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7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

3/49

GUIDELINES

OR

SOILANDGRANULAR ATERIAI,-

STABILIZATION

SING

|IEMENI

L|ME

&

FLY

ASH

pubtishedby

INDIA^N

OADS

CONGRESS

Kama

Koti

Marg,

Sector

,

R.K.

puram,

,

lNew

Dethi

110

O2Z

]NOVEMBER

2O1O

f>ntc,e

ts,

3110/-

(Packing

&

postage

:harges

xial

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

4/49

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

5/49

Personnel

f

CHAPTER

:

1 . 1

1 . 2

1 . 3

1 .4

CHAPTIiR

2:

2 .1

2.2

CHAPTT]R

:

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

ckRpren :

3.1

CONTENTSi

:

the

Highways

pecificatjons

nd

Slandards

r:nrmittee

INTHODUCTION

Purpose

Scope

Definitions

Effective

ess

of

Stabilization

MECHANICAL

TABILIZATION

Mechanical

tabilization

Design

f

Mechanicaily

tabitized

ixes

2.2.1

Stabilization

sing

so-ft

ggregaies

(Mehra's

ethod

f

stabilization)

2.2.2

Design

f

mechanically

tabilized

ti;

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

6/49

RC;SP;89-'2010

4.2

Slabilization ith

Cemenl

4.2.1

Requirernentforsoil

rodification/subgradcl

improvernent

4.2.2 Requirement orboundsub-basesrbases

'4.3

Stabilizationwith

Lime

4.3.1

Requi ement

or soil nrodif

cation/subrader

rmpf

ovement

-

,1.4

Stabilization

with

Lime

and FtyAsfi LF)

,1.5

Stabilization

with

Lime,

Cenrentand

FlyAsh

4.6

Cement

Stabilized

FlyAsh

tl.7

TestRequirements

4;,71

Unconfined

ornpressive

trength

est

4.',7.2

Durability

of stabilized

materials

IHAPTER

5:

CONSTRUCflON

OPERATIONS

;.1

Procedure

of Stabilization

|:i.2

Mix-in-PlaceStabilization

5;.3

Plant-MixStabiti;:ation

5;.4

Compaction

IHAPTER

6:

QITALITYASSURAT{CE

6.1

Ge,neral

6.2

PrelirninaryTrial

6.3

Sampling nd Te:;l ing requency

6.4

Stcrrage

nd Handling

o{

tre

Stabilizer

6.5

Control

of

the Moisture

Content

6

6

Control

of the Stabitizer

Conlent

6.7

RoutineStrengthDeterminations

;hapter

7:

1 B

1 B

1 8

1 9

1 9

2 1

22

22

23

23

24

26

26

26

29

30

31

3't

J I

31

32

33

-33

34

35

35

35

36

37

37

38

1 1

t , l

t . z

7.3

7.4

t . c

7.6

PRECAUI1IONS

'O

BE

TAKEN

WHILE

USING

ST/\BILIZED

MAT'ERIALS

General

Cracking

n

Stabilized

ayers

Prirnary

racking

Tralfic ssociated

Cracks

Durability

f

Stabilized

alerials

control

f

Feflective

racking

n

cement

tabilized

av()rnernts

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7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

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lFtC:SP:89-2010

During

he

seventh

Meeting

f

Enrbankment,

round

mprovemeni

r

Drairtit'ge

ornittee

H4)

(penonnel iven elowjnrr-1.:n

09'04,2010,

he

draft

document

as

approverd

or

crrtrculation

o

il;'gil+

SpeciRcairions

Stetndards

ornmittee

HSS)'

Kumar,

Mahesh

Sharma,Arun

ttma:'

Mathur,

udhir

Chahd,

aquir

DhodaPkar,A.N-

Gairia,

Maj.

Gen-

K.T',

GuPta,

anjaY

Gupta,

Dr.

PradeeP

Jain,

Naresh

hi:rrd

Jain,

M.K.

Jalota,

Di-

A.V'

Kansal,

.K.

Korulla,

l inimol

Koul,

R.L.

Kumar,

aterrder

Pradhan,

.C.

Presidenl. lRC

Director

Gen,eral

(RD)

& SS,

vloR-IH

Secrelary

eneral,

RC

-

Convenor

-

Co-Convenor

-

Member

ecretary

Menbers

Rao,

Prof'

CiV

Rao,

Prof'

F.J.

Sangal,

.M

Singh,

-B.

Saha,

D.C.

Sen,

Samiren

Thomas,

r.

itnmY'

Verma

Maj.

V'0.

Chitra,

.

(ReP. ir.CSI\4RS)

Tlwari,

r.A.Fl'

(ReP. f

DGBR)

C.E.,

PWD,

rt:ghalaY;a

Conesponding Members

Verma,

M.S.

Ex-Ofticio

Memturs

(Liansanga)

(Sinha,

.\/.)

(lndoria,

.P.I

l . h e d r a f t d o c r l m e n t w a ss u b s e q u e n t | y a p pr o v e d w i t h s o r n er e m a r k s b l r t h e H ig h w a y s

specifications

nd

slandards

ommiltee

n

tsmeeting

eld

on

r11.05.2010.

[he

diratt

ocumlnt

wasapprovedy heExecutiveomrnitteen tsmeeting eld ,n111.05.,2010.[h':i ouncil

n ts

meeting eld

at

Munnaq

erala

n 22.05.2010

pproved

hedocumeml

ifl 'h

orrlre

ommenls'

Thedocument

afterncorporaiing

omments

fcouncil

Members

rrrzts

ptlrorrrcl

),r

he

converpr

of

Highways

rociflcations

litandards

ommittee

or

printin0'

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

11/49

1.3

lFtC:Sf):89-21]10

1.1

PurPose

These

uidelines

uggest

he riteria

or rnproving

he

engineering

iopertieslsrrils

rrcl

ranuli;rr

ntaterials

sed

or

pavem(lnt

asecourses,

ub-base

oursesndsubgrade'sy trer Se;rf

additives/stabilizers,

hiclh

are

rnixed

nto

the

soil/granular

aterials o

elilect

lte:desirrd

improvement.

number ,fadditives

are

irvailable

o improve

he

physical

nd engineerirrlJ

properties

f

hese

materierls;

owever,

his

cJocument

estricts

tself

o stabilize

ssur:tl

s

im's,

cement,

ly ash

or a

mixturr: {

he

aboveadditives.

1.2

Scope

These

guidelines

rescribe

he appropriate

ypeor

types

of

additives

o

ber :sed

ilh

lifferent

soil

ypes,

procedures

or

deterrnining

design

reatment

evel

or each

ype

oi atJclijiive

nd

recommended

onstructic,n

ractices

or ncorporating

headditive

nto

he

s'cil. hers;erriteila

areapplicable

o alltype

of

roads

and

airfielcis

aving slabilized

avement,ayer.

Definitions

a)

Sol'ls;

aturally ccurring

raterials

hatare

used or

lhe

c;{instruciiL:tt

f z;tll

except

he surface

ayers

of

pavernents

i.e.,

oncrete rrd

aspha.lt)

nd

trirt

aresubjrect

o classificalion

ests

lS

1498)

o

provide

gr;neral's)ncept

rf

their

ng

neering

;haracteristics,

b)

Additive,s: anufacturerJ

omrrrercial

roductshat,whenadded o

llresoil

n

lhe

properquantilies,

mprove

ome

enginearirrg'l

a;':iclolislics

rl ther oil

such

as

strerrglh,

exture,

orkabilily,

nd

ptasticity.

dditirre.s;

rddrerx;r:dn his

manual re

imited o

ccnrt:nt,

imealtd

Flyash.

c)

gabilization:

tiabilization

s

he

process

fblending nd

nixirrg

stoiials

ilih

a soil

o

improve

ertain

roperties

f

he soil.

The

process

may

ncludtl he

blending

f

soils o aclrirsve

desired

radation

rthe

nixirtgl

corrnerr.:ially

availabler

ddiliveshal may

alter

he

gradation,

exlure r

plilr;ticity,

)r

acl

as

a

binder

c,r

ernenlation

f

the

soil.

o)

Mechanical

tabilization:

echanicaltabilization

s

accom[,lishe,J

ry

mixing

or blending oilsof two or more

gradations

r mixing oil

vr,ith

grlregatras

o

obtain

a

material

meeting he

required

pecification.

he

srril

blernding ily

take

place

atthe conshuclion

ite,

a central

lant,

r

a bonc'w

area.

lr':blsrdcd

materials

thenspreadand compacted

o

required

ensities y

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

12/49

IRC:[ iP:89-2010

ol additive

o be

used

s

depentjerrt

pon

1:he

oil

Olassification

nd

he

degree

of

mprovement

n soilquality

esired'

enerally,

maller

mounts

faddilives

a r e r e q u i r e d wh e n i t i s s i m p l y c e s i r er j t o n r o : l i f y s o i | p r op e r t i e s s u

gradation,workabi|ityandplasticitl.Whetlitisdex;iredtoimp,rovelhestr

and durabitity

ignificanily,

argerr

uantities

l

iadcJitive

rr3

usad.

After

the

additive

has been

mixed

with

tre

soil,spreading,

prinkling

water

an d

compactionatoMCareachietredbycon.renli.onia|means.

I

Modificafion:

odification

eft:rs

o

the

r;tabiliziltion

rocess

hat

results

n

improvement insomeproper t .yc , f theso i lbu tdoesnot ,by rJes ign ,

significanl

ncrease

n

soil

strength

nd

dttrability'

t.4

EtfectivenessofStabilization

ravemenl

desigrr

s based

on

he

premise

hat

nrinimu.rn

pe,cifi,:d

tructural

trength

will

be

achieved

or each

ayer

of

material

n

the

pavemerntyslent'Eiar:hayermustresist hearing'

avoid

excessive

eflections

hat

cause

aligue

rackjng

ithirn

he

:ryer

r

n overlying

ayers

and

prevent xcessive

ermanent eformalion

hrough

ensiiicirtic'n'

{s

the

quality

f

a soil

ayer

s

irrcreased,

he

abrlity

{

hat

ayer o

distribute

hraoird

over

a

greatr3r

rea

s

generallyncreased

so

hat

a reduclion

n he

required

hickness

l

he

pavernent

ayerrs

ay

be

prermitted'

ome

ol

the

attributes

l

soil

modificatioir/stabilization

re

ndicalecl

elovr'

a)

eualily

improvemenf

The

nost

comm()rl

rnp'rovements

chieved

hrough

stabitization

nclude

better

s;oil

radation,

er:lluction

f

plasticity

ndex

or

swelling

olential

nd

ncrearse,

n

dunabili\'and

trength'

n wet

wealher,

stabilization

ay also

be useC

c

provicler

vror:1

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IHC:SP:89-20lCl

CHAPTER

MECHANICAL TABLIZATION

2.'t lt|echanical

Stabilization

Mochanical tabilizatron

s

a

process

n which

materials

re

propc,rtionrxl

o obtaindesired

gradation

nd

plzrsticityf he

mlx.Correctly

roportioned

aterial

aggregzrte

rrd

soil)can

be

adequalely ompacted

o

form a

mechanically

table

pavemenl

a1'sr.'t'"1r ethod

s

called

rner;hanical

latr i l ization.

hus;

he

basic

principles

n this

rnett^od

f stabiliziation

re

:

a)

Proportioning

lnd

b)

Compaaion.

f

a

granular

oilcontaining

eglligible

ines

:s nixecJ

ith

a

certain

roportion f

binder oil,

l Ls

ossible

o

ncrease

hestabilit,l.

imilariy

he :;tability

f a

firn

grained

soil

can

be

considerablymproved

y mixinga suitatrle

rol)rsrtionrf granular

rrnterialo geta desiredgradation.

Mechanical

tabilization

as

been successfully

pplied or

sub-baser

nd biirse

ourse

conslruclion.

l

hasak;o

been

usedas a

surface ourse or

owcost oads ;uc:h

s

village

oaG

when

he traffic

ernd

ainfall

re

ow.

The

desirable

roperties

f soil aggrol;ates;

rixturgs re

sirength;

ncompressibility;

ewer

changes n

volume

and stability

rith ilr,atiorrs

in

moisture

content;

ood

drarinage;

ess rost

susceptibility

ndeaseof compaclion.t is

glenererlly

elieved

ihat

he

stability

f

a soil aggregale

mix

can be ncreased

y

ncreasingts

rjry

den:sity.

ence

prolrcrtioning

f

rnixes

s

done o

altain

maximum

ry density.

The

actors

o be

consideredn tre

design

of

mixare

gradation,

ensity,

rrcl'cx

,roperties

nd

stability.

f

these,

he

gradation

s the

most nrpodant

actor,

he

parlicle

;i;urlislnbution

hat

givesmaximumdensity s genorally imedat. Fuller's ormulanrzry e u$ed o obtain he

theorelicalgradalion

ormaxirnum

ensity

nd s

given

by:

wtnre

p=

100 d/D) 'z

P

-

per

cent

iner tran

diameter

d'

(mm)

n hematerriarl

D

=

diameler

of lhe argest article,

mm

'l-he

following

are

the

recommended

values

ol the

liquid

imil

and

plar;tic

rrde:

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

15/49

IRC:S;F':,89-11O10

2.2 Design

of

Mechanically

Stabilized

Mixes

Whena fewmaterials re availablen henear icinity f site, t s necessan/crmix he in sur::lt

a

proportion,

which would

produce

a mix

v,tith ighest

density-As

an exampl,e

f coar:;;e

aggregate, and

and

ine

soilare availablefrom

hreedeposits rborrow

its,

t

s

irsl :sserntial

to decide

he

proportion

f

these

cornponenl

alerials.

he

most

cornmonlyr,Jopted

raphhal

rnethodor

proportioning

:;

he

Rothfutch's

nethod.

etails

fRothfutch ethocj re

rrc:sented

n

Section .2.3.

he

design

based

on

combining

womaterials

soiland

ggregates)on

he lasis

of heir

sieveanalysis

o

a,chieve

pecified

radations given

below:

o

Column and6 in he

Table

ive

he

parlicle

ize istributionfmate

rialA

td

B

which

do not satisfy he

gradalion

equirement

f he specificatirrn.

o

Column shows he

standard

ieve izes,

olurnn

shorars

h

e recornrmended

limits or

a

particular

avernent

ourse ndcolumn shovvs

he

avenlge

aluc

of corra;ponding

imits

hown

n

colui'nn

.

.

ThG nvt>rseatio

of he

otals

n columns and 7

gives

her

roporlirrn

'f he

materials

o tp mixed o obtain hedesiredmix.

A :

B

=

z l 5 :

39

1

3 ) .

r

Mixing 5

percent

f he nraterialAnd75

percent

f

malerial woul,clgive

he

desired

gradation

s

sholn in heTable.

Table I Mixing

of Aggregates

or

DesiredGradation

Numerical

Difference

between

rnaterialA

and

average

percent

passing

MaterialA

percent

passing

Sieve size Recomm-

ended

Limils

percent

passing

Average

percent

passing

Materiall

I

Nurneric:

B

percerrt

I

oinierenc

passin'g

I

betfwerer

I material

I

B

anrJ

I

I

average

I

perrcerrt

I

pasising

Col 1 Col2

Col3

C o l 4

Col

5

Col 6

|

(. i l l7

100

40 mm

100 100

10 0

t1

98

20

mm

80-100

90

7i) l 7

26

94

10

nm

55-80

68

5r;

t 3

33 B3

4.75

mm

40-60

411

8

32

72

2.36mni

30-50

' 4 0

3ft

5

33

55

600

pm

15-30

22

21

1

7

1 7 75

pm

5 -15

1 0

I

1

Total

139

Tot;l l

,4

N;ffi;ll

difiierence

I

belfweren

I

material

I

ElanrJ

I

average

I

perrcent

I

pasisrng

I

i-iil-

-l

---:-*-l

-ir--

I

;__

I

--r-

I

*----*"-1

5 l

-------*-"-t

. 1__

i

1 l

g,l--,gl

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

16/49

IRC:SP:89-2010

22.'l Stabilization sing soft aggregates

lt.le*-a's,nethod

of

stabitization)

Whenhardvariety faggregatess nol ocally vailabler,he ocalsoftaggregatesmayhave o

be

used or

conslruclion

n

order o keep

he

ccxtstrur:tion

ost

as

low

as

possible.

The soft

aggregate

have owcrushing

trength

and

o,w

r3gregette

mparct

alue.

Still

hey

have

been

adopted

n

the construction

f mechanically tallilizerJ

ub-lca:,;e,

ase

course

and

even in

wearing

course

ayers.

Commonly sed

softaggregatesrx

ncad

c}nstruclion

re

kankar,moorum,

latedteand

broken rick

ggregates. ecause

lf

l'ie

ou,s;lrength,

hese

aggrcgates re

ikely

o

break

down

at

their

points

f

conlact. f thesezrggregatr..r;

aremilled

with

surtable

roportion

f

soil

so

hat

eacir

particle

f

sotlaggregate

s

ervek>ped

y

soil, here

wouldnotbe

any

problem

of

crushing f

hese

aggregates

uring

compaotionr

unCrertrafl'ric

oad.

Mehra's

nethocl

f

construclion

an

be

adopted

orcons':ruction

l

lowvolume

ural

oads.

n

his

method,

basecourse naterial

onsisis

of conrpa,c;ted

oil

with

s;,and

ontent

of

size

ess han

0.425mm and

greater

han0.075mm)beingnot ,ssshan150'ert.:entndplasticigndex5 to 7.

Wearing

coursematerialmnsists

of brick

aE;reglates

ndsoil mixed

n the

ratio of 1:2. The

sand content

n the

soil

shouldbe less han

3il

prrcenl:

lnd

ptas;ticily

ndex

9

to 12. However,

when biluminous

urface

reatment

s required/de:;ired,

ne

pl:rsticity

ndex

s;hould

e

imited

o

8

lo 10.This

method,

roposed

y

Prof.S.R.Mehra,

s

br:iefly

iivern

elow:

1)

Soilis

collected

rom

approved

orrovv

its

aLrxl

lackedorr

oadside.

2)

Water

s

added

upto OMC and

soil s rrrixec|

.rrd

pread

o

desired

camber

and

grade.

3)

11,5

m

thick

oose

base

coursermateriai

sandy

oil)

s

spread

nd rolled

y

8 tonnes

oller

o a

compacterJ

lrickness

f

7.S

;m.

4)

Surface

ourse

malerial briclk

glgregatc'

nrJ ,cil

n

the

ralio

t:2)

mixed

with

adequalewater s spread o 11.{i m cos,ahiicknessnd l"reayer s rolledby

I tonnes oller

o

a compacterJ

hickness

f

7.5

r::m.

5) After olling,

he

surface s

wraterred

nrj

eft ol'ernight.

he

surface s

again

rolled

nd inished.

6) The

oad

s

closed

o

traffic or

4-15

ays

urdkepr: prinkled

urithwater. For

next

few

days,

only

ubber-tyred

raflic

sallolvr:d

nd

after

about

2 weeks,

he road

is

opened

o

alltraffic.

Mehra's;

relhod

l

construction

an carry

S0

onnes

of

traffic

per

day in

places

of

liglrt ainfalrl.

ith biluminous

irrfacing,

he road

gives

atisfactory

ervice

upto

2{)0

onnes

per

cl,ay ven

n

places

with

hearry

rainfall.

tL2-2

DesiEn

of mechanically

stabilized

mi.res:

c'ombining

two

materials

based

on

plasticity

L-et

here

be wo

soils

A

and B which

are

o

be

nrirerrJ

o

gert

soil

cf

required lasticity

ndex

p.

fitep-l

Deterrnine

he

plasticity

ndex

ol he wo

soiis. ell

hesr.-

e Po

anri

p,

for soilA

and

SoilB

respectivety.

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

17/49

IRC:SP:89-2010

Step2

Determine

rom

sieve

analysis

or each

soil'

h'e

']rcentttlle

f

nlaterial

pa:;sing 25

micron

sieve.

Lei

hese

be So

and

S,

for

he

Soil

A and

SOilB

rerspectively.

hen

he

percentage f SoilA o bemiied witn SoitB to gel the desiired rlasticitynclex.e" P,

is

given

by

the

relation:

e / p - . p '

Materiat

%

=

ss(p;hqi=il

2.2.3

Rothfutch

method

or

design

of

soil-aggregale

rixes;:

Rothfutcfr

nethod s

adopted

when

a

number

of

materials

are

o be mblerJ

ogether

o obtain

a

combined

material

conforming

o a desired

gradalion.

t is

to

brnolied

hat nonei

of

these

individual

onsliluents

f

combined

materialwould

e

abrle

o satisl/

he d'r'sired

radation'

he

ratio

of

mixing

hese

ndividual

onstituents

s

determined

iased

n methodology

pnrposed

y

Rothfutcl"r.

n

his

process,

he

irst lep

wouldbe

o detenninerthe

e::ireclgradation.

lris

maybe

based

on

the specificationimitsor as per theoretical rquatiorri'uenby Fulleror other

research,ers.

he

procedure

nvolves

rawing

he

gradaiion urve:ion

graph

paper and

hen

{inding

rrt

optimurn

mix

proportion

s

described

elow:

.

On

a

graph

sheet

percent

passing s

rnarlrecl n Y

iaxis n a

suir;able

inear

scale.X axis epresents

he

particle

ize

Cistribuilpn,

rrhich

s to

tre rnarked,

based

on desired

radation.

"

The

comer

O and

O'are

oined

ystraigiit

ine.

.

OO'represents

equired

radationinet'

.

Sieve

sizes

are marked

corresponding

o

percent

;:assing

of

required

gradation.

hiscan be

done

by ocating

he average

ercentagespecified

or

anyparticularieve,ocatinghatpoint

cn

lreY axir; nd lnen

proceeding

o cut

the

ine

OO'.

Atthe

point

of

intersection

f ltis

horizcrntalline

nd OCI,

a

vertical

line s

drawn

o cut

X axis.

This

ntersalion

poitrt

orr

,l.iaxis represents

he

sieve

sizeselected

or.the

esired

rachlrion.

n

hismanner,all

he

.sieve

izes

-are

marlced ne by one on

the X

axis.

o

Gradatkrn

istribution f matorials

,

B

and

C

arer

hren

drawn,

by

using

he

.

sieve

sizes

marked

n

the X axisand

lher

ercenl,age

iner

rnarked

on

Y axis.

.

Balancing

ine

or

rnaterials

, B and

C a,re

rrawrr

n such

a

way

that

area

on

either

itjeof balancing

ine

and

gradation

urve le

a1ui,tl,

alancing

ines

are

straight

ineswhich

represent he

paniiclesizer

istri.rution

f

respective

.

material n a best

possible

manner.'[his;

an be

acccmplished

by usinga

,

lransparenl

plaslic

scale,

moving

t

on either

sider

f

tf

re material

gradation

curveandcounting

he

number

f square's

nclo,sedetweenbalancingin e

.

and

material

radation

urve.

The

balarrr;ing

ine ;houlrJ

e

drawn

n

such a

mannerhat

number f

squares

area)

n

either icle

f

balancing

ine

and

he

selectect

radation

urve

hould

eequat.

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

18/49

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

19/49

IRC:Sit) :BSl-2t l) ]0

CHAPTER

3

GENERAL

.CUIOT'IIruES

FOR

SOIUGRANULAR

ATERIALS

TITBILIZANON

3.1

Factors

o be

Considered

ln

the

selection

f

a stabiliz{lr,

he

taclors

hal

must

be

considered

rer

hr:

ype

lf

Soil

r:

be

stabilized,

he

purpose

ior

which

he

statlilized

ayer

s

used,

he

soil

mSrrovement

esirecl

he

required

trength

ncl

urabillty

f

thestabilized

ayer

nd

he

cost

and

en"rirg'rmenlal

onditions'

The

ollowing

arameters

re

required

O

beconsidered

hile electing

he

ype

:f

S;labiliz'ilr'

soit

types

and

additive.s:

here

maybe

more

han

orne

andidale

labilizer

applicable

or

particular oiltype.

owever,

hereare

sorn(|

ener(rl

ui&riines

thal

rnake

specific

stabilizers

ore

effeclive

baseld

ln

soil

grarrularity,

plastbity, rtexture.

Portland

ement

orexample

an

ie used

witlr

varir*yof

soil

ypes;

ho,wever,

incel is mperativehat he cement enrrxedntinrately

with

he

Jines;

raction

less

han0.075

mm size),

he

mcre

plastiic rattrrials

should

be

avoidetj.

Generally,

ell-graded

ranularmalerials

i^ral

ollsess

sulticient

ines

o

produce

floating

ggregate

matrix

h,cmogen':,us

ni:rlure)

arebest

suited

or

cemenf

tabilization.

ime

will eacl,

ith

soils

of mediurn

o

high

plasricity

o

produce

ecreased

lasticity,

ncreasocl',vorlr:abrlity,

educed

swell

and

ncreased

trength.

ime

s used

o

stabilize

variety

of

matilrials

inclurling

eak

subgrade

oils,

ransforming

henr

nto

l

"workingah"e"

r

suFtrase;

and

wirh naroinal

ranular ase

materials,

'e',

clay'gravelrs'

'61t1t'

gravt:ls,

o

{orm a strong,

igh

quality

ase

course.

Fly'

tn

is

a

po:zzr::rlanic

material,

.e- t

react$

with

ime

n

powdered

orm

n

prcsnce

f

ruaier

:rrrd

s,

therefore,

lrnostalways

se.d

ncombination

ilh ime

n

soils

iral

tave

illJe

r

no

plastic

ines.

t

has

oftenbeen ounddesirableo us;r: s;rnall rnottnt f

Portlnnd ement

with ime

and

lyash

or

added

lrent3th

hiscorttbirra

ron

of

Lime-cernerrt-Fly

sh

LcF)hasbeen

used

successlfully

n suhrbaso

r:)urse

slabiization.

GeneralGuidetines.The

ollowing re

general

uide

ines

when

consirJering

stabilization

ithdifferent

dditives.

3 .1 .1

Lime

stabihization

Clay,eyoils

ncluding

eavy lays,

moorum

ndother

so

s met

vvithin rlluvial

plains

can

be effectively

reated

wilh ime.

For

effectiver

tabili:lation,

soil

muSl,

avea

fraction

assing

25micron

Sieve

ot

erss

han

5

;len-rerrt

nd

Plasticityndex Pl)should eal east

10

percent.

For effective

tabilization,

t

b desirable

hat

he

percentage

etained

ttl425

micr,ln

ievet

hquld

e

well

gradedwith

uniforrnity

oeflir:ienl

tol.

esr; han

5'

a)

b)

11

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

20/49

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

21/49

IRC:SP:89-20.10

combustionofpulverisetlcoal. l tcontainsreactivesi| icaancalurriniunr

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

22/49

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

23/49

'

IFIC:SF:89-2010

eftective

eaction

ith

glsry

ineralso orrn ementitiousompounds.

imel.fc,r

tabilizittiorrshall

conformo he inenessr:quirementf classC hydratedimeas specifiedn S 1514 r:r Si :l2,

which

s as

underr

lable

2):

Table

2

Requirement

ol

Fineness

or Lime

Stabilization

P'assing

.No

Sieve

Size

Micron) Percentage

1 )

850

1 0 0

2)

300

99

(Minintt

3)

2 12

95

Mini

Mininrum)

3.2

b)

Cement:

Cement

or

cement slabilization

hould

omplywith fre

requireme,nb

f

lS269.455or 1489.

3.2

(c)

FIya:;h:

Flyashmay

be romanthracitic

oal

or ignitic oal.

Fly

aslh

o be rsed

or

Lhe

purpose.of

oil-1lime-lly

sh

stabilizalion

hould onformo

the requirement;

iven

n

Terbtr::3

and 4.

tm )

Tlable3

Ghemical

Requirements for Fly Ash as a Pozzoll;rna

Sl .

No.

Characteristics

Requirer

Fl y

nents

lor

I

ttllethocl

Ash

I

of Tr:st

Anthracitic

fly

ash

Llgniric

flyas;h

1 )

SiO.-r-

lrO., :erO.

n

percent

y

mass,Min

I U

50 I

l :S '1 i2 ,

2l SiO,

n

percenl

y rnass,Min

35 25 |

l:311'2-,7

e\

MgO

n

percerf

by mass,

Max 25

5.0

|

t:3

;'z;t

4)

SO. n

percent

y mass,

Max

2.75 3.5 | ilS17'27

5) Available

lkalies s NarO/KrO

in

percent

by mass,

Max

1 .5

1.5

I

lts

cl3i1

6)

Total,chloridesin

percent

y mass,

Max

0.05

cr.0l5

. l

i l i1 i '27

7)

Loss

on

gnitionn

percenl

y nass,

Max

5.0 5.rl

I

lS

1i'27

1 6

7/26/2019 IRC SP 89-2010

24/49

IRC:SP:89-20'10

Table

4

Physicat

Recluirement

or

Fly tsh

a$

a

Pozzolona

prernrei:rbilitY

Requirement

250

,

Max

40

3.5

ol

spr:cimern

n

0.8

in

mrn,

Vlax

1 0

3.3

Selection

of

Stabilizer

.

The selection

f

thestabilizer

s

based

on

plasticily nd

piirlic,le

size

istribution

f the

material

to

be

trealed.'rhe

appropriate

tabilizer

an

be

selectr;cJacccrding

o

ther

riterion

hown

n

Table

5.

Some

conlrot

ver

he

grading

an

be a:hievercl

y

irniting

he

coetficient

f

uniformity

to a minimum

valueof

5;

however,

t should

pnrierably e

rnore

han

10'

ll the

coefficient

{

uniforrnity

ies

below

5,

thecost

ol stabilization

illbe

hrgfr

nd

l^re

naintenarnce

f

cracks

n

he

finished oad

would

be

expensive.

i the

plasticitlof

scil

r;high

iere

are

usually

utficient

lay

minerals

hich

canbe

readily tabilized

ith

ime,.

errent

s more

ditficult

o

mix

ntimately

ith

plastic

material

buf

this

problem an

be alleviat,ed

y

pn;'treraling:the

oil

with

approximately

2

percent

ime.

Soiil

Properrties

More lhan

25olo

Passing

tl"re

Lel;s

0.075

mm

sieve

F l > : 2 0

P l < $ ,

pp