adopted by the PACDE to addressthese challenges. Annex 1 provides a summaryof results by each output area. Annex 2 and 3present a summary of expenditures and someuseful information on milestones and progresson the country level pilots and interventions,respectively. Annex 4 includes information onUNDP’s internal efforts to increase transparencyand accountability as well as improve its result-based management in order to enhance UNDP’scontribution to development effectiveness.

Global discourse on anti-corruption

While questions remain as to the impact ofanti-corruption initiatives and whether or not

corruption is on the decrease, one conclusionis certain: there has been tremendousmovement on the discourse on anti-cor-ruption over the last two decades, prior towhich corruption was almost absent fromthe development agenda such as the dis-cussions on the Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs) and sustainable develop-ment. Corruption is in the forefront of de-mands by citizens for greater accountabilityand efficient utilization of resources.

Corruption has become a legitimate topic atnational level, particularly during elections,and it is therefore not surprising that corrup-tion was one of the main issues raised in theArab States and in electoral processes of manydeveloping and middle-income countries.That corruption is no longer seen as a sensi-tive subject is reflected by nearly universalratification of the UN Convention against Cor-ruption (UNCAC), which as of 22 March, 2013had 165 state parties. As a result there hasbeen increased demand for technical assis-tance on anti-corruption.

The major contribution of UNDP to this politi-cal discourse has been expanding the politicaland normative agenda on transparency andaccountability to the development plane. As aresult, anti-corruption is now accepted as an es-sential ingredient in national and global de-velopment agendas such as the 2010 MDGSummit, the 2011 United Nations Conferenceon the Least Developed Countries, Group of20 (G20) meetings, the 2012 United NationsConference on Sustainable Development (alsoknown as Rio+20), United Nations Economicand Social Council (ECOSOC) discussions andpost-2015 consultations. Growing evidence ofthe adverse impact of corruption on develop-ment in recent years has reinforced the need totackle corruption both nationally and globallyif development is to be sustainable. Almost all

CHAPTER 1.REPORT OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION


major development actors have developedpolicies linking corruption to development.Discussions are also moving beyond the con-text of governance: for example, initial resultsfrom global consultations for the post-2015agenda and the 15th International Anti-Cor-ruption Conference (held in 2012), as well asthe intergovernmental processes, are showinga movement towards aligning transparencyand accountability with international humanrights norms and standards and linking existingaccountability mechanisms with developmentgoals and outcomes at sub-national, regionaland global levels.

UNDP through the PACDE programme hascontributed significantly to raising awarenesson the negative impact of corruption on de-velopment. For example, the ACT - AgainstCorruption Today global campaign, whichUNDP developed with the United Nations Of-fice on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The cam-paign has reached more than 375 million peo-ple over the last three years. The number ofglobal networks of anti-corruption actors andinstitutions has also increased significantly,and they are demanding more accountabilityfrom government, business and non-profitsectors.

Many countries are adopting tougher anti-corruption laws and have established dedi-cated and specialized anti-corruption institu-tions to fight corruption. The impact of illicitfinancial flows is also receiving growing at-tention due to the on-going efforts of a high-level panel established by the African Union aswell as the work of UNDP and other bilateralpartners.

However, there is still limited evidence of re-duction in the prevalence of corruption. Cur-rent anti-corruption approaches put more em-phasis on enforcement, although prevention of

corruption strengthens institutions and sys-tems in the long run. Despite the universal rat-ification of UNCAC and enactment of tougherlaws in many countries, the political will to fightcorruption and the capacity to enforce newlaws remain weak. This observation has beenused to criticize UNDP for supporting anti-cor-ruption institutions perceived as being inef-fective. There is new pressure to move the

transparency agenda towards more accounta-bility. For example, significant progress hasbeen made in the area of demanding moretransparency from governments–e.g., PublishWhat You Pay, the Extractive Industries Trans-parency Initiative (EITI), the Public ExpenditureTracking Survey (PETS), and asset declaration



UNDP’s major contribution to theanti-corruption discourse has beenexpanding the political and norma-tive agenda on transparency andaccountability to the developmentplane.

An estimated 1,500 students rallied in Thailand tocommemorate International Anti-Corruption Day,2012.

laws–but much more needs to be done to en-force these standards and tools to ensure moreaccountability.

UNDP’s overall technical support on anti-corruption

During the past four years (2009–2012), anti-corruption has been one of the fastest growingservice areas in the United Nations Develop-ment Programme (UNDP) and worldwide. Itsimportance is driven in part by the nearly uni-versal ratification of UNCAC, thereby makingcorruption and anti-corruption programmingone of the priorities in fostering democraticgovernance. The resurgence of anti-corruptionis also partly due to the realization by govern-

ments, donors and the development commu-nity that corruption is a major bottleneck to de-velopment. UNDP Country Offices have been atthe forefront of providing anti-corruption sup-port to governments. UNDP’s recent Results-oriented Annual Reports (ROARs) show thatUNDP’s anti-corruption activities are increas-ingly being integrated and implemented ascross-cutting initiatives, thereby underscoringUNDP’s comparative advantage in the area.

For example, an analysis of the ROAR data from2011 and 2012 reveals an increase in anti-cor-ruption initiatives undertaken by UNDP Coun-try Offices. In 2011, 58 Country Offices sup-ported anti-corruption initiatives (of which only15 had stand-alone anti-corruption pro-grammes). In 2012, 89 Country Offices reportedanti-corruption initiatives in areas ranging fromsupport to the implementation of anti-corrup-tion frameworks, strengthening transparentand accountable service delivery and achieve-ment of the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), among others.

In Asia-Pacific, according to the 2012 ROAR, 12Country Offices provided anti-corruption sup-port and an additional six focused on main-streaming anti-corruption in public service de-livery at the local level. In addition, there was anincreased focus on strengthening audit insti-tutions to promote financial transparency inthe public sector. Interestingly, promotion oftransparency and accountability of the privatesector (e.g., in China) was also gaining mo-mentum.

In the Arab States, five Country Offices hadanti-corruption programmes and an additionalseven have mainstreamed initiatives. The po-litical transition in the Arab States has pushedanti-corruption into the forefront. SeveralCountry Offices (Egypt, Jordan, Libya and Mo-rocco) saw addressing corruption and pro-



UNDP’s recent Results-oriented An-nual Reports (ROARs) show thatanti-corruption initiatives are in-creasingly being integrated andimplemented as cross-cutting ini-tiatives.

Many countries have establishedtougher anti-corruption laws, rati-fied UNCAC and created dedicatedanti-corruption agencies. Despitethis significant progress critics pointout the limited evidence of the ef-fectiveness of these measures in re-ducing corruption.

moting transparency and accountability ofgovernance processes as stepping-stones forsmooth transition into a more democratic state.Egypt, Jordan and Morocco have taken meas-ures to strengthen coordination between over-sight and accountability institutions to ensurea more integrated approach to address cor-ruption.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, 19 out 26Country Offices had anti-corruption interven-tions. Seven countries targeted anti-corruptioninterventions to support state accountabilityinstitutions such as comptroller general’s of-fices. Countries in this region also invested incorruption assessments, developing databasesand indices to enable open access to official in-formation, and promote transparency and ac-countability of governance processes (Mexico,Belize and Brazil). About 12 countries main-streamed anti-corruption into public adminis-tration and public service delivery–initiativeswhere the focus was on strengthening systemsand processes and ensuring space for civil so-ciety engagement.

In Eastern Europe and the CIS, the emphasisis also on mainstreaming anti-corruption inpublic administration and public service deliv-ery. Fourteen Country Offices reported anti-corruption interventions to address corruptionin key sectors (e.g., judiciary in Kosovo); supportanti-corruption agencies; and promote a col-lective action (civil society and citizens’ en-gagement) to address corruption–includingthrough information and communication tech-nologies (ICTs), e.g., in Albania, Armenia andUkraine.

In Africa, a greater number of Country Officesreported anti-corruption related initiatives in2012 compared with 2011. According to the2012 ROAR data, 26 Country Offices reportedanti-corruption outcomes in a range of differ-

ent areas including local governance, MDGs,access to justice, public administration, and ef-fective and responsive service delivery. Of noteis that in countries including Ethiopia and Nige-ria there were integrated approaches to anti-corruption that encompassed multi-stake-holder engagement as well as the integrationof anti-corruption into MDG-related sectors.

ROAR data do not include all UNDP activitiessuch as activities supported directly by regionaland global initiatives. For example, PACDE pro-vided advisory and programming support to



Latin America and the

Caribbean

Africa Eastern Europeand CIS

Asia-Pacific Arab States

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In 2012, 89 UNDP Country Officesreported anti-corruption initiativesin areas ranging from support tothe implementation of anti-corrup-tion frameworks, strengtheningtransparent and accountable serv-ice delivery and achievement of theMillennium Development Goals(MDGs), among others.

Figure 1: Distribution of UNDP's anti-corruption in-terventions by regions (ROAR data, 2011-2012)

more than 45 Country Offices in 2012 and di-rectly supported 55 Country Offices to com-memorate 2012 International Anti-CorruptionDay at the national level. The achievement andimpact of these activities were reported mainlythrough the PACDE programme, and were notreflected in the ROAR.

The Global Thematic Programmeon Anti-Corruption for Develop-ment Effectiveness (PACDE)

PACDE is UNDP’s major vehicle through whichit responds to the growing demand for techni-cal assistance in anti-corruption. PACDE’s main

objective is to provide policy coherence andcoordinate programming support to countriesthrough UNDP Country Offices and RegionalService Centres. PACDE supports interventionsat global, regional and country levels in orderto promote national ownership, capacity de-velopment, effective aid management and

South-South cooperation in addressing cor-ruption and fostering democratic governance.More specifically, PACDE's support includes:

providing technical and advisory supportto countries to develop anti-corruptionprogrammes;

strengthening the capacity of UNDP and itspartners and developing sustainable in-terventions;

enabling media and citizen oversight ofgovernment through social accountabilityinitiatives;

coordinating UNDP anti-corruption inter-ventions at country, regional and globallevels;

providing information and cutting-edgeknowledge products on emerging issuessuch as climate change, illicit financial flowsand corruption in specific sectors; and

Documenting lessons learned as part ofan effort to contribute to anti-corruption



The implementation of PACDE is di-vided into two phases. From 2008to 2010, emphasis was placed onclarifying UNDP’s niche and policiesand strengthening UNDP's capacityand knowledge. The second phase(2011-2013) saw a shift from policysetting at the global and regionallevel to interventions at the countrylevel.

UNDP’s integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to fighting corruption

UNDP’s country-level interventions clearly demonstrate the advantages of UNDP’s integrated andinterdisciplinary approach to tackling corruption in all areas of development. UNDP’s Results-ori-ented Annual Reports (ROARs) from 2011 and 2012 show a trend among Country Offices away fromimplementing anti-corruption activities as stand-alone interventions. Instead, anti-corruption in-terventions are being implemented as cross-cutting initiatives in an integrated way across othergovernance thematic areas of UNDP, including service delivery, local governance, youth and civicengagement, and strengthening public institutions.

knowledge and improve results on impactof anti-corruption intiatives.

Building upon its achievements from 2008 to2011, PACDE in 2012 continued its interven-

tions at the country level in a number thematicareas with specific country focus on resultsfrom the application of its methodologies.PACDE achieved significant results in a numberof thematic areas (see Table 1).



Table 1. A snapshot of country-level support by thematic areas

Thematic areas Guidance and methodologies usedfor country level support

Countries that received support in 2011-2012

UNCACimplementation

UNCAC self-assessments: going beyond theminimum

Benin, Cameroon, Chile, Côted’Ivoire, Ecuador, the Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Malaysia,Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar,Romania, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste,Viet Nam and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

Anti-corruption for MDG acceleration

Corruption and development: a primer

Mainstreaming anti-corruption in development

Colombia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Togo

Social accountability Regional study: effectiveness of accountability in the water sector

Guide to social audit: a participatory tool to strengthen democratic governance

Civil society training module (in French)

Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Chile,Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, El Sal-vador, Ghana, Guinea, Jamaica,Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, the Philippines, Serbia

Climate change and REDD+

Staying on track: tackling corruption risks in climate change

Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo,Kenya, Nepal, the Philippines,Thailand, Zambia

Mainstreaming anti-corruption intoMDG-related sectors

Fighting corruption in the health, water and education sectors: methods, tools and good practices

Armenia, Brazil, Cambodia,Colombia, Costa Rica, China,Ethiopia, Guinea, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan,Lebanon, Liberia, the Philippines,Swaziland, and Uganda.

Strengthening anti-corruption agencies

Capacity assessment of anti-corruption agen-cies

Egypt, Kazakhstan, Maldives,Timor-Leste, Turkey, Ukraine

Strengthening the capacity of parliamen-tarians on UNCAC andanti-corruption

Anti-corruption assessment tool for parliamentarians

Burkina Faso, Morocco, Timor-Leste

Strengthening partnershipson anti-corruption

UNDP continued strengthening its partner-ships with relevant partners in the field ofanti-corruption, particularly with the follow-ing key stakeholders: the United Nations Of-fice on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the UnitedNations Collaborative Programme on Reduc-ing Emissions from Deforestation and ForestDegradation (UN-REDD), the United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa (UNECA), theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization (UNESCO), the WorldBank Institute (WBI), the U.S. State Depart-ment, the Australian Agency for InternationalDevelopment (AusAID), the NorwegianAgency for Development Cooperation (No-rad), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre,Integrity Action (formerly Tiri), GermanAgency for International Cooperation(Deutsche Gesellschaft für InternationaleZusammenarbeit, or GIZ), the Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), Transparency International (TI), theMedia Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) ,the Global Organization of ParliamentariansAgainst Corruption (GOPAC), the HuairouCommission, and the Basel Institute.

UNDP comparative advantages

The anti-corruption discourse leading up tothe advent of UNCAC (from 2001 through2005) was anchored around the discussion onthe new global framework. UNCAC was nego-tiated during seven sessions of the Ad HocCommittee for the Negotiation of the Conven-tion against Corruption, held between 21 Jan-uary 2002 and 1 October 2003. The conven-tion approved by the Ad Hoc Committee wasadopted by the General Assembly by resolu-tion 58/4 of 31 October 2003. In accordancewith article 68 (1) of resolution 58/4, UNCAC en-tered into force on 14 December 2005. At itsthird session, held in Doha, Qatar’s capital, from9 to 13 November 2009, the Conference of theStates Parties (CoSP) to UNCAC adopted reso-lution 3/1 (entitled ‘review mechanism’) to as-sist in the effective implementation of the con-vention.

In Doha, the CoSP to UNCAC also adopted res-olution 3/2 (entitled ‘preventive measures’) toestablish an interim open-ended intergovern-mental working group to advise and assist theConference in the implementation of its man-date on the prevention of corruption1.

Until the 3rd CoSP held in Doha, civil society,development agencies and other technicalassistance providers on development andgovernance were struggling to find space tocontribute to the UNCAC review and its im-plementation. After the adoption of the reso-lutions on the implementation review mech-anism and prevention measures, UNDPrecognized that its priority engagement



1 For more information please UNODC website: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/index.html

UNDP brings more than twodecades' experiences on the pre-vention of corruption from its workon Democratic Governance.

would be in regard to corruption preventivemeasures (UNCAC Chapter 2). That decisionreflects the fact that about 90 percent ofUNDP’s work on governance and anti-corrup-tion was on prevention.

UNDP and UNODC subsequently introduced amethodology for conducting participatory UN-CAC self-assessments, which was piloted inBhutan, Ecuador, the Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Maldives, Malaysia, Mongolia, SriLanka, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. (The officialname of the methodology is ‘UNCAC self-as-sessments: going beyond the minimum’.) Theseself-assessments are now part and parcel ofthe UNCAC review mechanism, which has ben-efitted more than 50 countries. The methodol-ogy has been popular with member states in-terested in reforming their policies before theofficial review process begins.

After the Doha resolution on preventive meas-ures, UNDP concentrated on how corruptionchallenges are actually addressed at nationaland local level. While UNCAC covers a numberof areas that member states should target tomeet prevention-related obligations, the workon the ground is organized around ministriesor government departments established onthe basis of thematic areas (such as education,water, local governance, transportation, etc.).Hence UNDP through the PACDE programmeset out to define methodologies to addresscorruption through these sectors.

Prevention of corruption requires systemic andrigorous reforms undertaken after thoroughanalysis and research about how public insti-tutions function in a particular settings. It alsorequires them to be open, transparent and ac-countable to the public. Preventing corruptiontherefore often demands a political commit-ment as well as a sustained approach. While ap-proaching corruption from a holistic angle can

be preferable, sometimes a more targeted ap-proach is more realistic and practical to imple-ment anti-corruption interventions in varioussectors such as education, health and water.This approach enables development and im-plementation of sector-specific anti-corruptionplans that address leakages and mismanage-ment of allocated resources as well as promoteinstitutional integrity in sectors, and thus havea cumulative positive impact on preventingcorruption.

This observation greatly informed UNDP’s dis-cussion on how work on prevention of corrup-tion should be approached. Since the early1990s, UNDP has considered corruption as asymptom of a larger disease–the failure of insti-tutions and governance that results in poor



While approaching corruption froma holistic angle can be preferable,sometimes a targeted approach ismore realistic and practical to im-plement anti-corruption interven-tions such as in water, educationand health sectors.

UNDP experiences show that theimplementation of a sectoral ap-proach faces challenges related tocoordination failure and the lackof knowledge across sectors com-monly referred to as the ‘missingmiddle’.

management of revenues and resources and anabsence of delivery of public goods and services.With this background and after consultationwith a number of partners, UNDP decided toadopt an approach that seeks to identify cor-ruption risks, bottlenecks and vulnerability in aparticular sector and implement a corruptionrisk-reduction plan to enhance the access andquality of services.

However, UNDP faced two challenges when itstarted working at sector level. First, method-ologies, tools and good practices to identifycorruption risks and implement a risk-reduc-tion plan were lacking. Second, UNDP experi-ences show that the implementation of a sec-toral approach faces challenges related to

coordination failure and the lack of knowledgeacross sectors commonly referred to as the‘missing middle’.

UNDP recognizes the complex nature of cor-ruption. It is essential to address corruptionnot only from a technical and legal perspective,but more importantly from a grounded, con-textual understanding of corruption practicesas they are linked to and/or influenced by incountry political, social and systemic issues.This approach calls for a transformation in theway corruption is perceived and addressed bysociety, organizations and individuals from hav-ing passive disregard to corrupt practices, tobecoming proactive participants in prevent-ing and combating corruption.



CapacityDevelopment

Framework

Step 5:

Evaluate the impact; compileand disseminate lessonslearned to support globaladvocacy and to feed inknowledge for similar interventions

Step 4:

Implement CD responsesincluding through South-Southcooperation: stengthening legalframework, institutions, oversightmechanisms, mentoring

Step 3:

Formulate CD responsesincluding through South-South cooperation;identity and prioritize the key issues

Step 1:

Engage Stakeholders on CD Process (MDAs,CSOs, Donors)

Step 2:

Assess the existing capacity andneeds by mapping out risks,vulnerabilities, loopholes, bottlenecks.

Figure 2. UNDP’s capacity-development framework

Source: Practitioners’ Guide to Assessing the Capacities of Anti-corruption Agencies, 2011.

With this recognition, UNDP continued to useits capacity development approach, which hasalready been applied in numerous settings andparticularly in developing the capacities of anti-corruption agencies. It offers a comprehensiveand multidisciplinary approach to assess ex-isting capacities through a facilitated, interac-tive process of stakeholder engagement(please see below five key steps on UNDP’s ca-pacity development framework).

UNDP also developed methodologies to iden-tify corruption risks in sectors such as educa-tion, health, water and climate change. Thesemethodologies were validated through globaland regional Community of Practice (CoP)meetings and training workshops (for govern-ment officials, anti-corruption agencies andUN staff ) between 2010 and 2012 in all re-gions.2 UNDP is currently implementing anti-corruption interventions in education, healthand the water sector in 20 countries, thereby

providing leadership in terms of knowledgeand methodologies. Other main partners areprioritizing work in sectors, including Trans-parency International, the World Bank and theGerman Agency for International Cooperation(Deutsche Gesellschaft für InternationaleZusammenarbeit, or GIZ).

UNDP has also been instrumental in shiftingglobal discussion and discourse on corrup-tion as a gender-neutral phenomenon. UNDPtogether with Huairou Commission, a net-work of grassroots women’s organizationsgathered data and testimonies from eightcountries (Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda,Brazil, Nicaragua, Bangladesh and India) onhow and where grassroots women experi-ence corruption. The study shows that indeedcorruption affects men and women differ-ently and provided evidence on the effec-tiveness of organized women in fighting cor-ruption.



2 Trainings were held in the following regions: Asia-Pacific, Africa, Arab States, Latin America and the Caribbean, andEurope and CIS.

Objective 1: Reduce corruptionfor MDG acceleration

UNDP through the PACDE programme hascontributed to the discourse on acceleratingprogress on the MDGs by shifting focus fromup-scaling resources to also ensuring trans-parency and accountability in resource usage.A decade of implementing national MDGstrategies around the world clearly revealedgovernance-related bottlenecks as one of themajor challenges. A review of more than 30 na-tional MDG reports in 2010 noted the absenceof clear governance indicators or factors in theconceptualization as well as in the domestica-tion (localization) of national MDG strategies.It should be noted, however, that some coun-tries, namely Armenia and Iraq, attempted tointegrate governance and corruption meas-ures in their MDG plans.

The findings noted above are one reason thatthe 2010 MDG Summit recognized corrup-tion as a major bottleneck to MDG achieve-ment. Fighting corruption to accelerateprogress towards the MDGs has been one of

the major priorities for UNDP’s anti-corrup-tion service area. With only less than threeyears to go left until the 2015 deadline toachieve the MDGs, UNDP’s active engage-ment in major global forums in 2011–such asfourth United Nations Conference on theLeast Developed Countries, the fourth Con-ference of the State Parties (CoSP) to UNCACand the Oslo Governance Forum on Gover-nance Assessments for Social Accountabil-ity–helped influence the global discourse ondevelopment financing by going beyond thetraditional approach of up-scaling resourcesand equally focusing on removing corruptionbottlenecks.

Since 2011, PACDE is contributing to theachievement of MDGs through its activities on:the implementation of the MDG accelerationframework; sectoral approach to fight corrup-tion (health, water and education); strategy onsocial accountability; and women’s empower-ment to fight corruption.

Output 1.1: Anti-corruption integrated in the MDG Acceleration Framework

PACDE has taken steps to contribute to the im-plementation of the outcome document of the2010 MDG Summit, which recognized the im-portance of improved transparency and ac-countability for MDG acceleration. Working to-gether with the Poverty Practice of UNDP,PACDE took the initiative to integrate anti-corruption in the implementation of theMDG Acceleration Framework (MAF)3 in orderto build national capacities to prevent corrup-tion and the leakage of resources meant fordevelopment. In 2011, PACDE together withthe UNDP Poverty Practice supported Colom-bia, Lao PDR and Togo in implementing proj-ects aimed at increasing transparency and ac-

CHAPTER 2: REPORT ON RESULTS


As a number of the bottlenecks toMDG progress relate to the effec-tiveness and integrity of public ad-ministrations, UNDP is able to assistcountries to weave anti-corruptionmeasures into their action plans forMDG acceleration.

Helen Clark, UNDP’s administratorRemarks on corruption at the

ECOSOC 2012 High Level Segment

countability by addressing governance bottle-necks in the implementation of the MAF. Theseinterventions contributed to increased trans-parency and accountability of local govern-ments as well as greater involvement ofwomen in monitoring of local budgets andprocurement processes. In 2012, PACDE con-tinued supporting the identification of cor-ruption bottlenecks and implementation of theMAF in selected countries.

In Colombia, the MAF has been notable forhow it has served as an adaptable, flexible toolfor mobilizing and coordinating the contribu-tions of various partners to support local – sub-national - MDG priorities. This methodology

has been used in four departments (orprovinces) and 69 municipalities (or districtsand towns) in the country. The MAF has alsobeen applied by the Red UNIDOS – a nationalstrategy to reduce extreme poverty that isbenefi ting 350 thousand families and whichaggregates 26 Government entities to deliversocial basic services – in order to acceleratethe eradication of extreme poverty in 19 mu-nicipalities. Local community groups havebeen engaged in the MAF roll-out across mu-nicipalities – for example women’s coopera-tives in Nariño department. Local universitieshave also supported this process by bringing inthe most current available data, and partici-pating in the analysis.



3 The MAF provides national stakeholders with a systematic approach to identify and analyze bottlenecks that are caus-ing MDGs to veer off-track or to advance too slowly. It then aims to generate shared diagnostics and to recommendcomprehensive, collaborative and focused actions, based on prioritized ‘acceleration’ solutions. More information isavailable at MDG Acceleration Framework 2011 (www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/MDG%20Strategies/MAF%20Report%20Dec%202011.pdf). In its Annual Business Plan, UNDP has chosen 20 coun-tries for MDG acceleration in 2012 and PACDE will integrate anti-corruption through the MAF in at least six countries.

Output 1:1: MDG Acceleration – Results in 2012

Baseline: When PACDE started to work with UNDP’s Poverty Group in 2011, none of the MAF coun-tries were addressing corruption bottlenecks when implementing MDG acceleration programmes.Out of 34 MAF countries, there was not a single country that had activities on addressing gover-nance/anti-corruption bottlenecks.

Progress: Currently, almost 20 countries are addressing governance/anti-corruption bottleneckswhen implementing projects aimed to accelerate MDGs.

Challenges/limitations: The MAF projects are being implemented under UNDP track funds (corefund) and thus the monitoring of the projects is not done entirely by PACDE, but by the CountryOffices.

Risk mitigation plan: PACDE has communicated on a regular basis with Poverty Group andcountry offices to follow the progress of countries. It was agreed that countries will report to PACDEas per its monitoring framework on quarterly basis.

In Lao PDR, PACDE contributed to the joint Pro-gramme “Strengthening capacity and servicedelivery by local administrations”, which waslaunched in early 2012. This project aimed atsupporting district administrations (in two dis-tricts of Xiengkhouang province, located innorth-eastern part of Lao PDR) build capacityand scale up support to achieve the MDGs. Theproject is aligned with the new political and ad-ministrative reforms of the State through itspurposeful focus on equipping district admin-istration with new tools and techniques for sys-tematic, evidenced planning, budgeting andmanagement of the delivery of MDG servicesto citizens with the greatest deficiency in ac-cessing outreach services.

PACDE’s contribution helped to develop a sim-ple planning framework that allows local au-thorities to prioritise local interventions basedon a systematic and transparent analysis of theareas of greatest deficiency in service delivery,outreach and coverage. This planning processhas been successful in terms of helping to focusscarce funds around service outreach activi-ties targeted at areas and populations of ex-periencing the highest levels of service defi-ciency.

PACDE is currently in consultation with 20countries4 to address corruption as a bottle-neck to the acceleration of MDG achievement.In the first half of 2013, these 20 countries willbe brought together to share their experiences,with particular focus to be placed on the link-ages between governance and poverty reduc-tion interventions at country level. Building onthis global meeting, PACDE will identify at leastfour countries from the Africa and Asia-Pacific

regions in which to remove governance andcorruption bottlenecks by implementing ac-tions plans of the respective countries’ MAFs.

Output 1.2: Sectoral approach to fighting corruption imple-mented in health, education and water sectors

The work in sectors is a new area as most ofthe partners UNDP had consulted in 2010 hadlimited experiences in this area. Moreover,some perennial issues have come up in al-most all UNDP evaluations, including multi-lateral assessments and PACDE mid-term re-views, about: i) UNDP tending to choosesmaller and isolated projects that usually lacksustainability (and thus are seen as ‘one on,one off’); ii) the lack of learning plans on howthe successful projects would be up-scaled orreplicated; and iii) the monitoring and evalu-ation of most of UNDP projects happening



4 These countries are based on UNDP priority countries for MAF implementation, countries and where UNDP has rel-atively bigger governance.

Launch of UNDP's 16 sectoral pilot projects inBratislava in July, 2012.

after the project cycle and embedded in theimplementation of the project. In order to ad-dress these issues, which were also capturedin the PACDE mid-term review and also dis-cussed extensively in the global anti-corrup-tion Community of Practice of UNDP, PACDEwent through the following processes to en-sure the sustainability and impact of inter-ventions:

1. PACDE developed methodologies at theglobal level and requested different re-gions and Country Offices to pilot test themethodologies, which were presented invarious regional Community of Practicemeetings and training events. Moreover,PACDE ensured that Country Offices wouldbenefit from the online course developed

by the Virtual School and the Nigeria Coun-try Office with technical support fromPACDE.

2. PACDE then sent out an expression of in-terest, which required Country Offices toidentify i) a problem they wanted tosolve in a particular sector, and ii) thetype of interventions they would use toimplement the project and bring to-gether civil society and government in-stitutions with a focus on youth and gen-der dimensions.

3. In order to avoid the much criticized pilotsyndrome, PACDE made it clear in the ex-pression of interest that priority would begiven to those projects with a focus on



Case study. Preventing corruption in the education sector: UNDP Kosovo

With the support of UNDP, scholars, students, teachers and professors in Kosovo now have an in-novative and reliable tool to proactively engage in fighting corruption in the education sector byusing social media and SMS.

In the past six months, the online platform www.kallxo.com has received over 500 reports fromcitizens in Kosovo and has allowed responsible stakeholders to take collective and appropriatecounter measures.

In one of the most recent cases, a person had reported on how tenders related to school excur-sions are won illegally. As a result, the municipal director for education of the municipality of Prizrenis under investigation. There was also a student who reported that a professor at the University ofPristina awarded some other students with high scores even though, allegedly, the involved stu-dents were not present for the exams and did not attended his classes regularly.

Once submitted, all cases are extensively verified by a consortium of CSOs, which then forwardsthem to the respective institution for follow-up and later holds these accountable on whether ap-propriate actions were taken.

The availability of www.kallxo.com as a reliable platform to report and voice corruption-related con-cerns has also attracted a wide range of experts to send their opinions and suggestions for im-proving living conditions in Kosovo.

women and youth as well as the prospectof mobilizing additional resources for theproject.

4. The response from the Country Offices wassurprising and overwhelming. A total of37 Country Offices initially responded withproject proposals to implement anti-cor-ruption initiatives in the education, healthand water sectors.

5. Sixteen countries were selected in terms ofthe criteria outlined in the expression of in-terest; all then participated in the inceptionmeeting. Other partners such as the WorldHealth Organization (WHO), the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO) and the Water In-tegrity Network also participated to sup-port the project from their own experi-ence. Since this was the first time thatprojects aimed at mitigating corruptionrisks in specific sectors had been imple-mented by UNDP, PACDE wanted to mini-mize the risk of failure by including all

these countries and thereby improving thequality of projects.

6. Each country made a presentation at theinception meeting held in Bratislava, Slo-vakia in July 2012 and the other countriesmade contributions to improve the proj-ects. Among the weaknesses identifiedwere the followings: many projects weretoo big for the allocated seed funding to besuccessful; the assessment of corruptionrisks in sectors tended to be strong, butthe interventions proposed to mitigate thecorruption risks and thus improve servicedelivery were weak; and the monitoringand evaluation as well as learning partswere weak in almost all proposals dis-cussed during the inception meeting.

7. As a result of the inception meeting, allcountries selected for the sectoral inter-ventions volunteered to revise their projectproposals to incorporate the inputs andcomments received during the peer reviewat the inception meeting.

8. The PACDE team was also requested tocome up with a simple template to moni-tor the implementation on a quarterly ba-sis. This template has enabled PACDE tomonitor progress as well as provide inputsto the project implementation, including inregards to the utilization of resources.

9. Each project will be reviewed after the im-plementation of the project in the first yearto qualify for continued funding in the sec-ond year (2013). As of December 2012, al-most all projects had been in implemen-tation for almost six months. Some CountryOffices have received a tremendous boostby mobilizing more resources from gov-ernments and other partners (e.g., Colom-bia and Jordan). An additional four coun-



Face to face training for corruption risk assessors inNigeria

tries (including El Salvador and Nigeria)have requested to be a part of PACDE’s sec-toral anti-corruption Community of Prac-tice so as to benefit from PACDE advisorysupport, knowledge and guidance.

PACDE has also made sure that these sectorinterventions are not stand-alone but ratherare integral parts of the MDG acceleration

process in many countries. After the first year ofimplementation, PACDE will gather data andevidence on the impact of these interventionsand will convene a meeting to share experi-ences and conduct a mid-term evaluation inthe second half of 2013. UNDP is also workingtogether with the Basel Institute to collect casestudies on how anti-corruption improves serv-ice delivery at the local level.



Output 1.2: Anti-corruption in sectors – Results in 2012

Baseline: In 2010, there was no coherent approach to working in sectors including methodolo-gies on how to link anti-corruption in service delivery sectors.

Progress: In 2010-2011, UNDP developed methodologies in education, health and water sectorsand in 2012, UNDP launched its pilot initiative in sectors through a competitive process (16 Coun-try Offices were selected out of 37 proposals for implementation of projects in sectors). By the endof 2012, all the country offices conducted corruption risk assessments and started developing mit-igation plans. In 2013 the Country Offices will implement the corruption risks mitigation plans intheir respective sectors.

Challenges/limitations: The Lack of adequate policy guidance to link anti-corruption with sec-toral reforms was a challenge termed as “missing middle”.

Risk mitigation plan: Partnerships with UNESCO, WHO and UNDP Water Governance Facility atwas helpful in improving the understanding of what mechanisms and tools should be applied totackle corruption in each of the sector concerned. PACDE developed its monitoring framework byrequesting country offices on a quarterly basis to submit a progress reports that indicate progressof projects, challenges and lessons learned. PACDE team member responsible for this segment ofwork, as well as Global Anti-Corruption Advisor and PACDE Manager also carry out monitoring mis-sions.

Case Study. Corruption risk assessment process in Nigeria within key MDG-related sectors

In spite of being one of the most resource-rich countries in the world, Nigeria continues to grapplewith the challenge of relatively low economic growth and development. While several factors con-tribute to this situation, corruption and misappropriation of resources are among the most impor-

Output 1.3: Multi-stakeholdernetworks and dialogue on socialaccountability promoted

Through PACDE, UNDP has prioritized social ac-countability and engagement with civil society

on the premise that fighting corruption is moreeffective with the involvement of citizenry inmonitoring service delivery, raising awarenessand working with governments to implementanti-corruption initiatives. Social accountabil-ity initiatives address three issues and concernsthat come up regularly in the global discourse:



tant, and they also continue to significantly undermine Nigeria’s efforts to achieve the MDGs, the Na-tional Vision 20:2020 and the Transformation Agenda (2011–2015) set by the Nigerian government.In supporting the government to reduce corruption and ensure that Nigerians benefit from im-provements in human development, UNDP is working in collaboration with anti-corruption agen-cies and other stakeholders to strengthen public accountability mechanisms within key MDG-relatedsectors that are crucial for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The intervention, whichis centred on the conduct of corruption risk assessments and the development of appropriate re-mediation plans, seeks to prevent corruption by working with target ministries, departments andagencies (MDAs) responsible for MDG-related progress at national level in selected states.

Following the development of methodologies and tools for the conduct of the assessments, a de-tailed 10-week training module was developed in 2012 in collaboration with the UNDP VirtualSchool (RBLAC). The goal is to develop a team of in-country multi-stakeholder assessors drawn fromthe target MDAs, civil society and anti-corruption agencies that can conduct the corruption riskassessments and propose remediation plans for any given public sector organization or agency.The trainings will be finalized in early 2013, following which the corruption risk assessments willcommence in targeted MDAs both at national and state levels.

Impact: The intervention has encouraged cooperation and collaboration among the core anti-cor-ruption agencies involved in the initiative. It has strengthened their prevention mandates and hasprovided a crucial linkage between the fight against corruption and the achievement of Nigeria’sdevelopmental objectives.

While some target MDAs have indicated a willingness to be assessed in order to address their cor-ruption risks, the challenge remains of ensuring that the developed remediation plans are im-plemented towards preventing acts of corruption from occurring. In this regard, it is hoped thatthe reports of such assessments will be useful and strategic tools for civil society and other non-state actors towards ensuring that the required accountability mechanisms and frameworks areput in place to reduce the incidences of corruption particularly in the vital MDG-related sectors.

The process benefited from the global experiences, technical and advisory services provided by theUNDP Regional Service Centre in Dakar and PACDE. The UNDP studies on fighting corruption in thehealth, water and education sectors commissioned by PACDE were valuable in both the developmentof the corruption risk assessment methodology and in the training of the corruption risk assessors.

i) the use of information and communicationtechnologies (ICTs) in monitoring governmentresponsiveness (e.g., the Huduma platform); ii)the need to strengthen transparency and ac-countability at the local level because corrup-tion at that level has a particularly major impacton the poor; and iii) a lot of resources are wastedthrough inefficiency, and addressing this leak-age could help rebuild confidence of the gov-ernment and the citizenry. Social accountabilityinitiatives are thus important for MDG acceler-ation and poverty reduction. In an institutionaland political environment where access to andquality of public services suffer from corrup-tion, citizens’ monitoring of services, budgetsand infrastructure play a vital role in accelerat-ing progress on the MDGs through enhancedaccountability and transparency in governmentservice delivery.

PACDE’s work on social accountability com-prises three levels of support: technical and fi-nancial support for interventions at countrylevel; capacity development of key stakehold-ers including UNDP officers, national counter-parts and targeted civil society groups such asyouth and women; and development of knowl-edge products that help to identify entry pointsfor programming at country level.

Technical and financial support at thecountry level

At the end of 2012, PACDE launched its socialaccountability initiative, which aims to pro-mote greater transparency and accountabilityof national and local governments, as well asthe private sector, to deliver quality services tocitizens. PACDE together with regional anti-corruption focal points selected four projects–from Country Offices in Ghana, Papua NewGuinea, the Philippines and Serbia–based oncriteria including feasibility of impact, sustain-ability and involvement of youth and women.

In Ghana, the project focuses on promotingtransparency, accountability and efficiency inthe utilization of public resources. A key priorityis on increased access to quality service deliveryin the health sector and community assessmentof service providers. In Serbia, the project fo-cuses on the health sector and promotes devel-opment of citizens’ charters and monitoring ofcitizens’ satisfaction with health services througha Web-based platform. In the Philippines, theproject works towards improved responsivenessof local service delivery to people’s needs, withthe goal of addressing poverty and corruption inthe long run by thwarting patronage and ineffi-ciencies and promoting people’s empowerment.In Papua New Guinea, the project seeks tostrengthen media and civil society’s oversightroles in the fight against corruption through me-dia awards that encourage stories showing thenegative impacts of corruption on the achieve-ment of the MDGs. Already in Papua New Guineathere are results from the project supported byPACDE, as discussed in Box 4 and Box 5.

Knowledge production and capacity de-velopment of key stakeholders

In the Caribbean, PACDE supported RBLAC’sproject on Transparency and Accountability in



Participants of the regional workshop on account-ability in the water sector, November 2012

Local Government (TRAALOG) to develop ca-pacity on 'Social Audit for Young CaribbeanLeaders and Entrepreneurs'. Thorough a work-shop held in Jamaica in September 2012, thisinitiative aimed to promote management, lead-ership and practical skills for youth organiza-tions to conduct social audits in various di-mensions, including political, social, technicaland collective action.

The social audit workshop had an immediateimpact in terms of raising awareness on thepivotal role of youth in the Caribbean for pre-venting corruption through social accounta-bility mechanisms. For example, immediately

after the workshop participants formed theCaribbean Youth Social Auditors (CYSA) net-work. Also, the workshop helped to encouragecollaborative work on youth, governance andtransparency with the Sir Arthur Lewis Insti-tute of Social Economic Studies (SALISES). Theworkshop has helped to inspire a researchagenda for 2013-2014 that will involve a mix ofacademics, practitioners and youth leaders inparticularly strong and policy-related areas ofresearch regarding the topic of youth gover-nance and transparency. One key activity ofthe SALISES initiative is supporting the researchneeds of the newly formed CYSA network. Also,Jamaican participants at the workshop met



Excellence in Anti-Corruption Media Awards: an avenue for transparencyand social accountability in Papua New Guinea

Martin, Haiveta and Mickey are a blogger journalist and film maker, respectively, in Papua New Guinea(PNG). More importantly, they are concerned about the future of their country, a concern they ex-press to the public through their different media.

One of the richest countries in terms of natural resources, PNG faces high levels of poverty and grow-ing inequalities. Simultaneously, growing budgets are allocated to the local level to improve socialservice delivery, thereby creating opportunities for corrupt practices due to limited capacities cou-pled with increasing political and financial responsibilities.

In their submissions to the Excellence in Anti-Corruption Reporting Media Awards supported byUNDP, Martin, Haiveta and Mickey uncovered corrupt practices around agricultural business leases,delivery of medical supplies to communities as well as corruption in a local school board. The un-covering of such corruption proves the power of social accountability to combat corruption, as a cor-rupt governor was replaced in the national elections, the dismissal of a school board paved the wayfor hundreds of children to attend school again, and ongoing court hearings are likely to reduce cor-ruption around business leases.

UNDP’s awards have provided the platform for these stories to be told and for the public to hold theirpoliticians and peers accountable. The award winners will share their experiences and promote in-vestigative journalism in PNG. The contributions of award winners to radio and TV programmes on‘governance for development effectiveness’ will further enhance social accountability against cor-ruption and for enhanced development results in PNG.

with senior management of the UNDP CountryOffice to explore possibilities of further collab-oration in social audit indicatives in 2013. Lastbut not least, three participants of the work-shop were invited to participate in the RBLACdemocratic governance Community of Prac-tice (CoP) meeting in Mexico City in October2012.

PACDE also teamed up with Integrity Action(formerly Tiri) to implement a leadership pro-gramme in Western and Eastern Africa. PACDEis supporting the mentorship component ofthe initiative, which focuses on working withcivil society representatives and providingtechnical and advisory support on how to im-plement social accountability initiatives. By theend of 2012, the capacity-building componentin Western Africa has been completed. The ca-pacity-building component in Eastern andSouthern Africa will be launched at the begin-

ning of 2013 followed by a nine-month men-torship programme.

The capacity-building component aims toempower around 100-120 professionals, se-lected with gender and age equity, to actwith and demand integrity and strategicallyengage others in building institutions and justand equitable societies. The course offers theopportunity for integrity champions, who areoften isolated, to openly share problems, dis-cuss possible solutions, network with col-leagues, and gain insights from experiencedpractitioners and academics.

The focus of the mentorship component will beto provide guidance on a specific project on or-ganizational development and to assist in net-working with other non-governmental organ-izations (NGOs) and experts. A field peerexchange will also take place during this nine-



‘I demand answers’ campaign in El Salvador

In 2012 UNDP El Salvador launched a social media campaign called I demand Answers or #exi-josaber to encourage citizens, especially youth, to seek public information regarding the man-agement of public resources and public administration and to raise their voices against corrup-tion. As a result of the campaign, there were 2,103 tweets seeking information from publicauthorities. These were based on the freedom of informa-tion law. On 28 September 2012 the social media cam-paign was a top trending topic in El Salvador.

In addition, the campaign brought together 487 membersof the public to what was called ‘put their face’ to the fightagainst corruption. This consisted of taking photographs toform a mural symbolizing the rejection of corruption.

The success of the tweeting campaign has marked a real milestone in the country. It has openednew paths for civic-public administration communication and demonstrated that public partici-pation is a powerful tool in overcoming the traditional Salvadoran opacity.

month period. A mentorship report will be pro-duced and lessons will be shared across con-cerned partners upon the completion of theprogramme.

In the West and Central Africa region, PACDEtogether with the Regional Service Centre inDakar supported anti-corruption trainings inCôte d’Ivoire Guinea and Mauritania using as

reference the training manual developed in2011 to assess and enhance civil society capac-ities. In Mauritania, the training targeted repre-sentatives of civil society organizations. InGuinea, the training methodology was adaptedfor investigative journalists and in Côte d’Ivoirethe training was developed for youth in the hostcountry and five neighbouring ones (Benin,Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal and Togo). Theseinitiatives were carried out in partnership with TI.Nigeria and Sierra Leone are interested in repli-cating the training in 2013 using a version of thetraining manual translated into English.

There are two key outcomes of these initia-tives: first, there is an improved understandingof civil society actors on the role of society inpreventing corruption. Second, the capacity ofcivil society to monitor public services has alsobeen increased.



Case Study. Governance and accountability in the water sector: highlightsfrom case studies

In both Brazil and Mexico, there have been institutional reforms that created spaces for improvedaccountability on water management policies at local and territorial levels. These spaces have fos-tered negotiation, dialogue and discussion between government and social stakeholders. The mostsuccessful case is that of the Piracicaba, Jundiá and Capivari basins in Brazil, where basin com-mittees were created as deliberation and planning mechanisms for actors and stakeholders fromthe local, subnational and federal levels.

In the rest of the cases, as in Chile, it became clear that there was a certain resistance to create suchaccountability bodies for mediation, dialogue and coordination of water sector stakeholders be-cause the market was expected to assign and distribute the different uses of water. In the Colom-bian case, reforms were prioritized to create development and social control committees as a par-ticipatory mechanism for citizens and public water users. This kind of basin management inColombia is patterned to some extent on autonomous regional corporations, although such cor-porations do not include citizen participation in decision-making.

Source: Excerpts from ‘Impact of accountability in water governance and management: regional analysis of fourcase studies in Latin America’, Universidad de los Andes and UNDP Virtual School, 2012

As a result of UNDP’s work on socialaccountability, there is improved un-derstanding of civil society, youth,women and journalist on the impor-tance of society in preventing cor-ruption.

UNDP has developed useful methodologies andtools for citizens’ monitoring of governance thatare often known as the social accountabilitytools. The objective of these tools is to makegovernments more accountable from the per-spective of poor and ordinary citizens.

In 2011-2012, PACDE together with the RBLACVirtual School carried out a regional study onthe impact of accountability in the water sector.The study comprised four case studies: Brazil,Chile, Colombia and Mexico. The purpose ofthe study was to map out accountability sys-tems in different contexts in the region and toidentify programming entry points on howUNDP can support the strengthening of ac-countability in the water sector.

The findings and recommendations of the casestudies were validated through a regional work-

shop held in Panama in November 2012. Thediscussion included representatives from the na-tional counterparts; research institutes; six UNDPCountry Offices (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, CostaRica, Mexico and Panama); partners (the WaterIntegrity Network and the Stockholm Interna-tional Water Institute); and other UN agenciesworking in the water sector. The workshop pavedthe way for identifying areas of collaboration tostrengthen social accountability mechanisms inat least in two countries in 2013.

Output 1.4: Anti-corruption for women’s empowerment andgender equality strengthened

The global discourse on the fight against cor-ruption has tended to see corruption as genderneutral. For instance, UNCAC looks at corrup-



Output 1.3: Social Accountability – Results in 2012

Baseline: Weak or no capacity on demand side (i.e. civil society, grassroots organizations and otherrelevant actors) to increase the space for engagement and sustain efforts for governance and anti-corruption reforms.

Progress: In 2010-2011, UNDP developed methodologies and tools for citizens monitoring of gov-ernments that are also known as the social accountability tools. The objective of these tools wasto make governments more accountable to the public, particularly to the poor and vulnerable. In2012, UNDP launched its social accountability initiative on civil society monitoring of budgets, in-frastructure and services that is currently implemented in four countries and will involve two morecountries in 2013. These projects aim to increase the access to and the quality of services for thebeneficiaries. The countries were selected by the end of 2012, the workplans and budgets wereagreed upon.

Challenges/limitations: In many countries dialogue between governments and civil society or-ganizations on fighting corruption needs to be strengthened.

Risk mitigation plan: Given the long standing good will with governments and civil society,UNDP’s is providing various platforms for social dialogue.

tion from a holistic gender-neutral point ofview. The discourse focused more on the fi-nancial impact and development costs of cor-ruption on people rather than on the differen-tial impact of corruption on the lives of menand women. However, evidence from theground suggests that men and women expe-rience and address corruption differently.

Corruption has a negative impact on women’sempowerment and participation. Since womenoften face social, cultural, political and institu-tional discrimination, they encounter evenmore repression and social exclusion in a cor-ruption-ridden society. At the same time, em-

powered women who have an opportunity forparticipation in decision-making can effectivelycontribute to the fight against corruption.

To ensure that gender issues are adequatelyaddressed throughout PACDE-supported in-terventions, PACDE requires all of its supportedprojects to have a gender component. This in-cludes, for example, expressions of interestsfor sector projects, social accountability initia-tives and the advocacy activities around Inter-national Anti-Corruption Day.

Although the links between corruption andgender equality have been globally acknowl-edged, there is a deficit of tools, methodologiesand case studies informing the developmentcommunity on how to build synergies and fightcorruption taking into account a gender-re-sponsive approach.

PACDE sought to contribute to the productionof knowledge and systematization of testi-monies and experiences by signing, in 2011, agrant agreement with the Huairou Commis-sion to implement a project on gender andcorruption. The main specified outcome was alessons learned study exploring the impact ofcorruption on women and capacity-develop-



Grassroots women's organization in Ghana discus-sion the impact of corruption with their community

Side meeting at the 56th session of the CSW to dis-cuss findings of UNDP's study on grassroots women'sexperience on corruption and anti-corruption

The current global discourse onanti-corruption tends to be genderneutral. There is a greater need todevelop a gender-responsive ap-proach to fight corruption.

ment efforts to empower grassroots womento fight corruption.

In 2012, PACDE participated in several globalforums to raise awareness on the role ofwomen in the fight against corruption. For ex-ample, PACDE supported the organization of aside event during the 56th session of the Com-mission on the Status of Women (CSW) in Feb-ruary 2012 to discuss preliminary findings ofthe study on grassroots women’s experience oncorruption and anti-corruption with represen-tatives of women’s organizations.

Also, in an effort to expand the discussion oncorruption and gender nexus, PACDE sup-ported the organization of the networking

event on ‘Grassroots Women’s Anti-CorruptionStrategies for Building Inclusive and EquitableCities’ during the sixth World Urban Forum in



Case study. UNDP’s recent study: Seeing Beyond the State: GrassrootsWomen’s Perspectives on Corruption and Anti-corruption

This is one of few pioneering studies that gathered data on the experiences of women related to cor-ruption. The study collected testimonies and documented perceptions of grassroots women from eightcountries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nicaragua and Uganda) on how theyhave experienced corruption and anti-corruption.

The study revealed that women experience corruption not only when they access basic services suchas health or education. They face similar if not greater challenges when seeking to obtain official doc-umentation essential for women to access social security systems and other basic services for their fam-ilies and themselves.

The study showed that women of caregiving age (30-59) are disproportionately affected by corrup-tion because they are the primary caretakers and must access services on behalf of their dependents.

Women experience specific forms of corruption. They are not only asked to pay bribes to obtain keyservices but also encounter demands for sexual favors and face physical abuse.

According to the study, women are more effective in fighting corruption and holding governmentsaccountable when they are organized in groups.

The study reaffirms that the strategies to empower women should also be used to tackle specific formsof corruption faced by women as well as the impact of corruption on both men and women.

In 2012, PACDE increased its focuson integrating gender into its pro-grammes. As noted in ‘Assessmentof the UNDP gender marker’ (April2012), initiatives undertaken byPACDE represent an important con-tribution to UNDP’s overall genderequality goals.

Naples, Italy. It also contributed to a workshopsession at the 15th International Anti-Corrup-tion Conference on how grassroots women ex-perience corruption and anti-corruption. Atthat session, the study conducted in collabo-ration with the Huairou Commission was offi-cially launched.

Building on the recommendation of the study,UNDP entered into partnership with theHuairou Commission in 2012 to implement atwo-year partnership on ‘Transparency and ac-countability initiative: empowering grassrootswomen to reduce corruption and strengthendemocratic governance’. This initiative aims toincrease women’s participation in tackling thenegative impacts of corruption in Brazil, Kaza-khstan, Nepal, Nicaragua, the Philippines andUganda. The initiative will also strengthen grass-roots women’s mobilization, leadership and en-gagement in public decision-making and in-crease the voice and visibility of women withinpolicies and programmes designed to reducecorruption and strengthen accountability.

Output 1.5: The capacity of LDCsto prevent illicit financial flows isstrengthened

Financing the MDGs and poverty reduction hasemerged as one of the most significant chal-



Output 1:4: Gender approach to Anti-corruption – Results in 2012

Baseline: Globally there were limited efforts on looking at gender issues through anti-corruption lens. Cor-ruption and anti-corruption were viewed as gender neutral in many global discourses including UNCAC.

Progress: In 2012, PACDE in partnership with Huairou Commission launched a flagship publicationon the impact of corruption on women. Based on the recommendation of the study, PACDE startedimplementing transparency and accountability initiative that aims at empowering grassroots womento fight corruption on the ground.

Challenges/limitations: More need to be done in terms of bringing gender in the global discourseincluding the discourse on UNCAC implementation. Moreover, bringing both gender and anti-cor-ruption experts needs more policy guidance and training.

Mitigation plan: UNDP has developed knowledge tools as well as partnership with UN Women andHuairou Commission to bridge the knowledge gap on gender and anti-corruption.

Workshop at the 15th IACC on Grassroots women’sperspectives on corruption and anti-corruption

lenges. Until recently, two major limitationscould be observed in dealing with the issue.First, as mentioned earlier, corruption and poorgovernance help explain why increased fund-ing allocations have not necessarily translatedinto MDG achievements. Yet the discourse re-garding the MDG achievements has tended tofocus more on up-scaling the quantity andquality of financial resources into developingcountries–e.g., through increases in official de-velopment assistance (ODA), the developmentof innovative finance schemes, and policies toattract foreign direct investment (FDI)–and lesson the factors that impede the achievement ofthe MDGs, such as resource leakages throughcorruption. It is now widely recognized that il-licit financial flows (IFFs) represent a consider-able drain on financial resources from devel-oping countries. Every year the developingworld loses as much as US$1 trillion in illicitoutflows through government corruption,criminal activity, and commercial tax evasion(Global Financial Integrity, 2012).

The second major limitation is that the usualprogramming approach towards IFFs has beeneither taxation-centric (dealing from a stan-dard economic solution to the problem) or as-set-recovery centric (such as global anti-cor-ruption discourse and UNCAC). There has notyet been a comprehensive approach tostrengthen national capacities in preventingIFFs, such as by strengthening both taxationand monitoring and oversight mechanisms.With this backdrop in mind, UNDP in 2011published a study to look in detail at the im-pact of IFFs on least developed countries(LDCs) and the drivers contributing to suchflows.

PACDE’s efforts are based on the recognitionthat these outflows from developing countriescan be described as a major development issuesince curtailing illicit capital outflows has the

potential to unlock much needed billions ofdollars for MDG-related expenditures, includ-ing in countries that are considerably off trackin MDG achievement. PACDE has thus contin-ued its engagement with UNDP Poverty Prac-tice, the Regional Bureau for Africa, the UnitedNations Office for South-South Cooperation(UNOSSC) and the United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa (UNECA) to raise globaladvocacy, knowledge and awareness on theissue and to strengthen UNDP and its partners’programming capacity.

To support the implementation of the IstanbulPlan of Action for the LDCs, which waslaunched in 2011, UNDP has developed athree-year joint programme on IFFs with theUNOSSC to help nine LDCs to accelerate thegraduation process by preventing the leak-age of resources. The objective is to leveragethe comparative strengths of these two or-ganizations, with UNDP taking the lead on ca-pacity development at the national level andUNOSSC Sharing of Successful Tax Practices(S4TP). Both organizations are simultaneouslybuilding synergies with other partners andactivities, such as the work of the United Na-tions Department of Economic and Social Af-fairs (UNDESA) work on the United NationsTax Committee, Global Financial integrity’swork around global advocacy and advisorysupport and research, and UNECA’s work onthe High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flowsfrom Africa.



Until recently the discourse onMDGs achievement tended to focusmore on up scaling resources andless on preventing resources leak-ages such as corruption.

In 2010 and 2011, through major global fo-rums such as the MDG Summit (2010), thefourth UN Conference on the Least DevelopedCountries (2011) and the Conference of theState Parties to UNCAC (2011), UNDP was in-strumental in highlighting issues regardingtransparency and accountability in the devel-opment financing debate. In 2012, UNDP con-tinued its engagement with UNECA–throughan expert group meeting in Kigali, Rwanda aswell as at the 15th International Anti-Corrup-tion Conference–to raise global advocacy andawareness to strengthen the capacities ofLDCs on illicit capital outflows and contributeits inputs to the high-level panel created byUNECA.

UNDP is currently building a solid network withother parts of the UN system, researchers, ex-perts, NGOs and other key stakeholders work-ing in the area of IFFs. This aims to provide ex-pert support to national governments andensure complementarity among efforts of dif-ferent stakeholders. UNDP is also developingtraining materials on IFFs to build the knowl-edge base, especially at the country level–e.g.,through an open online course with the UnitedNations Institute for Training and Research (UNI-

TAR). In 2012, UNDP organized two webinars totrain nearly 200 UNDP country-level staffthrough its Learning Resource Centre.

UNDP has developed a methodology paperthat aims to provide data and guidance forcountry case studies. Based on this methodol-ogy paper, a template for country case studyhas been drafted and the UNDP Bureau for De-velopment Policy (BDP) and regional bureauxare working together on the following countrycase studies: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Côted’Ivoire, Guinea, Nepal, Sierra Leone, theUnited Republic of Tanzania and Zambia.

Objective 2: MainstreamUNCAC and anti-corruptioninto national developmentprocesses

Output 2.1: UNCAC main-streamed in the UN’s national-level programmes

The main reason that UNDP is engaged in anti-corruption is that corruption has a major im-pact on development. This linkage has been ex-plored in UNDP’s corporate policy paper‘Fighting corruption to improve governance’(1998) and subsequently reinforced by UNDPkey knowledge products such as ‘Mainstreaminganti-corruption for development, 2008 practicenote’ and ‘Corruption and development, 2008primer’. Although the linkages between corrup-tion and development are obvious, there is lim-ited guidance for United Nations Country Teamson integrating anti-corruption in United NationsDevelopment Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs).

Against this backdrop, UNDP and UNODC part-nered with the United Nations System StaffCollege (UNSSC) to add a dedicated anti-cor-



Workshop at the 15th IACC on Illicit Financial Flows

ruption course to UNDAF training processesso that a consistent, coordinated and sustain-able approach is in place to support UN Coun-try Teams to integrate anti-corruption in UNnational development programmes. Moreover,on International Anti-Corruption Day in 2012UNDP launched an online course for all UNDPstaff to enhance the agency’s internal capacityto integrate anti-corruption in UNDP’s variousprogrammes and projects in plural.

Mainstream anti-corruption intoUNDAF processes

At the end of 2011, PACDE, UNSSC and UN-ODC signed an agreement to develop an inter-agency training package aimed at providingpractical tools and key skills to UN CountryTeams on how to integrate anti-corruptionprinciples into the UNDAF process. The trainingpackage comprises 1) a resource toolkit, train-ing materials and facilitation manual; 2) a train-ing of trainers (ToT) on anti-corruption; and 3)an operational UN roster of anti-corruption re-source persons.

The resource toolkit was finalized in 2012. Thefirst ToT will be held in Turin, Italy, in the secondquarter of 2013. Participants to the first ToT willinclude nominated candidates from variousUN agencies, including the Office of the UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees (UN-HCR), UN Women, the United Nations Children’sFund (UNICEF), the Department of Peacekeep-ing Operations (DPKO), the Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), theDepartment of Political Affairs (DPA), DESA, theEthics Office, UN-REDD, the Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),WHO and the United Nations Environment Pro-gramme (UNEP). Subsequent regional andcountry-level trainings will be delivered forUNDAF roll-out countries if requested.

In Latin America and the Caribbean Region(LAC), a practical workshop titled ‘Interagencyworkshop: the joint fight against corruptionfor the attainment of the MDGs in Latin Amer-ica and the Caribbean’ was organized in 2012 tomainstream anti-corruption topics/tools andpractices into the wider development frame-work such as the United Nations System in theLAC region. This was the first inter-agency andregional anti-corruption workshop organizedin the region.

The United Nations Development Group forLatin America and the Caribbean (UNDG LAC)sponsored the workshop, and it was imple-mented jointly by the UNODC regional pro-gramme office in Panama and the DemocraticGovernance Practice Area of the UNDP RegionalService Centre for Latin America and theCaribbean. The workshop, supported by PACDE,was a key activity in commemoration of Inter-national Anti-Corruption Day (December 9).



Resource toolkit: Anti-corruption into UNDAFprocesses

More than 30 UN professionals from four coun-tries (Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras andPanama) participated. They represented nineagencies, including UNDP, UNDOC, UNEP,UNICEF, the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), theJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS), the United Nations Office for ProjectServices (UNOPS) and the Pan American HealthOrganization (PAHO).

The majority of the participants at this first in-ter-agency workshop were advisers, technicalexperts and programme officers of the UN re-gional and country systems, and for many itwas the first time they were being exposed tothe anti-corruption theme. The workshop hadas its objectives to strengthen the capacity ofthe UN system’s technical personnel on UNCACand the issue of anti-corruption more gener-ally; to identify common challenges in the fightagainst corruption; to highlight the links be-tween fighting corruption and achieving theMDGs; and to identify opportunities to

strengthen inter-agency collaboration andpromote the sharing and exchange of goodpractices.

Participants strongly recommended more ca-pacity-building activities on anti-corruptiongiven that the strength of the ethical conductof UN personnel greatly affects their capacity tounderstand ethical vulnerabilities in the pro-grammes and projects with governmentalcounterparts. UN agencies have control mech-anisms and assessment methodologies that inmany cases are relevant to prevent corruption,but not all agencies know about them. There isthus a genuine desire to seek partnershipsamong and between UN agencies to work inanti-corruption.

Technical support at the countrylevel

PACDE through its advisory and coordinationsupport continued providing inputs to thedraft UNDAF documents of the UNDAF roll-out countries in 2015. PACDE inputs to main-streaming anti-corruption and integratingtransparency, accountability, and integrity inongoing programmes were successfully incor-porated in the governance components of theUNDAF documents of Bhutan, Jordan, Nigeria,Niger and Uganda.

Due to PACDE’s active engagement, the re-gional UNDAF Peer Support Group in Westand Central Africa successfully provided in-puts to the UNDAFs of Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Equatorial Guinea, Mali and Nigeria. The resultof the support provided increased UN CountryTeam focus and support to anti-corruption ini-tiatives in these countries. Mali particularly tar-geted programming support for the nationalstrategy development. For all of these coun-tries, UNDP governance programming and



According to the Regional Coordi-nator for UNDG LAC, “the joint fightagainst corruption for the attain-ment of the MDGs in Latin Americaand the Caribbean was well placedunder the UNDG LAC umbrella. Itwas positive to witness the engage-ment of 9 UN agencies, funds andprogrammes, as well as UN coordi-nation officers, in the training andthe subsequent exploration of jointstrategies to promote and enhancetransparency and accountability.”

anti-corruption project development was pro-vided by the Regional Service Centre in Dakarand PACDE.

Basics on anti-corruption: an online course for UNDP staff

In partnership with the UNDP Learning Re-source Centre of the Office of Human Re-sources, Bureau of Management, and with sup-port from practitioners and offices around theworld, UNDP launched a new online course‘Basics on anti-corruption’ to mark Interna-tional Anti-Corruption Day (9 December 2012).The course builds on UNDP’s accumulatedknowledge and experience on anti-corruptionprogramming and has benefited from sub-stantive contributions from partners anddonors including UNODC, U4, Norad, AusAIDand the UN Staff College in Turin. It contributesto existing corporate training tools availablethrough the Learning Management System

and is designed to strengthen UNDP’s ethics,accountability, transparency and anti-corrup-tion principles.

‘Basics on anti-corruption’ aims to provideUNDP staff with essential tools and frameworksrelated to anti-corruption. Its purpose is to pro-



The course is accessible at http://learning.undp.org.

Output 2.1: Mainstreamed UNCAC into development processes – Resultsin 2012

Baseline: Until September 2010 (the MDG Summit), no explicit connection was made betweenanti-corruption and MDG acceleration process. There was limited knowledge on how anti-cor-ruption be integrated in various development processes including UNDAFs and national planningprocesses. This is due to the fact that very few experts joint the development profession with ad-equate anti-corruption knowledge.

Progress: In 2012, UNDP and UNODC, working together with the United Nations System Staff Col-lege (UNSSC) developed an anti-corruption course for the UN programming processes includingUNDAFs. At least 40 representatives from major UN agencies including UNDP and UNODC will par-ticipate the training of trainers (TOT) in April 2013 so that the training will be rolled out at the coun-try level to those countries, which will go through the UNDAF cycle. Moreover, on 9 December 2012,UNDP has also rolled out an anti-corruption course titled “Basics on anti-corruption” for all UNDPStaff with an objective of providing guidance to country level staff to integrate anti-corruotion inUNDP programming. By the end of January 2013, more than 110 UNDP staff has taken the course.

mote a coherent and consistent approachwithin UNDP on anti-corruption programmingat different levels (global, regional and coun-try). The course is divided into four lessons.These include:

1. concepts and definitions of corruption andanti-corruption;

2. linkages between anti-corruption and de-velopment;

3. norms, standards and frameworks at theglobal, regional and country level to fightcorruption; and

4. UNDP’s niche in anti-corruption program-ming using UNCAC as an entry point.

Two different versions of the same course willbe available to meet the needs of different au-diences within UNDP. The two-hour version ofthe course is recommended for UNDP pro-gramme staff engaged in governance anddevelopment work. Shorter versions will beavailable for general staff and senior managers.A score of 80 percent in the final assessment atthe end of the course is required to obtain acertificate of course completion.

Within one month of the course announce-ment, more than 100 UNDP staff had alreadytaken the course. In 2013, PACDE plans to open

the basic course to the general public with therecognition that there are very few onlinecourses on anti-corruption.

Output 2.2: UNCAC implementa-tion and going beyond the mini-mum processes supported

UNCAC has been one of the major drivingforces because of its nearly universal ratification.While UNODC is primarily responsible for UN-CAC self-assessment and review, UNDP’s focusis encouraging member states to go beyondthe minimum requirement of UNCAC reviewand ensure a multi-stakeholder engagementon national dialogue on corruption. One of thecontentious issues related to the UNCAC reviewmechanism has been the role of non-state ac-tors, namely civil society and media.

The ‘Going beyond the minimum’ method-ologies developed by UNDP and UNODC con-tinue to serve as a guidance note to many prac-titioners and national anti-corruption officials,particularly in countries willing to go beyondthe minimum requirement and make publicthe information on UNCAC review.

UNDP, with funding from the U.S. State De-partment, supported the UNCAC Coalition ofCivil Society to increase the participation ofcivil society organizations at the meeting of



Limitations/challenges: The general limitation to integrate anti-corruption in various developmentprocesses is that development practitioners tend to be sensitive on the issue of fighting corruption, partlybecause of political economic reasons and partly because of the lack of knowledge and information.

Risk mitigation plan: UNDP has taken a sustainable approach for knowledge management. UNDPand UNODC’s anti-corruption course for UNDAF will be made available for all countries develop-ing new UNDAFs. Similarly, UNDP will continue promoting its corruption risk management approachin various development processes such as sectoral programmes to address the issue of sensitivity.

the Implementation Review Group (IRG) of UN-CAC held on 20 June 2012. That was the firsttime that civil society representatives were in-vited to the IRG briefing. Their involvementcontributed significantly to the dialogue be-tween civil society and member states on UN-CAC and normalized relationships betweengovernments and civil society, which weresomewhat confrontational in terms of civil so-ciety’s engagement in UNCAC review. The sup-port to the UNCAC Coalition was part ofPACDE’s focus on enhancing civil society par-ticipation in the global discourse on anti-cor-ruption and UNCAC implementation.

Technical Support for UNCAC at thecountry level

In the Asia-Pacific Region, Myanmar openedup to the world in 2012 and embarked on atransition period to democratic rule. PACDEthrough the Bangkok Regional Service Centresupported the UNODC-led first-ever workshopon anti-corruption in Myanmar, at which gov-ernment officials expressed their commitment

towards ratifying the UNCAC. UNDP also metwith lawmakers and provided detailed com-ments on the draft anti-corruption law to beadopted in Parliament.

The UNCAC pre-ratification workshop inMyanmar led to government officials for-mally expressing their commitment to ratify



In Kuala Lumpur, the UN team with members of LegalCommissions of Amyotha Hluttaw and Pyithu Hluttaw.From left, Shervin Majlessi, Daw Than Yi, Dasho NetenZangmo, U Kyaw Sein, Samuel de Jaegere and U SanLwin

Case study. UNDP Ukraine pushes forward civic engagement in UNCAC im-plementation

The year 2011 saw the adoption of a new anti-corruption legislation in Ukraine. Although it wascriticized as mostly declarative, the law provides for a number of opportunities and mechanismsin the anti-corruption field. Importantly, Article 15 enshrines an instrument fully in line with UN-CAC Article 13: it enables civil society in Ukraine to conduct civic anti-corruption assessments ofdraft laws and regulations that have to be taken into account when a decision is made to adopta draft or to amend it.

However, civil society lacked a proper tool to make this provision of the law operational. The gov-ernment-recommended methodology was not easy for civic activists to use, and their own at-tempts at coming up with expert conclusions were often decried by the authorities as unprofes-sional and, hence, unacceptable.

UNCAC as well as ensuring that the coun-try’s legislation would be in line with theconvention. UNDP’s collaboration withMyanmar lawmakers was very constructive.The lawmakers requested written commentson the draft anti-corruption law, which wereprovided in a timely manner. These commentswere submitted formally to the speakers ofboth houses of Parliament and to the Attor-ney General. A revised law has not yet been

tabled, but many observations on the draft lawmade by UNDP/UNODC have been taken onboard after full consideration by lawmakers.

In China and Mongolia, UNDP contributed tothe formulation of a new public administra-tion reform programmes with a strong com-ponent on anti-corruption. In Mongolia, thenew anti-corruption component of the coun-try programme will support a follow-up to the



In 2012, UNDP Ukraine working together with PACDE, supported the establishment of an infor-mal coalition of Ukrainian think tank and civil society experts to draft a methodology for the ac-tivists and institutions that would like to conduct the assessments. The main goal was to elabo-rate a simple but professional manual for conducting assessments. In order to test the elaboratedtool, it was piloted in four oblasts (regions) of Ukraine on issues ranging from permit issuance forgarage construction to allocating parking spots for taxi cabs. Recommendations from the grass-roots were incorporated, and the methodology was first presented on 9 December during an In-ternational Anti-Corruption Day forum, at which it was shared with over 150 participants for fur-ther application.

Table 2. A snapshot: implementation of ‘Going beyond the minimum’ atcountry level.

Ukraine UNDP has supported civil society engagement to conduct civic anti-corruptionassessments. It supported a coalition of think tanks and civil society organizations(CSOs) in the development of a methodology to engage the sector in the imple-mentation of UNCAC.

EL Salvador Since 2011, UNDP has promoted dialogue and collaboration between the gov-ernment and civil society aimed at fostering a culture of accountability and trans-parency in the country.

Turkey UNDP in 2012 worked with the Government of Turkey in the implementation ofthe national anti-corruption strategy. In November 2012, UNDP supported policydialogue aimed to facilitate multi-stakeholder engagement on anti-corruption(public, private, CSOs, international organizations).

Morocco andTimor-Leste

UNDP together with the Global Organization of Parliamentarians Against Cor-ruption (GOPAC) facilitated dialogue on parliamentarians’ involvement in the im-plementation of UNCAC.

UNCAC review process conducted in 2010-2012. In Morocco and Timor-Leste, UNDPsupported the piloting of the anti-corruptionself-assessment tool for parliamentarians,which was developed by UNDP in collabora-tion with GOPAC. These training events, whichwere organized with GOPAC, brought parlia-mentarians together from across the politicalspectrum and allowed for the development ofa baseline report on parliamentary involve-ment in the fight against corruption.

In Western Africa and Central Africa, mostof the countries in the region received supportthrough the Dakar Regional Service Centre.This included advisory support on UNCAC, es-pecially for those countries undertaking theUNCAC review process. (e.g., Benin andCameroon) Other countries that benefittedfrom UNDP’s knowledge exchange and South-South cooperation on UNCAC review, nationalanti-corruption strategies and anti-corruptionagencies were Burkina Faso, Burundi, CapeVerde, the Central African Republic, the Co-moros, the Congo, the Democratic Republic ofthe Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Gam-bia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone andTogo.

In Romania and the former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, UNDP provided support tostrengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Jus-tice for the UNCAC self-assessment process. Thefacilitation of stakeholders’ meetings helpedthe government in drafting the technical re-ports and led to enhanced awareness of civil so-ciety and other non-state actors on anti-cor-ruption. An initial workshop was held with allstakeholders to launch and plan the processand also to discuss the value and importance ofthe UNCAC self-assessment process. In Mace-donia, a series of working meetings with focal

points from institutional and local experts inspecific areas were organized. During thesemeetings, the Ministry of Justice managed tocollect and provide statistics and case datalinked with the specific requirements of the UN-CAC provisions. The Ministry of Justice is cur-rently collecting the data and a final report willbe produced and disseminated for review toall relevant institutions for comments and feed-backs. UNDP supported the undertaking of afully-fledged assessment of the implementa-tion of the convention’s prevention of corrup-tion chapter. This assessment, which was not re-quested officially by the review mechanism,enabled the identification of several shortcom-ings to be addressed before the official reviewof the preventive chapter to start in 2014. InRomania, the UNCAC review process is also ex-pected to result in better assessment of the Ro-manian anti-corruption framework through thecooperation and verification mechanism (CVM)of the European Commission.

Regional dialogue and lessons learned from the UNCAC reviewmechanisms

In July 2012, with technical support from PACDE,UNDP organized a regional workshop on UN-CAC mechanism review titled ‘Understandingand sharing lessons learned on the UnitedNations Convention Against Corruption (UN-CAC) review mechanism’. This workshopbrought together over 50 experts at regionaland national levels including government offi-cials, member of parliaments and organizationsof civil society from Benin, Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Central African Re-public, the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania,Niger, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda.

The objective of the dialogue was to discussoverall progress of UNCAC implementation in



Africa, share lessons learned from other coun-tries in the sub-region region, and discuss therole of civil society and other key stakeholdersin the implementation UNCAC in Africa. At thedialogue, there was a greater realization thatUNCAC review should expand and not limitthe scope of governance and anti-corruptionreform. Moreover, in order to ensure sustain-ability, the workshop provided many valuableinputs to the technical assistance needs thatshould be coordinated by governments at thenational level. The dialogue provided the op-

portunity for national, regional and interna-tional experts as well as, members of govern-ment agencies, parliaments and civil societyorganizations to gather in the same place. Theyexchanged best practices in the region andshared lessons learned and challenges faced inthe implementation of UNCAC, providing in-puts to the second cycle of UNCAC review tostart in 2014.

As a follow-up to this dialogue, UNDP will worktogether with UNODC and other partners in



Output 2.2: Support to UNCAC implementation – Results in 2012

Baseline: Although the UNCAC review process has created a global momentum for advocacy andawareness, the momentum is yet to be translated into policy reforms at the national level by bring-ing together UNCAC review focal points, representatives from line ministries, civil society and me-dia and encouraging a multi-stakeholder engagement on national dialogue on corruption. In manycountries, there was limited engagement of line ministries, civil society and media in the reviewprocess.

Progress: Since 2010, UNDP has contributed to increase the demand for national dialogue on anti-corruption by utilizing UNCAC review process as an entry point. In 2012, support has been pro-vided to Bhutan, El Salvador, FYR Macedonia, Morocco, Myanmar, Romania, Timor-Leste, andUkraine. At the regional level, UNDP and UNODC brought together parliamentarians, governmentofficials and civil society and media representatives from 13 African countries to discuss the les-sons learned from UNCAC review. At the global level, the civil society representatives were sup-ported to participate in the briefing session of the Implementation review Group meeting held inVienna. Moreover, more than 50 countries also benefitted from UNDP-UNODC’s “UNCAC Self-As-sessment- Going Beyond the Minimum” methodology.

Limitations/Challenges: UNDP provides support for national consultative dialogue on anti-cor-ruption and UNCAC gap analysis on the request of the programming countries. Many governmentsrequest UNDP’s support either for the preparation of the UNCAC review or to contribute to insti-tutional and legislative reforms. Thus, the challenge is to align UNDP support with UNODC’s sup-port on UNCAC review process.

Risk mitigation plan: In order to build on complementarity and avoid duplication of efforts, UNDPinformed and updated UNODC on the request received from programming countries and wher-ever possible, both UNDP and UNODC tried to provide technical assistance jointly.

2013 to develop a guidance note on preven-tion of corruption, collecting information ongood practices on national anti-corruptionstrategies, support of anti-corruption agen-cies, public administration reform and civicengagement on anti-corruption.

Output 2.3: Anti-corruption and UNCAC mainstreamed in post conflict and transititioncountries

Addressing corruption in post-conflict andtransition contexts remained a major priorityfor UNDP in 2012 and will continue to be pri-ority in the near future. Often in such con-texts, the immediate focus on peace buildingand state-building comes at the expense ofpromoting integrity, transparency and ac-countability in governance process. Lack ofemphasis on transparency and accountabil-ity in state-building processes could createopportunities for corruption and limit gainspossible from peace. UNDP's flagship publi-cation, ‘Fighting corruption in post-conflictand recovery situations: learning from thepast’ (2010) presents hard evidence on howcorruption can derail political and economictransitions, undermine state capacity and le-

gitimacy, exacerbate poverty and inflamegrievances linked to conflict.

Furthermore, experience from the politicaltransitions since 2011 have also underscoredthe importance of addressing corruption andpromoting transparency, accountability andintegrity for achieving democratic governanceand development. Failure to address corrup-tion in such fragile transition contexts–wherethere is high public expectation from newgovernments to address corruption and pro-



Case study. UNDP's support to Egypt's transition

UNDP had supported the Transparency and Integrity Committee within the Ministry of State forAdministrative Development (MSAD) to strengthen integrity and transparency in the civil serv-ice; the Ministry of Investment to promote transparency and disclosure in the private sector; andthe Social Contract Centre to conduct evidence-based governance assessments. With the adop-tion of the new constitution and the provision to set up a national anti-corruption commission,UNDP will support the National Coordinating Committee to Combat Corruption (NCCCC), housedwithin the Ministry of Justice, as the forerunner to the new commission and during the interim pe-riod of approximately 18 months pending its operationalization.

UNDP sees corruption as a major driver for conflictas well as an obstacle for peace consolidation

mote greater decency in public life–can un-dermine the peace dividends gained andreignite tensions.

In addition, the New Deal for Engagement inFragile Contexts also calls for supportinggreater transparency at every level of publicadministration.

The urgency of addressing corruption inpost-conflict countries was also highlightedby experts and participants at the fifth UNDPAnti-Corruption Community of Practice. Par-ticipants at the meeting stressed the impor-tance of working in areas that will have the

greatest and most immediate impact on thelives of people. Therefore, they called for agreater focus on strengthening checks andbalances at the local governance level, im-proving public service delivery in key sec-tors, and greater engagement of civil societyat the local level. Furthermore, the impact ofclimate change and misuse of natural re-sources and extractive industry sector wereidentified by participants as factors thatcould further undermine development andaggravate tension.

PACDE for its part has been supporting a ho-listic and integrated approach to promote



In 2011, following the 25 January revolution, there were two UNDP advisory missions to theCountry Office to discuss the repositioning of UNDP support in the area of anti-corruption duringthe transition period. As a result of the mission, PACDE’s plan of technical support included:

Evaluating the first phase of UNDP Egypt support to the Transparency and Integrity Committeeand its technical arm, which is the Governance Centre of the MSAD

Preparation of an advisory note on the strategic entry points for the ant-corruption in Egypt

Formulation of the second phase of UNDP support to the Transparency and Integrity Com-mittee approved in August 2012

As a result of this support, UNDP Egypt has been able to effectively respond to requests by the Min-istry of Justice for advice on the formulation of the thematic sub-committees of the NCCCC. Specif-ically, UNDP has provided guidance to the ministry on the thematic focus of the subcommittees andthe mandate for each. The ministerial decree for this purpose was issued in December 2012.

Furthermore, UNDP has supported the NCCCC in its interim period pending the establishment ofthe new anti-corruption agency. In this regards, PACDE provided technical support to the Coun-try Office in the development of a strategy to for immediate technical assistance to the Ministryof Justice looking at comparative experiences that will enrich the establishment of the new anti-corruption commission. Such support was critical for the Social Contract Centre for its presenta-tion to the Constituent Committee drafting the provision in the new constitution for the settingup of the new national anti-corruption commission. The new constitution for Egypt has been re-cently adopted and this provision is reflected under article 204.

anti-corruption, transparency and accounta-bility by focusing on opening up national-level processes and supporting public dis-course on addressing corruption. It hassupported establishment of legal frame-works for anti-corruption work, main-streamed anti-corruption into public servicedelivery sectors, facilitated South-South ex-change of knowledge between countries un-dergoing transitions, and supported advo-cacy efforts to ensure the public’s greaterunderstanding of and commitment to ad-dress corruption.

Specific areas of support: PACDE supportedformulation of national anti-corruptionstrategies and programmes in Afghanistan,Egypt, Morocco and South Sudan; ratifica-tion and implementation of UNCAC in Myan-mar and Timor-Leste; mainstreaming anti-corruption in sectors in Lebanon, Liberia,Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan and Serbia; andmainstreaming of anti-corruption in REDD+in the Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC) and Nepal. PACDE supported South-South exchange in various forums involvingAfghanistan, Côte D’Ivoire, DRC, Egypt, Iraq,Kosovo, Morocco, Myanmar, Palestine, SouthSudan and Tunisia. It also supported advo-cacy activities and national campaignsagainst corruption to mark International

Anti-Corruption Day in Afghanistan, Djibouti,DRC, Kosovo, Libya, Liberia, Maldives, Mo-rocco, Myanmar, Nepal, South Sudan andYemen

While addressing corruption is a long-termprocess, particularly in post-conflict and transi-tion countries, PACDE through its varied sup-port has been able to assist countries to takesteps in the right direction. Specifically, it hasbeen able to ensure that reform processes ad-dress corruption and promote transparencyand accountability of the public sector (as notedin the example from Egypt). It has been able toprovide advisory and technical services to es-tablish the legal framework to strengthen therole of oversight institutions and supportgreater engagement between government in-stitutions and civil society (and, more specifi-cally, engagement of women’s organizations).



According to recent estimates, forevery US$1 Developing Countriesreceive in official development aid(ODA), an estimated of US$10 flowsillicitly abroad.

Output 2.3: Anti-corruption in post-conflict and transition countries – Results in 2012

Baseline: UNDP’s study ‘Fighting corruption in post-conflict and recovery situations: learning fromthe past’ (2010) was one of the first studies to present evidence on the importance of main-streaming anti-corruption into the reconstruction and reform efforts in post-conflict and transi-tion context. It found that anti-corruption programming in many post-conflict countries are ad-hoc and not integrated to the peace building and reconstruction processes.

All of these efforts have cumulatively con-tributed to an increase in demand for anti-cor-ruption work at the country level both fromgovernments and as well as non-state actors.

In 2013, PACDE will continue to provide sup-port in the areas indicated above and also re-inforce its focus in the areas of anti-corruptionin local governance and in improving servicedelivery.

In addition, based on the recommendationsfrom the fifth Global Anti-Corruption Commu-nity of Practice, PACDE will produce a guid-ance note on anti-corruption programmingfor post-conflict and transition contexts. Thisguidance note will build on UNDP’s work insupporting anti-corruption in post-conflict andtransition contexts and provide practical guid-ance to UNDP staff and others on how to de-velop integrated programmes that promotetransparency and accountability throughoutthe public sector.

Objective 3: Strengthen thecapacity of anti-corruptionagencies

Output 3.1: Technical assistanceprovided to strengthen the capacity of selected ACAs

Over the last two decades, notable progress hasbeen made in the area of anti-corruption. Thenumber of specialized agencies, which aresometime referred to as ‘anti-corruption com-missions’ has increased significantly because ofseveral reasons including democratic transitionin some countries, the European Union (EU) ac-cession process in Eastern Europe, the popular-ization of the Hong Kong and Singapore models,and donor pressure and support to establishsuch anti-corruption agencies (ACAs).

The advent of UNCAC, which has received 165ratifications to date, provides in articles 6 and 36



Progress in 2012: PACDE provided support to Morroco, Egypt, Colombia, Myanmar, Timor-Leste,DRC, Nepal among others, to develop national anti-corruption strategies and mainstream anti-cor-ruption in different sectors. It has also supported advocacy campaigns at the national and regionallevel to encourage multi-stakeholder dialogue on anti-corruption.

Limitation and challenges: Reform processes are often slow processes, and are dependent onvarious factors – including political will, consensus between different opinion groups and partsof government. But at the same time, there is a high level of public expectation from new gov-ernments in post-conflict setting to address corruption and demonstrate immediate results. Of-ten anti-corruption strategies are adopted to meet political ends without requisite investment insystems and processes to implement the strategies.

Risk Mitigation Plan: In addition to supporting national level anti-corruption legal frameworksand capacity building support to anti-corruption commissions, PACDE is supporting main-streaming of anti-corruption into UNDP programmes and has adopted a sector-level approach toaddressing corruption – including conducting corruption risk assessment and performance auditsto identify efficiency and corruption bottlenecks in health, education and water sectors.

for the establishment of an anti-corruption bodyor bodies that have the mandate, independence,quality staff and resources to discharge theirmandates effectively. It is therefore not surprisingthat the world has witnessed a proliferation ofanti-corruption institutions due to UNCAC.

In many countries, especially developing ones,the establishment of specialized anti-corrup-tion agencies, institutions and bodies has notonly been seen as one of the most importantnational initiatives necessary to effectivelytackle corruption but as an essential institu-tion to strengthen governance.

Despite the increasing prevalence of nationalACAs, they have often been criticized for notliving up to their promise of tackling corruptioneffectively. While many ACAs have been sup-ported by multilateral and bilateral donors overthe years as part of the good governanceagenda, empirical evidence appears to sug-gest that the performance of ACAs has beenvaried and uneven and in some cases they havehad only a limited impact on reducing overallcorruption.



Feedback on the Jakarta Conference

“The Conference was a great success. Asa result, I believe we have the basic build-ing block of a very exciting innovativeinitiative that could have a significantimpact on independency and integrityof the ACAs […] That will in the end se-cure ACA’s position and will foster the po-litical will.”

Slagjana Taseva,Former President of the State Commis-

sion for the Prevention of Corruption,TFYR of Macedonia

“The Jakarta Statement is very impor-tant and should be encouraged becauseit will really help the ACAs to be more ef-fective and efficient in fighting corrup-tion around the world.”

Marilou Mejica,Assistant Ombudsman, Office

of the Ombudsman, Philippines

“The Jakarta Statement on Principles forACAs is a great achievement, but it is onlya first step towards truly building strongand effective ACAs in the world. It is asgood as its implementation. ACC Bhutanremains committed to realizing theessence of the Principles.”

Dasho Neten Zangmo,Chairperson, Anti-Corruption

Commission Bhutan

“The Statement will be an extremely use-ful advocacy tool for all stakeholdersworking to promote more independentand effective anti-corruption agencies.”

Dr. Iftekhar Zaman,Executive Director, Transparency

International, Bangladesh

It would, however, be naïve to expect that aspecialized anti-corruption agency, body orinstitution could reduce the prevalence ofcorruption at the stroke of a pen. When ef-forts fail, the failure should be seen as the re-sponsibility of all institutions involved andnot just the anti-corruption agency.

UNDP recognizes that many ACAs lack capac-ity, but that at the same time they also offer agood entry point for anti-corruption program-ming. As part of its long-term capacity-devel-opment strategy, UNDP has developed tools tostrengthen capacity of ACAs and is also facili-tating South-South cooperation.

In 2012, PACDE continued to encourage theuse of its flagship publication ‘Practitionersguide to assessing the capacities of anti-corruption agencies (ACAs)’ to strengthenthe capacity of ACAs to implement nationalanti-corruption strategies, coordinate UNCACimplementation and strengthen institutionalintegrity. In 2012, PACDE working togetherwith the Southern African Forum Against Cor-ruption (SAFAC, a network of ACAs from

southern Africa) and UNDP Regional Bureaufor Africa organized a regional training eventon forensic financial investigation for 11 ACAsfrom Southern Africa. PACDE and the Johan-nesburg Regional Service Centre are also cur-rently developing a manual on financialforensic audits.

Similarly, PACDE also organized a high-levelregional dialogue on corruption preventionfor 16 ACAs from Eastern and Southern Africa.Participants at the workshop agreed thatmore needs to be done to build stronger al-liances between ACAs and civil society or-ganizations for corruption prevention. In ad-dition, participants called for more resourcesfor corruption-prevention strategies and in-stitutionalizing integrity without diverting re-sources from investigation and prosecution.They also acknowledged the need for im-proving monitoring and evaluation of na-tional anti-corruption strategies.

In 2012, PACDE also supported a meeting inJakarta, Indonesia of 30 ACAs, at which cur-rent and former heads of ACAs, anti-corrup-tion practitioners and experts from around theworld gathered at the invitation of the Corrup-tion Eradication Commission (KPK) Indonesia,UNDP and UNODC to discuss a set of ‘principlesfor anti-Corruption agencies’ to promote andstrengthen the independence and effective-ness of ACAs. The participants included sev-eral heads of ACAs and representatives of re-gional networks, notably the Network ofNational Anti-Corruption Institutions in WestAfrica, the Southeast Asia Parties Against Cor-ruption, the Arab Anti-Corruption and IntegrityNetwork, the Southern African Forum AgainstCorruption, the East African Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities, and the European Part-ners Against Corruption/European contact-point network against corruption (EPAC/EACN).Based on UNDP’s previous work on strength-



East Southern African high level meeting on corrup-tion Maseru Sun Lesotho

ening the capacity of ACAs and UNCAC articles,the meeting issued a statement listing the‘Jakarta principles’ for ACAs.

These principles will now be widely dissemi-nated across the region and the world in re-gional and global forums as core principles forACAs to ensure their effectiveness and inde-pendence. Unlike other national institutions,ACAs until recently had no commonly agreedset of international principles to guide their workor to define the practical significance of theiroperational independence. The Jakarta princi-ples are inspired by the ‘Paris principles’, whichpromote and protect the independence of na-tional human rights institutions. The Jakartaprinciples are expected to similarly promote theindependence and effectiveness of ACAs.

The Jakarta principles have already been trans-lated into Vietnamese, Arabic and French. InSomaliland, the director general of the Soma-liland Good Governance and Anti-CorruptionCommission has already used the Jakarta prin-ciples in drafting new anti-corruption legisla-tion for the country.

At the national level, capacity-development sup-port was provided in 2012 to ACAs from Bhutan,Botswana, Kazakhstan, Lesotho, Moldova, Mon-golia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Turkey. Thesecountries have used UNDP capacity-assessmentmethodologies to look into their legal and insti-tutional arrangements as well as the capacity ofthe lead anti-corruption agency or departmentto coordinate and implement its mandates.

In Kazakhstan, technical support was pro-vided for the development of a regional hub onpublic administration reform (covering all Cen-tral Asian countries). The concept of the hubwas developed in 2011 at the initiative of theCivil Service Agency of Kazakhstan with thestrong support of UNDP, the World Bank, the

European Union and other (bilateral) actors. In2012 PACDE supported a technical mission forproviding guidance for the development ofthe hub, with particular interest in utilizing it aspart of an effort to improve transparency andaccountability of public administration in thecountries of the region as well as introducingethic frameworks and oversight mechanisms.The first activity of the hub will be organized in2013 and will focus on the issue of trans-parency and accountability.

In Ukraine, PACDE provided financial and tech-nical support for conducting a capacity as-sessment of the Anti-Corruption Policy Unit(ACPU) of the Ministry of Justice. The depart-ment is the institution responsible for moni-toring the implementation of the anti-corrup-tion laws and of UNCAC. As a part of thecapacity assessment of the ACPU, two self-as-sessment questionnaires were developed anddata was collected. The findings included thefollowing:

Although the government has started re-sponding to the corruption problem, itshould take into account the recommen-dations of the international reviews..

Despite some positive developments, thelegal and institutional arrangements havenot yet been finalized. This leads to inse-curity about (future) mandates andmakes it difficult to engage in longer-term action.

The main departments (at oblast level)have a reasonable understanding of theMinistry of Justice, but less so of the ACPUthat is within the ministry.

Civil society in general has little under-standing of either the Ministry of Justice orthe ACPU.



Objective 4: Mitigating corruption risks in climatechange and natural resourcemanagement

Output 4.1: Corruption risk assessments and other anti-cor-ruption measures integrated inREDD+ mechanisms

Climate change has emerged as one of themost significant challenges in today’s world,and developing countries are most likely to benegatively affected for several reasons. For in-stance, non-transparent decision-makingprocesses are more common in countrieswhere institutional checks and balances areweak; as a result, environmental governanceand regulation are limited or non-existent.Among the consequences of authorities turn-

ing a blind eye to practices such as illegal de-forestation and forest degradation are erosion,



Output 3.1: Support to Anti-corruption Agencies – Results in 2012

Baseline: In spite of proliferation of anti-corruption agencies all over the world during the last twodecades, these agencies are often criticized for not living up to their expectation and having lim-ited impact on reducing corruption.

Progress in 2012: PACDE encouraged anti-corruption agencies to use its “Practitioners Guide toAssessing the capacity of ACAs” and also facilitated south-south knowledge exchange on finan-cial forensic audits and prevention of corruption including system audits in education, health andwater sectors.

Limitation and challenges: The effectiveness of anti-corruption agencies also depends on theoverall political economic environment (enabling environment) and effectiveness of other insti-tutions such as police, prosecutor’s office, judiciary, etc.

Risk Mitigation Plan: UNDP is promoting Jakarta principle for strengthening ACAs and alsouses its capacity development methodology to assess the effectiveness of overall legal and insti-tutional framework to fight corruption in UNDP programming countries. Moreover, the multi-stake-holder consultations have to bring various actors together and open up spaces for reform by se-curing political buy-in.

a loss of biodiversity and increased greenhousegas emissions, all of which add to the climatechallenge.

Therefore, UNDP, one of the three agencies ofthe UN-REDD programme5, has identified gov-ernance and corruption bottlenecks as one ofthe major obstacles to reducing the negativeimpact of climate change. Since 2011, PACDEhas been working with UN-REDD to supportcountries to build national capacities to miti-gate corruption risks while designing and im-plementing their respective national UN-REDDprogrammes6.

PACDE in partnership with UN-REDD organ-ized three regional awareness raising andtraining sessions for REDD+ experts andanti-corruption practitioners in Nepal andThailand (October 2011) and Zambia (April2012). In the lead-up to the Zambia event, on-line corruption perception surveys on REDD+among practitioners from UN-REDD partnercountries in Asia-Pacific and Africa were con-ducted to assess the understanding of the na-ture of risks among practitioners. These eventssucceeded in initiating unprecedented com-munication and cooperation between anticor-ruption bodies, civil society activists and na-tional REDD+ teams.

During the second half of 2012, PACDE’s focusmoved from global and regional advocacyon anti-corruption in REDD+ to ‘targeted

support’ at country level to map corruptionrisk in national REDD+ strategies. A number ofcountry-specific actions designed to addresscorruption risks in REDD+ have already beeninitiated in at least seven UN-REDD pro-gramme/partner countries. These action plansinclude conducting corruption risk assess-ments and stakeholder consultations inBangladesh and Bhutan; strengthening civilsociety actors on anti-corruption instrumentsand tools in Nepal and the Philippines; institu-tional context analysis, stakeholder validationof study and training on transparency for localgovernments; and capacity development formedia in Peru.



“This is [to say thank you to] a well-functioning cross practice effort,that manifested so well on theground with the regional [Africa]REDD+ workshop on Anti- Corrup-tion. This is exactly the kind of part-nering in-house that brings greatdividends to our national stake-holders and also shows our donorcommunity the best of UNDP andthe UN.” Kanni Wignaraja, UnitedNations Resident Coordinator,Zambia

5 UN-REDD was launched in September 2008 to assist developing countries in preparing and implementing nationalREDD+ strategies. It builds on the convening power and expertise of UNDP, FAO and UNEP.

6 The UN-REDD programme currently supports REDD+ readiness capacity-building activities in nine pilot countries (Bo-livia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, the United Republicof Tanzania, Viet Nam and Zambia). It has also welcomed 18 partner countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cam-bodia, the Central African Republic, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, thePhilippines, the Republic of Congo, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Sudan) that access other benefits of the pro-gramme.

A number of key knowledge products werealso developed in 2012. In order to assist coun-tries conducting corruption risk mapping, a‘Guidance note on conducting REDD+ cor-ruption risk assessments’ was developed byPACDE and UN-REDD. In addition, a study re-port titled ‘Ensuring inclusive, transparent andaccountable national REDD+ systems: the roleof freedom of information’ is being finalized togenerate awareness about the risk of corrup-tion in REED+.

Output 4.2: Transparency and accountability integrated in themanagement of natural resources

Drawing on lessons from its continued partner-ship with UN-REDD, in 2012 PACDE also tookthe lead in mainstreaming anti-corruption atkey global development forums such as the

United Nations Conference on Sustainable De-velopment (Rio+20) as well as in UNDP’s strategyon extractive industries. As a result, the recentlyendorsed corporate strategy on extractive in-dustries adequately addresses accountabilityand transparency issues in its conceptual frame-work. As part of a multi-bureau task team,PACDE has begun providing policy advisory andtechnical support to pilot countries including ajoint mission in November 2012 to coincide witha seminar titled ‘Managing the extractive sectorfor development in Guyana’. Similar requestshave been received from other resource-richcountries for 2013.

Contribution to the Rio+20 process

Side event during the Rio+20 summit:PACDE supported a side event in Rio on ‘Civilsociety and knowledge community: dialoguesaround institutional frame work for sustainable



Output 4.1: Anti-corruption in UN REDD+ mechanisms – Results in 2012

Baseline: Before 2011, there was no effort to explicitly and systematically integrate anti-corrup-tion measures in National UN REDD Programmes.

Progress: In late 2011 and early 2012, a series of regional dialogues and capacity strengtheningevents targeted REDD+ and anti-corruption experts in Asia-Pacific and Africa regions. These en-gagements resulted in concrete country actions aimed to mitigate corruption risks in nationalREDD+ strategies in 7 countries. Having developed corruption risk assessment guide, UNDP is pro-viding targeted support to these UN REDD partner countries.

Challenges/limitations: despite past efforts to demystify and depoliticise corruption, there stillremains sensitivity in identifying candidates suitable to both UNDP and the government to con-duct the work in some UN REDD partner countries.

Risk mitigation plan: Bridging the gap between REDD+ and anti-corruption practitioners in thesecountries through continuous interaction and cooperation should help reduce and deal with thesensitivities related to the topic. UNDP’s governance/anti-corruption specialists will, where pos-sible, accompany the national experts during the initiation of country level targeted support. Meas-ures are also being taken to engage key local and international partners to increase confidencein the process and outcome.

development (IFSD)’, which was organized byPACDE in partnership with the InternationalPoverty Centre (IPC). The event brought to-gether a diverse group of stakeholders to con-sider the critical role of civil society in advocat-ing and reducing corruption risks in climatefinance, including in regards to REDD+.

Input to the Rio+20 outcome document: Aspart of UNDP’s response to the draft outcomedocument, PACDE highlighted the limited at-tention given to the social sustainabilityagenda–particularly socio-economic inequali-ties and injustices. UNDP’s analysis of the draftdocument also noted the absence of humanrights, inclusive participation and rule of law.UNDP has made a strong case for addressingthe legal and regulatory environment for



Key outcomes at the country level

Greater momentum among partner countries to explicitly address corruption risks in REDD+processes which can be witnessed from the specific action plans initiated in almost all thecountries participated in the workshops.

At least ten countries are carrying this work forward: Viet Nam has integrated detailed anti-corruption activities and budget lines to its Phase 2 funding proposal; The Philippines, Nepal,Bangladesh, Bhutan, DRC, Kenya and Peru are receiving funding and technical support on thetopic of anti-corruption and REDD+, under the targeted support modality of the UN-REDD Pro-gramme; Indonesia and Nigeria have integrated anti-corruption as main components of theirparticipatory governance assessments.

Unprecedented in-country mechanisms were triggered, bringing together government prac-titioners from the REDD+ and anti-corruption sectors who had had little previous interaction.

Adaptation and domestication of tools that were used in the regional workshops in their na-tional settings: for example, Viet Nam, the Philippines and DRC have replicated the anonymousonline survey conducted in preparation for the workshops to enhance awareness and data gath-ering on the perception of corruption risks in REDD+, reaching over 200 national stakeholders.

sound policies to take hold and be realized inpractice as well as the accountability frame-work at the country level.

Guidance and substantive contribution toUNDP’s Rio+20 flagship report: PACDEmade a concerted effort to highlight key gov-ernance and anti-corruption related messagesand issues that were missing from earlier ver-sions of the flagship report. Among the spe-cific areas suggested for inclusion in the paperincluded democratic governance values andprinciples; accountability and participation;lessons from the MDGs, including implemen-tation capacity gaps; and global governanceand accountability mechanisms such as uni-versal peer review (UPR), a process involving apeer review of the human rights records ofeach UN Member State every four years. Thefinal report reflects these issues. PACDE andDanish Demining Group (DDG) also providedabout a dozen case studies showcasingUNDP’s work in the area of democratic gover-nance that has made a difference for sustain-able development.

Communication and outreach strategy: Asan active member of UNDP’s Rio+20 TaskTeam and BDP’s Rio+20 Core Team, PACDEcontributed to the following items:

PACDE developed an issue brief, ‘Imple-menting sustainable development: gover-nance matters’, for Rio+20

PACDE drafted UNDP’s voluntary contri-bution on governance

PACDE contributed to UNDP’s key mes-sages on Rio+20

Mainstreaming anti-corruption into UNDP’s strategy on extractivesindustries

PACDE contributed to the conceptualizationand drafting of UNDP’s strategy on extractiveindustries. As issues associated with the ex-tractive sector grow in importance in many ofUNDP’s programme countries, it is imperativefor the agency to have a systematic, integratedand coordinated response to country demand.The multi-disciplinary approach that UNDP istaking underscores the agency’s value addi-tion in this crowded field, and anti-corruptionis now included in the draft strategy.

PACDE influenced the elaboration of the frame-work by bringing in pertinent governance-re-lated issues along all phases of extraction, in-



Participatorylegislation,policy andplanning

People-centered

explorationand

extraction

Prudentrevenue

collection and

management

Investmentsin human,physical,financial,

social capital

Humandevelopment

Figure 3: A Framework for Extractive Industries and Human Development

cluding i) the articulation of legislation deter-mining who owns what to the recognition ofcompeting rights; ii) promoting transparentand fair contract negotiation and revenue man-agement; and iii) judicious sharing of benefitsto communities. Anti-corruption now featuresclearly in the framework.

In November 2012, PACDE together withUNDP’s Human Rights Team represented theDemocratic Governance Group (DGG) andjoined teams from the Poverty Group (PG), theEnvironment and Energy Group (EEG), the Bu-reau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR)and the Bureau of External Relations and Ad-vocacy (BERA) in a mission to Guyana andtested the new framework. The holistic view tothe extractive sector–capturing the economic,social and environmental sustainability as-pects–has been appreciated both by govern-

ment representatives and practitioners. Basedon the recommendations, Guyana’s newly con-solidated Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources is developing a strategy plan. PACDEand the team are currently working with UNDPGuyana to support the strategic planningprocess.

Objective 5: Strengtheningglobal leadership, anti-cor-ruption advocacy and coordi-nation

Output 5:1: Through increasedvisibility, awareness and repre-sentation, UNDP contributed tostrengthening anti-corruption fordevelopment effectiveness



Output 4:1: Transparency and Accountability integrated in the management of natural resources and sustainable development – Results in 2012

Baseline: During the preparation for the Rio+20 summit, governance and anti-corruption mes-sages were missing. Before 2012, there was no corporate strategy of UNDP on the managementof extractive industries.

Progress: As a member of the UNDP’s Rio+20 Task Force, PACDE represented the Democratic Gov-ernance practice and provided substantive inputs to the agenda of the summit. This included specificknowledge products and a side event that made strong cases for incorporating transparency and ac-countability in the discourse on sustainable development. In the same token, PACDE actively engagedand contributed to the design of UNDP’s strategy on extractive industries. As a result, the new strat-egy contains explicit components on transparency and accountability throughout the value chain.

Challenges/limitations: Materialising the commitments and strategy will requires a concerted ef-fort by key players within and outside UNDP. As the new strategy gets rolled out, mobilising fi-nancial resources to take this forward is a priority for 2013.

Risk mitigation plan: PACDE is already exploring partnership with important players in this fieldincluding the World Bank and some of its bi-lateral donor partners.

Global advocacy and awareness

Corruption is a complex and pervasive phe-nomenon. Addressing it requires comprehen-sive, multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholderstrategies and initiatives. UNDP has investedenormous effort in strengthening partnershipsas well as in creating the space and shaping thediscourse on anti-corruption through its global

advocacy and awareness-raising activities. Thiseffort serves an essential function in pavingthe way for implementation of comprehensiveanti-corruption strategies and initiatives atglobal, regional and local levels.

The year 2012 was important for PACDE in re-gards to shaping the anti-corruption agendawithin UNDP and influencing the anti-corrup-tion discourse externally through the fifthUNDP global Community of Practice, the 15thInternational Anti-Corruption Conference andthe ACT–Against Corruption Today globalcampaign.

Fifth UNDP global Community of Practice

The fifth UNDP global anti-corruption Com-munity of Practice (CoP) meeting, ‘Learningfrom the past, directions for the future’, washeld in Brasilia, Brazil in November 2012. Themeeting brought together about 100 partici-pants from 45 UNDP Country Offices and Re-gional Service Centres as well as donor repre-sentatives, government counterparts and civilsociety partners. The meeting allowed partic-ipants to engage in robust discussions to takestock of UNDP’s current work, consider emerg-ing global trends and priorities, analyze les-sons learned from implementing anti-corrup-tion initiatives, and recommend next steps toincrease the impact of current and future anti-corruption interventions.

This particular CoP emphasized how UNDPcan take a leadership role both in terms of ad-vocacy and support to national counterparts inthe anti-corruption area. Its role in this regardis particularly useful on emerging trends andchallenges such as illicit financial flows, anti-corruption and natural resources, main-streaming anti-corruption in sectors, account-ability and transparency in local governance,and UNCAC implementation.

The CoP showed a more mature anti-corrup-tion community of practice that was open tocritical reflection of what needs to be im-proved in terms of anti-corruption program-ming and results, particularly considering to-day’s changing world. The discussions at theCoP were supported from the findings of themid-term review of PACDE in which the fol-lowing issues were among those highlightedas the main challenges to be addressed: theneed for improved planning, monitoring andevaluation; the increased used of contextanalysis and prioritization; and a more robustknowledge management strategy of UNDP’s



High level panel at the fifth global CoP on anti-cor-ruption in Brasilia

anti-corruption work. (Chapter 3 contains ad-ditional details about the mid-term review.)

The CoP was highly valued by participants, ac-cording to the results of the evaluation. On av-erage, participants rated the usefulness of theCoP meeting to their work as 8 out of 10 (with10 being the most useful). In the words of oneparticipant, the CoP offered a “critical yet sin-cere look” at UNDP’s anti-corruption work.

Opportunities for collaboration: The CoP pro-vided opportunities for collaboration amongdifferent regions and countries on key issues.For instance, participants from post-conflictcountries agreed to develop a programmingmanual provide guidance on anti-corruptionprogrammes in post-conflict and transitioncontexts. In addition, participants from REDD+

countries and with natural resources and ex-tractive industry sector programmes agreed toexchange information and support scopingmissions on developing anti-corruption pro-grammes specific to that sector.

15th International Anti-Corruption Conference

The 15th International Anti-Corruption Con-ference (IACC) took place in Brasilia, Brazil from7-10 November 2012. It brought together over1,900 leaders, officials, activists, developmentactors and representatives of private sectorfrom 140 countries to focus on how to harnesspeople power to promote transparency andaccountability in everyday life and create aworldwide demand for more accountabilityand integrity of governments. Over 70 UNDPparticipants took part in the discussions held atthe IACC. UNDP also facilitated participationof NGO activists and officials from several anti-corruption agencies (including Morocco,Timor-Leste and Tunisia).

UNDP co-organized and participated in 10 ses-sions at the IACC with partner organizations.



UNDP's booth at the 15 International Anti-corrup-tion Conference in Brasilia, Brazil

No. of Participants at the UNDP Global Anti-Corrup-tion CoP in 2012 and 2010

UNDP

Partners

71

56

26

6

2012

2010

These sessions brought together diverse ac-tors and allowed UNDP to discuss, debate andreflect on the issues affecting anti-corruptionand strengthen partnerships with organiza-tions working on similar issues to further anti-corruption work.

At the opening special plenary session, MagdyMartinez-Soliman, Deputy Director of UNDP’sBureau for Development Policy, highlightedUNDP’s work over the last two decades to sup-port governments and civil society actors todevelop and implement comprehensive anti-corruption strategies. Drawing on UNDP’s work,he stressed the importance of promoting trans-parency and public participation to addresscorruption.

The session on ‘Corruption and transformationsin the Arab Region: changing landscapes andnew horizons?’ was co-organized by UNDP, theU.S. State Department, the American Universityof Beirut, and others. Discussants including no-ble laureate Tawakkol Karman stressed that inorder to avoid regressing into authoritarianregimes, Arab Spring countries have to takemeasures to safeguard the public space cre-ated by the revolutions for people to express

their opinion, including spaces to ensure trans-parency and accountability of the state to itspeople.

UNDP and the Huairou Commission’s sessionon ‘Mainstreaming gender and incorporatinggrassroots women’s perspectives in global anti-corruption initiatives and agendas’ focused onbuilding synergies between gender empow-erment and fighting corruption. UNDP waswidely applauded for launching an importantnew publication, ‘Seeing beyond the state:grassroots women’s perspective on corruption’and for supporting grassroots women’s organ-izations to combat corruption in six countries.

UNDP’s workshops on sector-wide approachesto addressing corruption helped to cement theagency’s leadership role in addressing corrup-tion at the sectoral level. Discussants presentedevidence on how a sectoral approach can re-move corruption bottlenecks and deliver eq-uitable services.

The IACC came to an end with the adoption ofthe Brasilia Declaration. The declaration recog-nized that empowering people to adopt trans-parency in their daily life and demand ac-countability is essential for the sustained fightagainst corruption. The declaration called forending tacit impunity of corruption becauseimpunity undermines integrity and is detri-mental to the fight against corruption.

International Anti-Corruption Day

The joint UNDP-UNODC global campaign tomark International Anti-Corruption Day (De-cember 9) has successfully made the day apowerful symbol and driver of actionagainst corruption across the world. In 2012,the campaign continued the theme launchedin 2011, ‘ACT- Against Corruption Today’, butwith a specific focuses to harness the activism



“The more citizens see, the more de-cency will preside over the manage-ment of public resources and theprovision of public services forthose who need them most. The fu-ture we want is a transparent one.”

Magdy Martínez-Soliam, Deputy Director of UNDP Bureau

for Development Policy

and innovative potential of young people inthe fight against corruption. The overall aim ofthe ACT campaign was to bring together di-verse stakeholders and encourage people’sparticipation in the fight against corruption.

In 2012, 55 UNDP and UNODC Country Officesorganized successful national-level campaignsand engaged diverse stakeholders–politicalleaders, government officials, legislators, judi-ciary, civil society organizations, citizens andstudent activists, and media. The day becamea platform to raise awareness about corrup-tion, bring political actors together and expresspolitical commitment against corruption, andlaunch initiatives (with public support) to com-bat it.

The growing popularity of the ACT campaignhas resulted in national governments andNGOs appropriating and promoting the cam-paign. As such, the campaign has taken a lifeof its own. For instance, the Government ofSouth Africa’s Department of Public Serviceand Administration advertised the campaign,using campaign posters, in national newspa-pers in South Africa. This example shows howthe campaign was also able to contribute tothe language on anti-corruption: “stand up

against corruption” has now become a call forpeople take responsibility to promote trans-parency and accountability. Similarly, the ArabAnti-Corruption and Integrity Network and lo-cal chapters of Transparency International alsoused the ACT campaign to generate a publicdiscourse against corruption.

As in previous years, PACDE provided smallgrants (up to US$3,000 per country) to 45UNDP and UNODC Country Offices and to twograssroots women’s organizations. In addition,many UNDP and UNODC Country Offices wereinvolved, such as Djibouti, Lebanon, Pales-tine, Tunisia and Yemen, in the Middle Eastand North Africa region; and Chile, Colom-bia, and Uruguay, in the Latin America andthe Caribbean Region. Also, a week-long in-tegrity camp in Côte d’Ivoire brought togetheryouth participants from the host country aswell as Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal andTogo, all in West Africa.

All national-level initiatives had a strong mediacomponent and were covered by print andbroadcast media. The events associated withthe campaign’s launch were also promotedthrough social media (e.g., via Twitter and Face-book and through SMS text messages), thereby



International Anti-Corruption Day statements

[Corruption] flows from greed and the triumph of the undemocratic few over the expectations of themany. On International Anti-Corruption Day, I call on everyone to work towards a sustainable futurewhere corruption is exposed and rejected, where integrity prevails, and where the hopes and dreams of mil-lions are realized. – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon

Taking back what was lost to corrupt practices is everyone's responsibility - governments and civil societyorganizations, the private sector and the media, the general public, and youth who will play a pivotal rolein seeing this agenda through so that their future is built on solid and honest foundations.”– UNDP Administrator Helen Clark

helping to reach hundreds of thousands of peo-ple. The ACT Campaign Facebook page alsohelped to advertise the campaign. Furthermore,several countries organized public outreachevents such as hackathons, flash-dance mobs,and parades, many of which attracted largecrowds. UNDP estimates that approximately375 million people worldwide were reachedthrough the ACT campaignin 2011 and 2012.

In addition, UNDP and UNODC launched acompetition to design the 2013 InternationalAnti-Corruption Day campaign logo andtheme. Through this competition, UNDP andUNODC aim to reach out to young people andactively involve them in the fight against cor-ruption.

Overall, the 2012 ACT campaign was a re-markable success in getting public commit-ments from national governments to combatcorruption, strengthening dialogue betweencivil society and governments, and raisingpeople’s awareness about the costs of cor-ruption and encouraging them to take a standagainst it.

Strengthening UNDP’s anti-corruption knowl-edge management strategy

Experiences from anti-corruption interventionsshow that knowledge management is a key in-gredient for improving t he results and impactof anti-corruption work on the ground. In fact,participants at the fifth global anti-corruptionCoP meeting recommended that UNDP im-

prove existing knowledge management mech-anisms to facilitate knowledge sharing. Partic-ularly, practitioners underscored that PACDEshould play a greater role in collecting and dis-seminating information on lessons learned andgood practices–i.e., of what works, what doesnot work, and why.

During the last four years, PACDE has con-tributed to the knowledge managementthrough the following major activities:

1. PACDE organized three global anti-cor-ruption Communities of Practice meetings(CoPs) and supported regional anti-cor-ruption CoPs across all regions. CoPs havebeen an invaluable tool in UNDP’s knowl-edge management architecture to shapeUNDP’s thinking and approach on anti-cor-ruption. These meetings are unique forumsthat bring together UNDP practitioners,policy advisors, donors, civil society part-ners, government counterparts and re-searchers to share information and experi-ences, learn from each other and build acommunity with a shared agenda of im-



Winners of the Anti-corruption knowledge mar-ket at the 5th Global Anti-corruption CoP

In 2011 and 2012, some 375 millionpeople worldwide were reachedthrough ACT campaign developedjointly by UNDP and UNODC.

proving anti-corruption programming bylooking at lessons learned.

2. PACDE has produced more than 12 knowl-edge products on emerging issues such asgender, climate change and illicit financialflows; on specific sectors (e.g., health, edu-cation and water); and in terms of UNCACimplementation, monitoring and enforce-ment, among others. PACDE also has sup-ported knowledge products and networksat the regional and country level. Overall,UNDP’s publications have been highly val-ued within the organization as well by part-ners as key guidance tools for anti-corrup-tion programming.

Furthermore, PACDE has made a big effortin terms of distribution of the knowledgeproducts at global forums and through re-gional and national training events aimedat developing capacities of civil society or-ganizations and anti-corruption agencies.For instance, in 2012 UNDP distributedmore than 4,000 copies in different lan-guages of the anti-corruption flagshippublications at the 15th International Anti-Corruption Conference.

3. PACDE also launched and facilitated web-based platforms such as the anti-corrup-tion Teamworks space and the anti-cor-ruption Web portal aimed at facilitatingknowledge sharing and supporting re-quests for information from the CoPmembers. In 2012, PACDE’s online Team-works space facilitated vibrant e-discus-sion among its members on current chal-lenges and trends on anti-corruptionwork including institutionalizing integrityin public sector, critically looking at on-going anti-corruption work and collect-ing information on what does and doesnot work, etc.

4. PACDE’s ‘Anti-corruption for develop-ment’ newsletter has proved to be a usefultool to disseminate and share knowledgeto more than 800 subscribers globally. Thenews update has been a successful tool toshare information and current work at theglobal, regional and national levels and toconnect people working on similar initia-tives. Subscribers have expressed positivefeedback on the value of this tool for theirown work.

5. After a thorough review and vettingprocess, PACDE compiled a roster of ex-perts on anti-corruption to support UNDPCountry Offices’ requests for technical ex-pertise in areas such as anti-corruptionagencies, UNCAC implementation, moni-toring and evaluation of anti-corruptionprojects and programmes, and corruptionpreventive measures, among others. Theroster includes more than 35 experts cov-ering these areas.

In 2013, PACDE will have a particular empha-sis on gathering and documenting lessonslearned and good practices found throughoutthe pilots carried out at country level in re-gards to specific sectors: health, education, wa-ter and climate change.



As recommended by PACDE’s mid-term review, UNDP revamped itsknowledge management strategyon anti-corruption including vari-ous online and offline platformsfor knowledge sharing and learn-ing on the effectiveness of anti-corruption.

Output 5:2: Support to the consolidation of anti-corruptionregional networks

One of PACDE’s main roles has been buildingsynergies between global and regional pro-grammes and supporting regional knowl-edge networks. During its first phase, PACDEcontributed to building and strengtheningregional knowledge networks, consortiumsand regional CoPs on anti-corruption; sup-porting region-specific knowledge productsincluding the contextualization of anti-cor-

ruption in different regions; and facilitatingavailability of global knowledge at the re-gional level.

For example, PACDE has supported UNDPBangkok Centre’s initiative on UNCAC reviewmechanism, Bratislava Centre’s project on ca-pacity development of anti-corruption institu-tions, Dakar and Johannesburg Centres’ re-gional anti-corruption networks and initiatives;and Panama Centre’s initiative on local gover-nance and accountability. These joint initia-tives have contributed significantly to the



Table 3. PACDE’s knowledge management tools

Tools Objectives Current status

UNDP anti-corruptionwebpage

The webpage is primarily geared for ex-ternal audiences. It offers a library todownload knowledge products and getinformation regarding UNDP’s anti-cor-ruption work

12 knowledge products are avail-able to download in different lan-guages: Spanish, English, Frenchand Arabic.

Global anti-corruptionWeb portal(will be fully opera-tional in 2013)

– One-stop shop for sharing knowledge – Facilitates networking among the anti-

corruption community

It provides access to: – Multimedia channel on anti-cor-

ruption– Training courses (including materi-

als) – Existing anti-corruption networks

and databases

Anti-corruption newsupdate

– Provides up-to-date information aboutcurrent UNDP’s activities on anti-cor-ruption across the world and at theglobal level

– Facilitates information sharing andknowledge sharing from experts andpractitioners

Monthly issues distributed to morethan 800 subscribers (For subscription, contact:[email protected])

Anti-corruption Teamworks space

Facilitates day-to-day knowledge shar-ing among its members through e-dis-cussions, queries and shared docu-ments, reports, and knowledgeproducts

402 members (as of 10 February2013)

global discourse on anti-corruption, especiallyby addressing region-specific challenges.

In 2012, PACDE continued supporting the re-gional initiatives, particularly in the followingareas:

strengthening regional anti-corruptionnetworks and consortiums for knowledgeexchange and sharing of good practices;

strengthening the advisory capacity of re-gional centres/programmes to providetechnical and backstopping support forthe implementation of anti-corruption in-terventions at the country level; and

building synergies with the priorities ofUNDP’s regional governance and anti-cor-ruption programmes to increase the im-pact of resources (and particularly encour-aging the innovative projects).

Asia-Pacific Region

The UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre (APRC)leads UNDP’s anti-corruption work in the Asia-Pacific Region through the Asia Regional Gov-ernance Programme (ARGP), with support fromPACDE.

Over the past five years, APRC and PACDE es-tablished a vibrant anti-corruption Commu-nity of Practice (CoP) that brings together gov-ernment officials, civil society organizations(CSOs) and UNDP/UNODC officials working onanti-corruption in the region. Since 2007, fourCoP meetings7 have been organized to pro-

mote knowledge sharing and enhance anti-corruption work in the region.

In addition, APRC launched an online networkin November 2009, the Asia-Pacific Integrity inAction (AP-INTACT) Network, to facilitateknowledge sharing on anti-corruption with afocus on the Asia-Pacific region. The networkhas grown quickly and now has more than 500members.

Regional advisory support

The year 2012 was active in terms of advisorysupport at country level. APRC provided advi-sory services to China, Mongolia, Myanmarand Timor-Leste, among other countries inthe region. In particular, in Myanmar, APRC sup-ported a two-day workshop on UNCAC atwhich government officials expressed theircommitment to ratify it. UNDP through APRC



7 The four Community of Practice meetings include: in January 2007 (Phnom Penh), in October 2008 (Bangkok), in Feb-ruary 2010 (Bangkok) and in October 2011 (Kathmandu).

UNDP has contributed to build a successful onlineCoP (Asia-Pacific Integrity in Action Network) special-ized in anti-corruption in the Asia-Pacific region. It nowhas more than 500 members.

Dec 2009 Jun 2010 Dec 2010 Jun 2011 Dec 2011 Jun 2012

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

128

197 224264

362

452

Membership growth: AP Intact Network

participated directly in the discussion that ledto a draft Myanmar anti-corruption law. InChina, APRC contributed to the new public ad-ministration reform (PAR) programme formu-lation and provided a PAR strategy paper forthe UNDP Country Office to consider futureprogramming options, including in the area ofanti-corruption. In Mongolia, APRC took part ina formulation mission of an innovative PAR ini-tiative that has a strong component on anti-corruption. The new anti-corruption compo-nent will support follow-up to the UNCACreview process (2010-2012) in 2013. In Timor-Leste, APRC supported the piloting of the newUNDP anti-corruption self-assessment tool forparliamentarians. In partnership with GOPAC,the training brought parliamentarians togetherfrom across the political spectrum and allowedfor the development of a baseline report onparliamentary involvement in the fight againstcorruption.

Western and Central Africa Region

In January 2012, PACDE supported the launchby the Dakar Regional Centre (Dakar RSC) of aregional anti-corruption online network, whichnow has almost 140 members. The West andCentral Africa Weekly Anti-Corruption An-nouncements (WACA WACA network) waslaunched to share information on anti-corrup-tion initiatives and opportunities in the region.As of December 2012, there were more than200 subscribers to WACA WACA, including anti-corruption agency staff; representatives fromgovernment, civil society, academia, and mul-tilateral and bilateral development partners;and other anti-corruption practitioners and ex-perts.

In addition, PACDE together with the Dakar RSCcontinued and strengthened its partnerships

with a number of organizations in the region. In2012, it supported Tiri’s Leadership for IntegrityCourse by participating in the development ofthe agenda and concept note of the programme,assisting in mapping local actors in Senegal andthe sub-region to participate and share knowl-edge at the event, and disseminating the guideon developing capacities of anti-corruptionagencies in the sub-region. The Dakar RSC alsocollaborated with the African Union (AU) on thedissemination of knowledge products on theAfrican Union Convention Against Corruption(AUCAC) and the role of anti-corruption agenciesin fighting corruption. With Transparency Inter-national there was also a strong collaborationregarding capacity-development initiativesaimed at civil society, journalists and youth, par-ticularly in Francophone Africa.

Regional advisory support

In 2012, there was an exponential demand fortechnical and programmatic support from theDakar RSC on anti-corruption. The followingare among the countries where advisory serv-ices were provided: Burkina Faso, Côted’Ivoire, Guinea, Mauritania and Nigeria. InBurkina Faso, in partnership with UNDP's Gov-ernance Assessment Programme (GAP), theDakar RSC piloted the anti-corruption self-as-sessment tool for parliamentarians through aworkshop on 12-13 January 2012. Burkina Fasowould undertake the UNCAC review in 2012. InNigeria, the Dakar RSC supported the devel-opment of the risk assessment course. In Mau-ritania, support was provided on three differ-ent issues. Firstly, the RSC supported thedevelopment of a policy framework for the or-ganization of a high-level policy dialogue onanti-corruption between Mauritania and Mo-rocco from April 10-11. Secondly, from 6 to 8July 2012, it implemented the anti-corruptionself-assessment tool for parliamentarians inpreparation for the implementation of UNCAC.



Additionally, in Mauritania, the Dakar RSC inSeptember supported the training of civil so-ciety in partnership with Transparency Inter-national. In Guinea, in August 2012, the DakarRSC organized a training of journalists to in-vestigate corruption in the health sector. InCôte d’Ivoire, in October 2012, a technical mis-sion was organized by the Dakar RSC to sup-port the country in the development of anti-corruption legislation regarding the country’sprofile on regional and international conven-tions (e.g., UNCAC, AUCAC, and the anti-cor-ruption protocol of the Economic CommunityOf West African States [ECOWAS]).

Latin America and the CaribbeanRegion

In the Latin America and the Caribbean Re-gion, PACDE continued its strong collaboration

with the regional programme on Transparencyand Accountability in Local Governments(TRAALOG) of the Regional Service Centre inLatin America and the Caribbean (RSC-LAC).TRAALOG aims to support anti-corruption ac-tivities at the country level by strengtheningknowledge sharing and knowledge produc-tion on transparency and accountability. SinceTRAALOG was launched in April 2010, 20 UNDPCountry Offices (77 percent of all Country Of-fices in the region) have received strategic pol-icy advice and/or technical backstopping forproject development, training, and/or advo-cacy/communications activities.

In addition, TRAALOG participated in strategicinitiatives in the region targeting UNDP’s anti-corruption objectives. For example, it con-ducted high-level engagement with policy-makers at the third international seminar onthe ‘Impact of the right to access to information



Lessons from the evaluation of the TRAALOG programme in Latin America

TRAALOG has been able to introduce, promote and demonstrate the value of anti-corruption, trans-parency and accountability activities for democratic governance and human development. In 2012,TRAALOG, with support from PACDE, successfully mainstreamed anti-corruption issues within UNDPpractice architecture and in wider UN development agendas, as well as in the work of governmentcounterparts, other donors and external partners. Moreover, TRAALOG has provided a platform to en-gage with a key constituency, particularly young leaders and municipalities in the region. Also, it haslaid the groundwork for continued and strengthened collaboration with UNODC in the region.

TRAALOG has played a pivotal role in generating inputs for a more coherent UNDP strategy thatarticulates global, regional and country levels elements. Moreover, CoP meetings have providedan opportunity to strengthen partnerships within and outside UNDP and the UN, as well as to pro-mote South-South exchanges.

TRAALOG contributed to the development of policy-relevant research, good practices and knowl-edge products. PACDE’s support to TRAALOG has helped to deliver relevant products, both in Eng-lish and Spanish and related to various topics. These have been powerful tools for initiating andpromoting policy dialogue, particularly in places where the issue of anti-corruption is not on thepolicy agenda.

and citizen participation’, which was held inChile and organized by the Chilean Council ofTransparency in April 2012. In Mexico, the RCS-LAC through TRAALOG promoted knowledgesharing at the international seminar ‘Account-ability challenges in Latin America’, at whichgathered more than 100 professionals and spe-cialists on issues of transparency and account-ability, including participants from the Gov-ernment of Mexico, international and nationalcivil society organizations and academic cen-tres, among others.

Eastern Europe and CIS Region

The regional anti-corruption project for theEastern Europe and CIS Region, which is partlyfunded by PACDE, entered its second year ofimplementation in 2012. During 2011, the proj-ect focused particularly on raising awareness ofCountry Offices on upcoming priorities (e.g.,sector-specific work and UNCAC implementa-tion) and providing assistance for starting upseveral new initiatives. In 2012 the project suc-cessfully managed to deepen the cooperationestablished with the Country Offices to pro-vide advisory services on the sectoral approachto fighting corruption, technical assistance forUNCAC implementation and strengthening thecapacity of anti-corruption agencies to pre-vent, monitor, investigate and prosecute cor-ruption cases.

PACDE also organized an anti-corruption clinicat the UNDP regional democratic governanceCoP meeting held in Istanbul in September2012. The clinic was instrumental in criticallylooking at UNDP’s strengths and weaknesseson anti-corruption programming and sharinggood practices and knowledge on anti-cor-ruption among UNDP Country Offices in the re-gion. Among the recommendations from theclinic were that UNDP should i) focus more on

the contextual and political economy analysisto design effective and sustainable anti-cor-ruption interventions, and ii) improve its re-sults reporting system.

Regional advisory services

Listed below are examples from countries inthe Eastern European and the CIS Region thatbenefitted from the technical support providedby PACDE.

A series of activities were conducted inUkraine by the Bratislava Regional ServiceCentre aimed at setting the basis for the de-velopment of a UNDP anti-corruption projectto start in 2013. The activities included advi-sory support to UNCAC implementation re-view; capacity development of the Anti-Cor-ruption Policy Unit (ACPU) of the Ministry ofJustice, which is responsible for the imple-mentation of the anti-corruption law; andstrengthening the role of CSOs to conductanti-corruption assessments.

In Kazakhstan, technical support was pro-vided for the development of a regional hubon public administration reform. The estab-lishment of such a hub was discussed in 2011at the initiative of the Civil Service Agency ofKazakhstan with strong support of UNDP, theWorld Bank, the European Union and other(bilateral) actors. The hub is expected to playan important role for identifying best prac-tices and sharing knowledge on streamlin-ing the administrative procedures in the Cen-tral Asian countries, with particular attentionto enhancing transparency and accountabil-ity and fighting corruption. The activities andstructures of the hub have been designedand the first regional event and will take placein early 2013 and will focus on will focus onhow to address corruption in the public ad-ministrations of the countries of the region.



UNDP mechanisms to pro-mote internal transparencyand accountability

As a multilateral development organizationthat supports countries to improve governanceand promote transparency and accountabilityto achieve sustainable development, UNDP hasan obligation to lead by example and promoteits own organizational transparency and ac-countability. The year 2012 was a significantmilestone for UNDP in delivering on its com-mitments to make the organization more trans-parent and accountable.

UNDP was able to achieve its commitments tothe International Aid Transparency Initia-tive (IATI) to publish aid flows. IATI waslaunched in Accra in 2008. Countries and or-ganizations that are part of the initiativeagreed on standards to disclose information inFebruary 2011 and adopted a specific time-bound commitment to improve availabilityand accessibility of information on develop-ment cooperation and resources by November2011.

The increased transparency implementedthrough IATI allows all development actors–governments, parliaments, the private sector,civil society, the general public and individuals–in developing and donor countries to knowhow external resources are allocated and spent.In so doing, it helps developing countries buildtheir capacity to manage aid more effectively,so that external resources and related domes-tic financing go as far as possible in fightingpoverty.

UNDP has gone beyond the requirements ofIATI by presenting the information in a portalon the UNDP corporate website at http://open.undp.org/. The portal allows open pub-

lic access to data on UNDP’s work in 177 coun-tries and territories. It displays comprehen-sive project information–from income and ex-penditures to activities and results–on morethan 6,000 active UNDP projects, along withmore than 8,000 outputs and related projectdocuments. Beginning in 2013, financial dataon all of UNDP’s ongoing development proj-ects will be published quarterly, further in-creasing the value of this information and theagency’s position as a transparent develop-ment partner.

Recognizing the efforts of UNDP, Publish WhatYou Fund has ranked agency one of the ‘top 10’among 72 organizations on its 2012 trans-parency index.

Furthermore, UNDP has also taken steps toprevent corruption and misuse in day-to-daymanagement of the organization. It has ex-panded the mandate of its Office of Audit andInvestigations to investigate fraud and otherfinancial irregularities deemed to be detri-mental to UNDP, whether committed by con-tractors, implementing partners or other thirdparties.

UNDP has adopted a zero-tolerance anti-fraudpolicy for its personnel and partners. This pol-icy calls on anyone with evidence of fraud orcorruption involving UNDP programmes orpersonnel to report the matter. All incidentsare investigated in accordance with establishedinvestigation guidelines, and disciplinary andother appropriate actions (including dismissaland contract termination) are taken againstany UNDP personnel found to have been in-volved in fraud and corruption. Moreover, de-tails of actions taken are publicly reported.UNDP has also adopted a vendor sanctionspolicy, which prevents UNDP from transactingbusiness with vendors found to have engagedin illegal conduct.

CHAPTER 3: STRENGTHENING TRANSPARENCY,ACCOUNTABILITY AND REPORTING IN UNDP


The mid-term review of PACDEto strengthen its results-basedmanagement and reporting

UNDP adopted PADCE in May 2008. The pro-gramme was developed in response to in-creased demand from partner countries fortechnical assistance to implement UNCAC andother anti-corruption interventions.

A mid-term review of PACDE was conducted in2012 to assess the effectiveness and impact ofthe programme to date and make recommen-dations for the continuation of the programmespecifically as well as in regards UNDP´s strat-egy on anti-corruption more broadly. The re-view was conducted by Geir Sundet, an inde-pendent expert. The report is based on 95interviews with more than 100 PACDE andother UNDP staff, UNODC staff, governmentcounterparts, civil society partners, funders ofthe programme, other development partners,and associated researchers and consultants.Visits were made to New York, Colombia andThailand, as well as to the Oslo GovernanceCentre and the U4 Anti-Corruption ResourceCentre in Bergen (both in Norway). Telephoneand Skype interviews were conducted with re-spondents in 24 other countries.

The report states that PACDE arose out of aneed to position UNDP on anti-corruption,both within the UN system and within theglobal discourse. After the adoption of UNCACin 2005, which was led by UNODC, UNDP founditself side-lined in the international anti-cor-ruption agenda. From 2008 to 2010, PACDEsucceeded in carving out a role for UNDP in theimplementation of UNCAC and reaffirming theorganisation’s position as one of the leading in-ternational actors in the field of anti-corruption.In the second phase, starting in 2011, the pro-gramme increased its interventions at thecountry level and started a process of main-

streaming anti-corruption in UNDP`s work onhuman development and the achievement ofthe MDGs.

The report also found that PACDE has regis-tered a number of notable successes under thefive outcome areas of its project document,which are impressive considering the pro-gramme’s limited budget of between US$2 mil-lion and US$3 million per year. Among the suc-cesses noted were the following:

1. Increased state/institutional capacity torespond to UNCAC and engage more ef-fectively in reducing corruption to im-prove governance and sustain develop-ment: PACDE has been successful inassisting UNDP to define its anti-corrup-tion strategy, to carve out a position forUNDP in the global anti-corruptionagenda, and to build a strong global anti-corruption team that includes core staff inNew York and regional advisors and spe-cialists in seven Regional Service Centressupported by over 120 focal points atcountry level who constitute the widerUNDP anti-corruption community of prac-tice. PACDE has provided technical assis-tance to a large number of national coun-terparts and has consolidated UNDP’s roleas trusted partner to assist with the devel-opment of national anti-corruption strate-gies and institutional strengthening ofanti-corruption agencies (ACAs).

2. Increased use of governance/anti-cor-ruption tools to inform policies at na-tional levels. PACDE has developed anumber of tools to be used by anti-cor-ruption practitioners, including a tool forassessing capacities of ACAs and the ‘Goingbeyond the minimum’ methodology forUNCAC self-assessment. The latter brokenew ground by defining a role for national



civil society groups in the previously closedUNCAC process. PACDE has also supportedUN-REDD in its work to integrate anti-cor-ruption into its activities.

The development of reports to guide themainstreaming of anti-corruption in thekey sectors of education, health and waterhas succeeded in focusing attention onhow to address corruption as one of themajor bottlenecks to achieving the MDGs.This is still a new line of programming, butcould be key to using PACDE to leverageimpact in UNDP’s core business, namelyhuman development.

3. Strengthened capacity of the media andcivil society to expose and provide over-sight against corruption. Some of themore innovative and promising initiativessupported by PACDE have been through itssocial accountability initiatives executedby civil society organisations (CSOs) or cit-izens’ groups. PACDE has a range of activi-ties in this area with a number of promi-nent partners, including TransparencyInternational, Tiri and the UN MillenniumChallenge Campaign. The work done byPACDE in social accountability to date putsthe programme in a good position to inte-grate its support to CSOs more seamlesslyinto its country-level programming, par-ticularly in connection with sector supportand the MDGs.

4. Improved harmonization and coordina-tion of anti-corruption initiatives. PACDEhas succeeded in establishing UNDP as akey actor in the international anti-corrup-tion agenda. The inter-agency collabora-tion with UNODC is working well, andPACDE has been successful in establishingeffective collaboration with key interna-tional actors as well.

5. Improved awareness and knowledge ontools and methodologies and their ap-plication through the development ofknowledge products. This outcome is theglue holding the other outcomes together.The justification for having a global the-matic programme is to build a core of tech-nical expertise and to provide quality tech-nical assistance to programmes at regionaland (mostly) country level. This has astrong element of learning and dissemi-nation of lessons learned. PACDE’s strat-egy of knowledge management to datehas been based around the production ofknowledge products and organisation ofevents for exchange of experiences. Theprogramme has been prolific in both theseareas of knowledge management, and hasmade notable contributions to strength-ening knowledge on key issues concerninganti-corruption at the country, regionaland global levels.

6. Gender is a cross-cutting theme in all ofUNDP’s programming. Gender consider-ations did not at first figure prominently inPACDE programming. After a late start,PACDE is now moving quickly to address is-sues and areas concerning gender and cor-ruption. The most promising example is apartnership with the Huairou Commission,which is providing quick results and valu-able lessons that can be applied in the on-going work to mainstream anti-corruptioninto the MDG Acceleration Framework(MAF) and the sector-specific anti-corrup-tion work.

The mid-term review also identifies a numberof lessons learned and areas for improvement,some of which are summarized below.

There are weaknesses in reporting and resultsmanagement that need to be addressed; for



example, there is a lack of consistency in theyear-to-year reporting and budgeting. Until2010, reporting tended to be output-based.The report also emphasized that PACDE needsto have stronger long-term planning and amore strategic focus of activities. This would en-tail longer-term time horizons, a better defini-tion of results and tracking of implementation,and a more consistent effort to leverage thework of Country Offices; in regards to strategicfocus, the review suggested that PACDE focuson fewer themes and on a smaller number ofpilot countries.

The report also made it clear that many of thechallenges identified in this review are notsolely relevant to PACDE, but relate also to pro-grammes and projects in many if not most sec-tions of UNDP. An example was provided of re-porting frameworks, funding and planningcycles and the operationally marginal positionof BDP in relation to the Regional Bureaux andCountry Offices. These corporate factors im-pose challenges for the work of PACDE, partic-ularly in terms of its independence and abilityto plan for the long term. While much of this isbeyond the control of PACDE, there is also aneed for the programme to be more pro-activein finding a strategy to assuage the limitationsposed by the corporate framework.

The review provides three sets of practical sug-gestions for how UNDP’s next strategic plancan provide the enabling framework for moreeffective anti-corruption work: i) putting inplace routines and incentives for enablinglonger time-horizons; ii) stronger and moreuniform use of results frameworks to producequality reports; and iii) more user-friendly anduseful electronic management and communi-cation tools.

More specifically, the review provides the fol-lowing recommendations:

The logframe from the original ProjectDocument should be updated to reflectthe current vision of the programme, anda format should be developed for report-ing that allows for a multi-year time frameand provides baselines and targets at ob-jective and output and activity level.

Reporting should pay equal attention towhat has not worked well as to highlight-ing successes. All reports should be postedon a PACDE website.

The PACDE team should in a collaborativemanner decide on areas of prioritization andthen embed the priorities in a long-termplan, with clearly indicated budget ceilings.

PACDE needs to ensure that its resultsframework continues to strengthen gen-der-segregated indicators and that thegender dimension is addressed across allprogrammes.

PACDE should develop a communicationsstrategy that includes the use of a Webportal and mailing list to make informa-tion on UNDP’s support to anti-corruptioninitiatives visible and easily accessible.

UNDP should review its reporting tools andelectronic platforms for knowledge man-agement in order to find ways of makingthem more useful for planning, knowledgemanagement and information retrieval.

Funds should be sought for a long enoughtime period to enable multi-year forwardplanning. Funding commitment could besought from within UNDP, as well as fromexternal partners.

The findings of the reports were discussed in de-tail during the fifth global Community of Practice



(CoP) meeting, which identified that there arethree levels of issues discussed in the report onhow anti-corruption programming can be im-proved: i) country-specific-factors (political andeconomic environment of programming coun-tries); ii) UNDP’s organization context (planning,budgeting and reporting mechanism of UNDP asan organization); and iii) PACDE’s context (betterplanning, implementation and reporting).

Based on the discussion at the global CoP,PACDE has already started implementing rec-ommendations made by the PACDE mid-termreview. Steps undertaken already include put-ting in place an effective knowledge man-agement strategy, developing a multi-yearwork plan and improving its reporting for re-sults.



ANNEX 1: SUMMARY OF RESULTS BY OUTPUT AREAS


Overall Intended Impact: Strengthened national and local level capacity to integrate anti-corruption measures into development processes to enhance service delivery and achieve the MDGs.

Objective #1: To Accelerate MDG achievement and reduce poverty through addressing corruption bottlenecks

Outcome Indicator(s) for Objective #1: • Accelerated solutions to achieving MDGs developed and implemented in targeted countries. • MDG targets for poverty reduction and in sectors (e.g. education, health and water) achieved.

Intended Outputs #1 Key Activities Achieved results

Output #1.1:MDG acceleration frame-work takes into account cor-ruption bottlenecks in 10countries

Baseline: The countries are off track toachieve specific MDGs by2015.

Output indicator:MDG Action Plans with ac-celerated solutions to re-move corruption bottlenecksimplemented in targetedcountries

1.1.1 Identify, engage andreach agreement with po-tential countries that expressinterest and commitment totackle off-track MDGs at na-tional and/or sub-nationallevels by addressing gover-nance bottlenecks.

In 2012, PACDE continued supporting MAF implemen-tation in Togo, Colombia and Lao PDR to increase trans-parency and accountability of local governments, in-volvement of women in monitoring of local budgets, pro-curement processes, etc.

In the first half of 2013, these 10 countries will bebrought together to share their experiences, with par-ticular focus on the linkages between governance andpoverty reduction interventions at country level.1.1.2 Support implementa-

tion of MAF by integratinganti-corruption in pro-grammes and projects ofthose countries which arecurrently implementing MAF.

1.1.3 Provide advisory sup-port and monitor theprogress on MDG accelera-tion in 10 MDG accelerationcountries to make sure thatthe results are achieved asper the results-framework.

Partners - BDP Poverty Group, UN Millennium Campaign, Transparency International, Tiri, UNDP Regional and Coun-try offices


Output #1.2: Sectoral approach to fight-ing corruption developedand implemented in select-ed countries (at least fifteencountries).

Baseline: Existence of veryfew good anti-corruptionpractices in sectors;

1.2.1 Provide advisory sup-port to at least fifteen coun-tries (at least three coun-tries in one sector) to designand implement pro-grams/projects to map outcorruption risks in educa-tion, health and water sectorand develop the corruptionrisks reduction plan.

In 2012 PACDE called for expressions of interest to theCountry Offices interested to integrate anti-corruptionin sectors. 16 proposals were selected out of 37 sub-missions.

PACDE convened an inception meeting in July 2012 inBratislava with the selected countries to discuss the pi-lot projects and provide necessary feedback to strength-en the projects’ design and planning.




Resource leakages in servicedelivery.

Output indicator:Number of countries imple-menting anti-corruption pro-grammes in service deliverysectors

Rate of improvement in serv-ice delivery

1.2.2 Provide both techni-cal support and grant to im-plement the corruption riskreduction plan.

A quarterly monitoring template has been designed. Eachproject will be reviewed at the end of the first year, to qual-ify for further funding.

As of December 2012, almost all projects had been in im-plementation for almost six months. Some Country Of-fices have received a tremendous boost by mobilizingmore resources from governments and other partners(e.g., Colombia and Jordan). An additional four countries(including El Salvador and Nigeria) have requested to bea part of PACDE’s sectoral anti-corruption Community ofPractice so as to benefit from PACDE advisory support,knowledge and guidance

More information on baseline figures and measure-ment methodology for indicators: service delivery. Is re-ported under each output areas, please see the main textin the report.

1.2.3 Provide support formonitoring and evaluationof the programme/project

Partners - Transparency International, U4, Tiri, UNDP Regional and Country offices


Output #1.3:Multi-stakeholder networksand dialogue on social ac-countability in six countriesheld.

Baseline: Poor quality of service de-livery

Low citizens’ satisfaction inservices provided.

Limited opportunity for citi-zens to provide feedback toservice providers

Output indicator: Establishment of innovativemechanisms for collectionof data and provision of feed-back by citizens

Rate at which complaints areresolved

1.3.1 Upscale the experienceand knowledge from the on-going six pilots and supportcivil society/communitymonitoring of governmentservices, budget and infra-structures at least in 6 addi-tional countries.

Technical and financial support to four country led pilots:

In November 2012, PACDE launched the initiative for coun-try-led interventions on social accountability. PACDE to-gether with regional anti-corruption focal points selectedfour projects–from Country Offices in Ghana, Papua NewGuinea, the Philippines and Serbia–based on criteria in-cluding feasibility of impact, sustainability and involvementof youth and women.

1. Ghana – Focus on health sector and seeks to enhancecommunity assessment of service providers.

2. Serbia – health sector, the projects aims to enhance theimplementation of citizens’ charters and implement aweb-based platform to monitor citizen satisfaction

3. Philippines – focus on community assessment of serv-ice providers in water sector.

4. PNG – anti-corruption media awards, raising profile ofAC media reports and investigative journalism. Pleasesee the box 4 and 6 for more details.

Knowledge production and capacity building

1.3.2 Produce and shareknowledge products bothglobally and locally to en-courage multi-stakeholderparticipation on monitoringservices, budgets and ex-penditures.

1.3.3.Raise awareness anddevelop capacity of parlia-mentarians, media and pri-vate sector to promote ac-tive engagement in the so-cial accountability initiativesand use the informationfrom these initiatives to in-fluence national and localpolicy processes.




Level of citizens’ satisfactionin service delivery

Rate of increase in citizens’voice in public processes.

In 2011-2012, PACDE together with the RBLAC VirtualSchool carried out a regional study on the impact of ac-countability in the water sector. The study’s findings werediscussed and validated in a workshop held in Panama,in November 2012 among UNDP Country offices, UNAgencies, the researchers and national authorities of thewater sector from Chile, Colombia , Panama and Brazil.

In September 2012, PACDE supported RBLAC’s a trainingfor youth of the Caribbean on Social Auditing. The socialaudit workshop had an immediate impact in terms of rais-ing awareness on the pivotal role of youth in theCaribbean for preventing [corruption through social ac-countability mechanisms. For example, immediately af-ter the workshop participants formed the Caribbean YouthSocial Auditors (CYSA) network

PACDE in partnership with the Integrity Action programin Western and Eastern Africa launched the IntegrityLeadership Course for African Leaders. PACDE is sup-porting the mentorship component of the initiative. Asof the end of 2012, the capacity-building componentin Western Africa has been completed and starting in2013 the nine-month mentorship programme will belaunched, with UNDP leading the process

In Western and Central Africa, PACDE together withTransparency International conducted civil society train-ing in Guinea, Mauritania and Cote d’Ivoire based on themanual training designed and tested 2012.

Partners - UN Millennium Campaign, Transparency International, UNDP Regional and Country offices



Objective #2: UNCAC and anti-corruption mainstreamed into national development processes

Outcome Indicators: • UNCAC gap analysis and self-assessment inform policy reform processes. • Anti-corruption is an integral part of all governance and development interventions in the targeted countries, including

countries in transition and recovery context


Output #2.1:UNCAC mainstreamed innational developmentprocesses in 15 countries

Baseline: Limited knowledge of main-streaming anti-corruptionin development planning

Output indicator: Number of country officesand practitioners trained onintegrating anti-corruptionin UNDAFs.

Number of UNDAFs (of thetotal targeted countries) re-flect strong focus on anti-corruption

2.1.1 Finalize the anti-corruption course forUNDAF.

In 2012, UNDP, UNODC and USSC finalized a training packageto integrate anti-corruption into the UNDAF processes. The Firsttraining of trainers is for the second quarter of 213. Approxi-mately 40 participants from different UN agencies will attendthe first ToT and regional and country level training will be de-livered as per requested.

PACDE supported the DG practice area in LAC to implement theworkshop called: Interagency workshop: the joint fight againstcorruption for the attainment of the MDGs in Latin America andthe Caribbean’. 30 UN professionals from four countries(Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama) participated.They represented nine agencies, including UNDP, UNDOC,UNEP, UNICEF, FAO, WFP, HIV/AIDS UNAIDS, UNOP and (PA).

PACDE Launched on 9 December 2012 the online course: Ba-sics on Anti-corruption. The course is currently available for UNDPstaff and the results of the first months have been impressive.More than 100 staff members have already taken the coursewhich reflected the high demand of knowledge in this area. Thecourse will be public and available in the anti-corruption por-tal in 2013 for the broader audience.

Technical Support at the Country Level.

PACDE inputs to mainstreaming anti-corruption and integrat-ing transparency, accountability, and integrity were successfullyincorporated in the governance components of the UNDAF doc-uments o 10 countries - Bhutan, Jordan, Nigeria, Niger, Ugan-da, Mali, Guinea Bissau, Nigeria, Guinea, and Equatorial Guinea.

2.1.2 Conduct trainingof trainers to integrateanti-corruption in re-gional UNDAF trainingevents to be organ-ized by DOCO.

2.1.3 Support regionalUNDAF training eventsprovided by the UNSystem Staff College,Turin.

2.1.4 Provide advisoryservices to countriesthat are developingUNDAF programmedocuments.

Partners - UNODC, DOCO, UNSSC, Regional and Country Offices


Output #2.2:National dialogue on anti-corruption using the goingbeyond the minimum ap-proach is conducted in ninecountries on demand driv-en basis.

2.2.1 Join UNODC tosupport the trainingfor reviewers and thecountries scheduled tobe reviewed.

PACDE , with funding from the U.S. State Department, supportedthe UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society to increase the participa-tion of civil society organizations at the meeting of the Imple-mentation Review Group (IRG) of UNCAC held on 20 June 2012.

Myanmar: PACDE through the Bangkok Regional Centre sup-ported the UNODC-led first-ever workshop on anti-corruption




Baseline: Limited knowledge of UN-CAC gap analysis and self-as-sessment methodology

Limited engagement of civ-il society actors in UNCACreview

Output indicator: Number of national consul-tations/dialogues carried outusing going beyond the min-imum approach; number of UNCAC reviewtrainings provided to coun-tries.

2.2.2 Share UNDP’s experi-ences and lessons learned inthe training for UNCAC re-view and at the Intergov-ernmental Working Groupmeeting on review mecha-nism and technical assis-tance.

in Myanmar where government officials expressed theircommitment towards ratifying the UNCAC. UNDP workedwith law-makers and provided detailed comments on thedraft Anti-Corruption Law to be adopted in Parliament.

In China and Mongolia: PACDE contributed to the for-mulation of a new Public Administration Reform (PAR) pro-grammes.

Timor-Leste and Morocco: UNDP supported the pilot-ing of the Self-Assessment Tool for Parliamentarians in theFight against Corruption, which was developed by UNDPin collaboration with the Global organization of Parlia-ments Against Corruption (GOPAC).

Western Africa and Central Africa: most of the coun-tries in the region received support through the DakarRegional Centre, including advisory support on UNCACimplementation and Review Mechanisms.

Macedonia and Romania: UNDP provided support tostrengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Justice for theUNCAC Self-Assessment process.

In July 2012, with technical support from PACDE, UNDP or-ganized a regional workshop on UNCAC mechanism re-view titled ‘Understanding and sharing lessons learnedon the United Nations Convention Against Corruption(UNCAC) review mechanism’. This workshop brought to-gether over 50 participants including government officials,member of parliaments and organizations of civil societyfrom Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Cen-tral African Republic, the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania,Niger, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda.

2.2.3 Encourage the coun-tries to go beyond the min-imum requirement for UN-CAC review. Provide techni-cal support for gap analysisand link the findings with theongoing governance re-forms (e.g., implementationof national anti-corruptionstrategy, public administra-tive reform, parliamentarystrengthening, etc.).

Partners - UNODC, Regional and Country Offices


Output # 2.3:Technical assistance pro-vided to mainstream anti-corruption and UNCAC innine post-conflict and tran-sition countries (For coun-tries, please see the list inObjective section, page 22).

2.3.1 Strengthen anti-cor-ruption capacities in post-conflict and recovery con-texts through advisory sup-port to integrate anti-cor-ruption in various pillars ofgovernance programmesand projects.

PACDE supported:

– formulation of national anti-corruption strategies andprogrammes in Afghanistan, Egypt, Morocco andSouth Sudan;

– ratification and implementation of UNCAC in Myanmarand Timor Leste;




Baseline indicator: In post-conflict countries,anti-corruption institutionsare weak in terms of bothawareness of laws and ca-pacity to fulfil their function.

In transition countries, ded-icated UN/UNDP country lev-el programmes are being de-veloped.

Output indicators:

• Increased national capacityof institutions to implementanti-corruption interven-tions; extent of main-streaming anti-corruptioninto the governance pro-gramme;

• Number of Anti-Corruptionprogrammes designed andimplemented in coordina-tion with national partners.

• Dedicated anti-corruptioncountry level programmeshave been developed andimplemented.

• Partnerships to implementand coordinate anti-cor-ruption programmes con-solidated and strengthened.

2.3.2 Establish and strength-en the capacity of newly es-tablished institutions, andhelp implement dedicatedcountry level anti-corrup-tion interventions.

– mainstreaming anti-corruption in sectors in Lebanon,Liberia, Jordon, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Serbia;

– mainstreaming of anti-corruption in REDD+ in Dem-ocratic Republic of Congo and Nepal.

– south-south exchange in various forums betweenAfghanistan, Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, CoteD’Ivoire, Myanmar, Morocco, Iraq, Kosovo, South Sudan,Palestine, and Tunisia.

– advocacy activities and national campaigns against cor-ruption in to mark International Anti-Corruption Dayin Afghanistan, Djibouti, DRC, Libya, Myanmar, Nepal,Maldives, Kosovo, Liberia, Morocco, Yemen, and SouthSudan

2.3.4. Strengthen the capac-ity of civil society and media,including training journal-ists on investigative journal-ism to provide oversights toreconstruction and recov-ery initiatives.

Partners - BCPR, Regional and Country Offices



Objective #3: Capacity of anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) strengthened.

Outcome Indicators: • Increased capacities of Anti-Corruption Agencies to respond to challenges posed by corruption and promote gov-

ernance and sustainable development. • ACAs in targeted countries have initiated and implemented anti-corruption measures such as system analysis, assessments,

investigations and coordinated national anti-corruption strategies • ACA official’s awareness on existing anti-corruption laws and mechanisms is increased. (Measured using a simple survey). • ACAs have increased capacity to fulfill their mandate (measured through UNDP’s ACA capacity assessment methodology)


Output #3.1:Technical assistance pro-vided to strengthen ca-pacity of at least 12 ACAs.

Baseline:Limited capacity of ACAsto fulfill their mandate

Output indicators: Number of UNDP CountryOffices having dedicatedprojects to support theACAs;

Number of participantsfrom ACAs trained in pre-ventive measures (systemsaudits), and investigation

Number of anti-corrup-tion initiatives (includingsystem audits) imple-mented by the targetedACAs/

Number of anti-corrup-tion institutions and ex-perts engaged in capacitybuilding initiatives, in-cluding through South-South exchange.

3.1.1 Using UNDP method-ology for capacity assess-ment, conduct capacity as-sessment as a part of ca-pacity strengthening pro-gramme.

PACDE continued to encourage to use its flagship publication“Practitioners Guide to Assessing the Capacities of Anti-Cor-ruption Agencies (ACAs)” to strengthen the capacity of ACAs toimplement the national anti-corruption strategies, coordinatethe UNCAC implementation and strengthen institutional in-tegrity.

PACDE together with RBA organized a regional training eventon forensic financial investigation for 11 ACAs from southernAfrica.

PACDE and the Johannesburg Regional Centre are also currentlydeveloping a manual on financial forensic audits.

PACDE organized a high-level regional dialogue on corruptionprevention for 16 ACAs from eastern and southern Africa.

PACDE supported a Jakarta meeting of 30 ACAs, where currentand former heads of anti-corruption agencies (ACAs), anti-cor-ruption practitioners and experts gathered in Jakarta to discussa set of “Principles for Anti-Corruption Agencies”. The meetingissued a Jakarta Statement on the Principles for Anti-CorruptionAgencies. The “Jakarta Principles” will now be widely dissemi-nated across the region and the world in regional and global foraas core principles for ACAs to ensure their effectiveness and in-dependence.

In Kazakhstan, technical support was provided for the devel-opment of a regional hub on public administration reform (cov-ering all Central Asian countries). PACDE supported a technicalmission for the development of the Hub in particular with theaim of utilizing it in order to improve transparency, accounta-bility of the PA in the countries of the region as well as introducingethic frameworks and oversight mechanisms.

In Ukraine, PACDE provided financial and technical support forthe conduction of a capacity assessment of the Anti-Corruptiondepartment of the Ministry of Justice. Two self-assessment ques-tionnaires were developed and data were collected.

3.1.2 Provide training toACAs on investigation,prosecution, preventionand awareness-raising.

3.1.3 Provide support tothe ACAs to develop, im-plement and evaluateanti-corruption nationalstrategies., which are oftengiven mandates for coor-dinating such strategies.

3.1.4 Provide technical sup-port to conduct systemanalysis or integrity as-sessment in sectors (e.g.,health, education and wa-ter) and help to implementthe risk reduction plan con-tributing to the changemanagement system.

3.1.5 Facilitate South-Southknowledge exchange andcapacity development, ad-visory support (Utilizingthe expertise of ACAs fromBhutan, Botswana and oth-er institutions).

Partners - UNDP Regional and Country Offices



Objective #4: Mitigating corruption risks in climate change and natural resource management

Outcome Indicators: • UN-REDD partner countries received technical support in setting up transparent and accountable BDS• Guidance and tools on corruption risk assessments, fiduciary standards, and citizen’s budget monitoring designed

and disseminated to UN REDD partner countries• Transparency and Accountability is part of the global agenda on climate change and natural resource manage-

ment


Output #4.1 Corruption riskassessments and other anti-corruption measures are in-tegrated in REDD+ mecha-nisms

Baseline:Before 2011, there was no ef-fort to explicitly and system-atically integrate anti-cor-ruption measures in Nation-al UN REDD Programmes

Output indicators: Number of countries carryingout the corruption risk as-sessment and integrating itto UN-REDD

Number of need basedknowledge products are de-veloped and disseminated;Knowledge products are be-ing reflected in the countrylevel programme/projectdocuments

4.1.1 Identify and mitigate corruption risks inthe design and implementation of REDD

PACDE in partnership with UN-REDDsince 2011 has co-organized regionalawareness raising and training ses-sions for REDD+ experts and anti-cor-ruption practitioners in Nepal andThailand (October 2011) and Zambia(April 2012). In the lead-up to the Zam-bia event, online corruption perceptionsurveys on REDD+ among practition-ers from UN-REDD partner countries inAsia-Pacific and Africa were conductedto assess the understanding of thenature of risks among practitioners

During the second half of 2012, PACDE’sfocus moved from global and region-al advocacy on anti-corruption inREDD+ to ‘targeted support’ at countrylevel to map corruption risk in nation-al REDD+ strategies. A number of coun-try-specific actions designed to ad-dress corruption risks in REDD+ have al-ready been initiated in at least sevenUN-REDD programme/partner coun-tries. These action plans include con-ducting corruption risk assessmentsand stakeholder consultations inBangladesh and Bhutan; strengtheningcivil society actors on anti-corruptioninstruments and tools in Nepal and thePhilippines; institutional context analy-sis, stakeholder validation of studyand training on transparency for localgovernments; and capacity develop-ment for media in Peru.

A number of key knowledge productswere also developed in 2012: ‘Guid-ance note on conducting REDD+ cor-

4.1.2 Develop capacities of partner countriesto enhance the impact of UN REDD pro-grammes on sustainable livelihood, povertyreduction and social protection

4.1.3 Provide needs-based, timely and rele-vant case studies, good practices and otherknowledge products on curbing corruptionin REDD+ for UNDP country office and UNREDD programme implementation units

Output #4.2 Transparencyand accountability were in-tegrated in major globalforums and in the man-agement of natural re-sources

Baseline:Before 2012, there was nocorporate strategy on themanagement of extractiveindustries.

4.2.1. Contribute to UNDP’s work and strate-gies on sustainable development and natu-ral resource management by integratingtransparency and accountability mecha-nisms.




Output indicators: Transparency and Account-ability measures integrated inglobal strategies focus onnatural resource manage-ment and climate change

ruption risk assessments’ was de-veloped by PACDE and UN-REDD. Thestudy report titled ‘Ensuring inclu-sive, transparent and accountable na-tional REDD+ systems: the role offreedom of information’ and creativeknowledge products to generateawareness about the risk of corruptionin REDD+ are all being finalized.

As a member of the UNDP’s Rio+20Task Force, PACDE represented theDemocratic Governance practice andprovided substantive inputs to theagenda of the summit. This includedspecific knowledge products and aside event that made strong cases forincorporating transparency and ac-countability in the debate about sus-tainable development. In the same to-ken, PACDE actively engaged andcontributed to the design of UNDP’sstrategy on extractive industries. As aresult, the new strategy contains ex-plicit components on transparencyand accountability throughout thevalue chain

Partners - UNDP Regional and Country Offices, UNREDD and civil society partners



Objective #5: Global leadership and coordination, anti-corruption advocacy and campaign

Outcome Indicators: • UNDP global anti-corruption community of practice sets priorities for UNDP anticorruption work for the next two years • Increased visibility of UNDP at global fora on anti-corruption such as International Anti-Corruption Conference • Global anti-corruption campaigns lead to increased public awareness

Intended Outputs Key Activities Achieved results

Output #5.1:UNDP shapesanti-corruption discourseand increases global aware-ness on the impact of cor-ruption

Baseline:Emerging trends that haveimpact on anti-corruptionbut yet to inform anti-cor-ruption discourse.

Existing activism against cor-ruption does not translateto informed policies andstrategies

Output indicators: Emerging priorities identi-fied for UNDP anti-corrup-tion work

Number of UNDP workshopsorganized at the 15th IACC;

Number of countries organ-izing multi-stakeholder aspart of International Anti-Corruption Day Campaignto launch initiatives againstcorruption

3.1.1 UNDP CoP organizedand participants identifyemerging priorities for UNDPanti-corruption work

PACDE organized the 5th UNDP Global Anti-CorruptionCommunity of Practices bringing together about 100 par-ticipants from 45 UNDP country offices, donor, partner,and civil society organizations.

The CoP helped to identify priorities for UNDP’s anti-cor-ruption work. These include – anti-corruption in local gov-ernance, in natural resources sectors, and in post-conflictcontexts.

UNDP organized 10 workshops at the IACC with itspartners. Its approach to mainstreaming anti-corruptionin sectors and its seminal research work on gender andcorruption - ‘Seeing beyond the state: grassroots women’sperspective on corruption’ – was widely appreciated.

In 2012, 55 UNDP and UNODC Country Offices organizedsuccessful national-level campaigns and engaged diversestakeholders–political leaders, government officials, leg-islators, judiciary, civil society organizations, citizensand student activists, and media.

3.1.2 UNDP organized atleast ten workshops, in col-laboration with partners, tohighlight its anti-corruptionwork and promote dialogueon issues affecting anti-cor-ruption work

3.1.3 In collaboration withUNODC and UNDP countryoffices, ACT Against Corrup-tion Today Campaign is im-plemented at the nationallevel

Partners - UNDP Regional and Country Offices, UNODC and civil society partners

ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF PACDE EXPENDITURES IN 2012


ACTIVITIES Total expenditure

1 Reducing corruption for MDG acceleration1.1 Implementation of MDG Acceleration Framework, support to Colombia,

Lao PDR and Togo1.2 Sectoral approach to fighting corruption (education, health and water

sectors)1.3 Support to social accountability initiatives1.4 Curbing Illicit financial flows1.5 Support for initiatives on gender and anti- corruption 1.6 Advisory support and coordination for MDG related work

$ 993,510.31$ 177,435.72

$ 484,358.59

$ 116,716.00$ 35,000.00$ 60,000.00$ 120,000.00

2 Mitigating corruption risks in climate change (in the context of REDD+)2.1 Equitable and accountable Benefit Distribution Systems for REDD+2.2 Mitigation of corruption risks in REDD+2.3 Advisory support

$ 349,504.00$ 132,141.23$ 117,362.77$100,000.00

3 Supporting programming countries for UNCAC review and implementation3.1 UNCAC mainstreaming3.2 UNCAC going beyond the minimum3.3 Mainstreaming anti-corruption and UNCAC in post-conflict and transition

countries (support to Egypt and Morocco)3.4 Country support for UNCAC implementation (El-Salvador, Ukraine,

Macedonia, East-Timor)

$ 594,782.30$ 184,734.37$ 252,474.26$ 61,422.59

$ 96,151.08

4 Strengthening the capacity of Anti-Corruption Agencies4.1 Technical assistance to ACAs

$ 75,639.77

5 Strengthening anti-corruption knowledge management $ 206,736.55

6 Global leadership and coordination, anti-corruption advocacy and campaign

$ 342,905.24

7 Strengthening regional capacities and networks to support country level interventions in Asia-Pacific region, Europe and CIS, Latin America,Africa and Arab States

$ 972,872

13 Management and Coordination (Advisory and program support, coordination,monitoring and evaluation)

$ 352,311.38

GRAND TOTAL FOR 2012 $ 3,888,261.55

ANNEX 3: HIGHLIGHTS OF MILESTONES AND PROGRESSON THE SECTORAL COUNTRY LEVEL PILOTS


Country ProjectDescription

Milestone/Achievement

Challenges/Lessons learned

Allocationexpenditure(resources)

Other remarks

1 Armenia –educationsector

In partnershipwith the Repub-lic of ArmeniaMinistry of Edu-cation and Sci-ence, UNICEFand civil society,implement a So-cial InnovationCamp, includinga comprehensivecampaign ofworkshops andweb-based out-reach.

Out of 75 projectsubmissions re-ceived, threeanti-corruptionprojects (Univer-sity Monitoring,KindergartenMonitoring, Virtu-al Blood Bank),were selectedand will be im-plemented in2013.

At this stagethere were nochallenges orlessons learnedidentified.

PACDE Allocation - $40,000

Expenditure- $39,845

2 Brazil –health sector

This pilot projectfocuses on pre-venting corrup-tion in healthsector amongpublic servantsof Sao Paulo’sState Health Sec-retariat. The proj-ect is imple-mented in part-nership with theState Secretariatof Public Health.

Preparations forthe course oncorruption pre-vention in thehealth sector tostate’s hospitalmanagers arebeing complet-ed. The coursewill be launchedin the beginningof 2013. Thepartnership withstate institutionsbrought to theagreement thatthe trainers ofthe course willprovide trainingseither on volun-tary basis or willbe paid by thestate.



Expenditure- $539.02

This projectsuccessfullymanaged toengage stateinstitutionsinto the proj-ect and theywill support inorganizationof trainingsthrough in-kind contribu-tion.







Other remarks

3 Cambodia– educationsector

The objective ofthis project is toget a better un-derstanding onthe nature andprevalence of in-formal fees inCambodia andto identify ap-propriate globaland regional ex-periences andbest practiceswhich can be ap-plicable to theCambodian con-text.

The literature re-view of charac-teristics of infor-mal school feesin Cambodia wascompleted in2012. The secondphase of theproject, includ-ing, conductingthe survey andelaborating apolicy brief withrecommenda-tions will be im-plemented in thesecond half of2013.

There are somechallenges re-garding the po-litical sensitivityof the subject.The Minister ofEducation, Youthand Sport sug-gested not todiscuss the cor-ruption issue asthe governmentis preparing forthe nationalelection in July2013. After sev-eral discussionswith the govern-ment partner, itwas agreed tocontinue theproject after theelections in2013.


UNDP Cambodiaallocation – $14,000

Expenditure- $11,550

4 China – educationsector

UNDP China to-gether with Chi-na Centre forComparative Pol-itics and Eco-nomics launchedin 2012 an initia-tive to strength-en anti-corrup-tion efforts inthe higher-edu-cation system.The aim is tomap out corrup-tion risks in thehigher educationsector, proposemitigationstrategies, pilotrisk reductionplans in selected

Broad consensuswith projectpartners hasbeen reachedand early difficul-ties in project ini-tiation wereovercome. Twopartners haveagreed to pro-vide in-kind con-tributions to theproject: ChinaPublic IntegrityEducation Net-work (C-PIEN)and Transparen-cy InternationalChina (TI China)have agreed toshare their



Expenditure- $39,816.82

There hasbeen clearmessage afterChinese lead-ership changein November2012 that thenew govern-ment will takestrict meas-ures to com-bat corrup-tion, whichprovides op-portunity topromote theproject find-ings and rec-ommenda-tions.







Other remarks

universities anddevelop a policyproposal for theMinistry of Edu-cation and theCentral Discipli-nary Committeeof the Commu-nist Party of Chi-na to preventcorruption in thissector.

available dataand references insurvey, corrup-tion risk alertingsystem design,piloting and poli-cy proposal tothe central gov-ernment. The Na-tional Academyof Education Ad-ministration con-solidated thestudy on corrup-tion risks in thehigher educationsystem of China.

5 Colombia – healthsector

This project aimsto address cor-ruption risks inthe health sectorthrough activeengagementand training ofcitizens who willperform socialcontrol on healthissues. The proj-ect also aims tofoster a dialogueamong state ac-tors, private andpublic healthsector, and citi-zens´ organiza-tions in Cartage-na city of Colom-bia, where theproject is imple-mented.

This project cre-ated the condi-tions for the con-stitution of thefirst “Tribunal forpatients´ rights”in Colombia. TheTribunal is aphysical spacewhere a group ofyoung volun-teers (alreadytrained in legaland health-relat-ed matters) at-tend to citizens´complaints andsuggestions re-lated to the pro-vision of healthservices in thecity. By the endof 2012, Tribunalhas received ap-proximately 400complaints andclaims from thecitizens.


PACDE Allocation- $40,000


During 2012,UNDP Colom-bia was ableto mobilizesome350,000USD(70% from na-tional actorsand 30% fromUNDP CO) inorder to elab-orate an anti-corruptionpolicy in thecountry. In2013, UNDPColombia al-ready mobi-lized some150,000USDfor the imple-mentationphase of thepublic policy.There is a pos-sibility thatthe Municipal-ity of







Other remarks

The focus in2013 will be toensure that ma-jority of claimsand complaintsare addressed.

Cartagena willcontribute ad-ditional$20,000 to thisproject.

6 Costa Rica– watersector

The project is in-tended to pro-mote trans-parency and ac-countability ofthe Rural Admin-istrative Associa-tion of Aque-ducts (ASADASin Spanish) toimprove watermanagement inCosta Ricathrough activeinvolvement andmonitoring ofusers. Specifical-ly, a first compo-nent of the proj-ect develops cor-ruption risk man-agement plansin two selectedASADAS. Thesecond compo-nent is to devel-op a system tomonitor financialand operationalperformance ofASADAS as partof a scheme ofaccountability.

Finalized a Legalanalysis of exist-ing mechanismsfor transparencyand accountabil-ity for the man-agement of theAdministrativeAssociations ofWater and Sew-erage Systems inCosta Rica.Completed a sys-tematization ofinformation ob-tained throughinterviews withmembers of theBoards of Direc-tors of theASADAS San Ra-mon andTamarindo. Thisentailed charac-terization of theservices, andarea of interven-tion, descriptionof the ASADA,board roles,budget, infra-structure andservices provid-ed. The system-atization alsoserved to regis-ter the currentaccountabilityand

The AYA’s (Waterauthority) de-partment re-sponsible for liai-son with ruralaqueducts hascomplained thatthis project hasbeen directedfrom AyA’s presi-dency withoutsignificant in-volvement oftechnical depart-ment who couldbenefit of thisprocess. The im-plementing NGO(CEDARENA)then started toprovide feed-back and directinvolvementwith several AYAtechnical depart-ments to ensurereplication ispossible not onlywithin ASADASbut within AyAdepartments aswell.



The projecthas alreadygained signifi-cant visibilityamong themost relevantwater authori-ties in thecountry. Theproject resultsare being tak-en into con-sideration byAyA (Waterauthority) todesign a na-tional level in-tervention forthe rest of theASADAS, ifthey get somefunding frominternationaldonors. Theproject hasbeen noticedby the WaterIntegrity Net-work andUNDP’s WaterGovernanceFacility whohave agreedto fund avideo toolkit($5,000) tohelp replicatethe use of theWater







Other remarks

transparencyprocedures cur-rently being con-ducted by theseentities.

Integrity Man-ual amongSpanishspeakers.

7 Ethiopia – watersector

This projectseeks to con-tribute to gov-ernment’s effortsfor improvedservice deliveryto the citizens.Assessment ofcorruption risksin the water sec-tor is being con-ducted to gainbetter insightinto transparen-cy and accounta-bility concernsimpeding serv-ice delivery inthe sector, iden-tify interventionsand mechanismsto be imple-mented for zerotolerance for cor-ruption in thesector. Informa-tion to be gener-ated from the as-sessment wouldfeed into the na-tional anticor-ruption strategybeing developedand UNCAC as-sessment to beundertaken in2013.In addition to as-sessment, thefederal and re-gional

Assessment ofcorruption risksin the sector hasbeen completedand further ac-tions developedfor implementa-tion in 2013.

Some delays inconducting theassessment haveoccurred due tosome technicalissues, however,the project is ontrack in general.









Other remarks

parliamentarycommittees thatoversee the sec-tor will betrained on howto monitor andensure trans-parency in themanagement ofthe sector. Alsotraining will beconducted forthe NationalAnti-corruptioncoalition onbudget analysisand tracking andthe develop-ment of tools formonitoring thesector and pilot-ing of risk reduc-tion mechanismin a selected lo-cal water project.

8 Guinea – healthsector

This project aimsto improve peo-ple’s access toquality healthservices throughinvolving media(radio, television,newspapers). It isplanned to en-gage thirty (30)journalists andtrain them inmethods andtechniques forinvestigatingcases of corrup-tion in the healthsector. This in-vestigation willfocus on

• trainings forjournalists or-ganized, andjournalists arenow betterequipped to in-vestigate and re-port on any sus-picious case;14 radio showsat three radiostations andthree roundtablepublic hearingswere organized;• 27 papers (writ-ten, audio andvideo) have beencompleted;• Approximately

- The difficulty ofobtaining reli-able informationboth from peo-ple and healthauthorities;

- Lack of organi-zational and fi-nancial net-works of jour-nalists partners;

- Mistrust of peo-ple and author-ities towardsjournalists;

- After two assas-sinations of fa-mous people inGuinea, whostruggled for


UNDPGuinea, OSIWA - $25,000


The projectmobilized additional$25,000 fromthe CountryOffice andOSIWA.







Other remarks

investigation ofcorruption casesand similar prac-tices s. In addi-tion, advocacycampaigns willbe conducted tothe investigationitself to raiseawareness of citi-zens on the issue.

1.6 million peo-ple were in-formed aboutthe national poli-cy to accessmedicines inGuinea and onthe dangers ofcounterfeiting;

integrity, somejournalists arebeginning to beafraid to pursueinvestigations.

9 Jordan –educationsector

The objective ofthis project is toprovide voice forpeople, withspecial focus onwomen andyouth, at the lo-cal level to con-tribute to ac-countability inthe health sec-tor. This will in-clude monitor-ing transparencyand accountabil-ity measures inservice provisionin the health sec-tor and report-ing on violations.This will beachievedthrough a webportal that pro-vides citizenswith the oppor-tunity to havetheir voicesheard and con-tribute to moni-toring servicedelivery in thehealth sector.

After extensiveconsultationswith nationalpartners on rolesand responsibili-ties, the Jordan-ian Anti-Corrup-tion Commission(the “JACC”) andthe High HealthCouncil (the“HHC”) agreed toimplement thehealth servicedelivery assess-ment under theumbrella of theHHC in coopera-tion with theJACC. The HHC andJACC agree thatthe web portal,which will be de-veloped basedon the findingsof the assess-ment and crowd-sourced opinionsof women andyouth,will behosted by JACC.It is planned tolink the web

Corruption inhealth sector isquite sensitiveissue in Jordan.Due to that fact,the consultationand advocacyprocess lastedaround fivemonths until theHHC agreed toimplement theproject activitiesunder its um-brella.









Other remarks

portal to thewebsites of otherrelevant publicand nationalagencies.

10 Kosovo – educationsector

This initiative willcontribute toUNDP Kosovo’sstrategy and on-going process ofpromoting socialmedia for goodgovernance. Theobjective of thisinitiative is toprovide schol-ars/students andteachers/profes-sors with the op-portunity toproactively en-gage in enhanc-ing corruptioncontrol in Koso-vo’s educationsector by makinguse of the onlineplatformwww.kallxo.com.

More than 300cases were re-ported onwww.kallxo.com,including cor-ruption in educa-tional institu-tions, corruptionwithin the gov-ernment, fraudat the local level,misconduct ofpublic officials,etc. UNDP Koso-vo’s implement-ing partner,namely In-ternewsKosov@,is currently veri-fying and review-ing the cases.Around 15% ofthe reported cas-es (approx. 72)are related tocorruption in theeducation sectorand range fromnepotism in em-ploying teachers,political influ-ence in schools,to employmentof school/univer-sity staff thatdoes not fulfillrequired job cri-teria.The cases are be-ing investigated










Other remarks

by a group ofjournalists. InternewsKosov@ has organizeda TV debate onhow school-re-lated tenders arewon illegally. Asa result of this TVdebate the mu-nicipal educationdirector of themunicipality ofPrizren is underinvestigation.

11 Kyrgyzstan– educationand healthsectors

UNDP supportsthe Ministry ofHealth and Min-istry of Educa-tion of the Kyr-gyz Republic toidentify the cor-ruption probabil-ities in the pro-cedures estab-lished for thehealth sectorbodies to imple-ment their func-tions. One of themain goals ofthe project is toassess corrup-tion risk vulnera-bilities in thesectors. Expect-ed outcomes areimproved sec-toral anti-corrup-tion action plansand their effec-tive implementa-tion.

The project re-sulted in havingtwo reports forboth sectorswith recommen-dation for bettercombating cor-ruption. Prelimi-nary results ofboth missionfindings werediscussed withrepresentativesof the ministriesof education andhealth. The as-sessment includ-ed analysis of le-gal and opera-tions frame-works, internalprocedures andbusinessprocesses, re-cruitment andpromotion sys-tems and publicprocurement inthe sectors.

It is not easy toidentify appro-priate Interna-tional Experts forcorruption risksassessment exer-cise trough inter-national openrecruitmentprocess.

PACDE Allocation -$40,000








Other remarks

12 Lebanon –education,health andwater sec-tors

The project iscurrently work-ing closely withthe relevant par-liamentary com-mittees includ-ing National Ed-ucation andHigher Educa-tion; PublicWorks, Trans-portation, Ener-gy and Water;and the PublicHealth, Laborand Social Affairsto develop sec-tor-focused ex-pert groups withrelevant stake-holders to intro-duce and imple-ment a path forreform. The en-gagement of rel-evant ministriesand all stake-holders such ascivil society or-ganizations, ex-perts and gov-ernment repre-sentatives is keyduring theprocess. Theproject aims tostrengthen thecapacity ofLebanese Parlia-ment to addresscritical reform is-sues as they re-late to sectoralpolicies.

The anti-corrup-tion expert inwater sector con-tracted and start-ed to closelywork with theHead of the Pub-lic Works, Trans-portation, Ener-gy and WaterParliamentaryCommittee toagree on thework methodol-ogy.

The first chal-lenge experi-enced is that noproposals werereceived with re-gards to theTerms of Refer-ence (ToRs) foranti-corruptionexperts in Healthand Educationsectors despitere-advertisingthese ToRs onthe UNDP web-site several timesto date. Tocounter the chal-lenge, the proj-ect has revisedthe ToRs and no-tice, which willbe posted in ear-ly January 2013,and the projectwill be lookinginto a largerpool/database ofpotential candi-dates and en-courage them toapply and gothrough thecompetitiveprocess. The sec-ond expectedchallenge mightbe Lebanon’scurrent politicalinstability thathas greatly influ-enced the work-ings of the Par-liament as mostparliamentarycommittees are


Expenditure- $0.00







Other remarks

currently inac-tive due to theParliament boy-cott led by op-position MPs.

13 Liberia – educationsector

The project aimsto address sec-toral approach ingovernance withemphasis on theeducation sectorand establish keyrisk factors withfollow-up ac-tions leading tostrengtheninginstitutionalframeworks. Theproject will alsocontribute to de-creased corrup-tion risksthroughstrengthenedadministrativestructures andinstitutions andwill improve citi-zens oversightrole and fosteractive participa-tion of womenand youth in thefight against cor-ruption.

Corruption riskassessment con-ducted and cor-ruption risks iden-tified. Based onthe results of theassessment themitigation planwill be developedand implementedin 2013. Aware-ness raising cam-paign was organ-ized in 12 publichigh schools inMontserradoCounty with1,875 studentsand school au-thorities. Showingstrong govern-ment commit-ment, the Execu-tive Chairpersonof the LiberianAnti-CorruptionCommission (LACC) formedpart of the teamthat visitedschools, directlyaddressing stu-dents on the ef-fects of corrup-tion and the im-portant role theyare expected toplay in the fightagainst corrup-tion.

There were somedelays in con-ducting corrup-tion risk assess-ment due totechnical rea-sons which didnot affect essen-tially the projectimplementation.









Other remarks

14 Philippines– watersector

The objective ofthis project is themitigation ofcorruption inwater gover-nance throughcitizen participa-tion in relatedpublic financeprocesses, insti-tuting reforms atthe local level.This will beachieved byadopting thetwin strategiesof: (1) buildingintegrity in localwater gover-nance and (2)strengtheningcommunity par-ticipation.

Citizens’ Guide toParticipatoryPublic Finance inWater Gover-nance developedand pre-tested.Essentially, theguide contains adescription ofthe IntegrityWatch Group(IWAG), its orga-nizational struc-ture and devel-opment process,and the ele-ments of moni-toring the in-tegrity of watergovernance us-ing the public fi-nance sub-sec-tors system. Citizen Monitorsfor water integri-ty trained tomonitor and as-sess public fi-nance processesin water gover-nance. The IWAG is nowworking on theregistration withthe Securitiesand ExchangeCommission tolegalize its exis-tence as inde-pendent bodythat is recog-nized and au-thorized to mon-itor public fi-nance processesat local level.

There were somechallenges withfinding availablenational expertswhich were re-solved.



MDG Fundcontributed tothis project$18,500.







Other remarks

There is aninterest fromother communi-ties to apply thismethodologyand thus possi-bilities for up-scaling this ini-tiative are high.

15 Swaziland– healthsector

This project aimsto increase effi-ciency and effec-tiveness of ma-ternal andneonatal healthcare service de-livery throughenhanced pro-curement sys-tems in two ma-jor hospitals. Theproject also aimsto promote citi-zen participationand strengthenmonitoring ofthe quality ofservice deliveryin maternityunits in the twohospitals.

Achievementsto-date includesthe CorruptionRisks AssessmentReport and theSexual Repro-ductive HealthService Charter.The conclusionsof the assess-ment reportmake referenceto the need forchange manage-ment and high-light some quickwins. The projectwill now priori-tize strengthen-ing the capacityfor the CentralMedical Storesand the procure-ment in minimiz-ing some of therisks identified.

The initial con-cern was the lackof willingness bythe Health Prac-titioners to con-tribute or informthe process to-wards the identi-fication of somecorruption risksat health facili-ties level. How-ever this hasprovided an im-petus for theproject to workwith the CentralMedical Storesand Procure-ment Unit at ahigher nationallevel which willhave a cascadingeffect to thehealth facilitiesthat are part ofthe pilot.









Other remarks

16 Uganda – educationsector

The overall ob-jective of theproject is tostrengthen com-munity partici-pation and over-sight for trans-parent and ac-countable uti-lization of uni-versal primaryeducation (UPE)resources for oneselected districtby 2013. Theproject will buildcapacity of citi-zens to monitorthe public serv-ice delivery.

A team was con-stituted andmonitoring toolwas drafted.A total of forty(40) monitorswere identifiedfor the projectand capacitybuilding initia-tives started. Six-teen schoolswhere the proj-ect will be imple-mented havebeen identified.The monitoringphase will com-mence in 2013.

More time wasrequired to mo-bilize projectstakeholders.However, thisdid not affectthe overall paceof the project.




LEARNING FROM THE PAST

DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

UNDP GLOBAL THEMATIC PROGRAMME ON ANTICORRUPTION

FOR DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS

2012 ANNUAL REPORT

Empowered lives.Resilient nations.

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Bureau for Development Policy

Democratic Governance Group

One United Nations Plaza

New York, NY 10017, USA

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.undp.org/governance

Annual Report cover 4/5/13 5:57 PM Page 1

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IRECTIO LEARNING FROM THE PAST AST N PACDE Annual Rep… · Output 1.3: Multi-stakeholder networks and dialogue on social accountability promoted 24 Output 1.4: Anti-corruption for