IPv6 for BroadcastersIPv6 for Broadcasters

Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, CBNTTexas A&M University

Office of Information TechnologyOffice of Information TechnologyEducational Broadcast Services

IPv6 for Broadcasters

Advertised Presentation Scope:

More and more content consumers are turning to the Internet in their consumption of broadcasterMore and more content consumers are turning to the Internet in their consumption of broadcaster content. This increased use of the Internet has also driven expansion of the Internet. Much of the expansion is occurring in an IPv6 only environment due to the shortage of conventional IPv4 address space. This webinar will introduce broadcast engineers to IPv6 and help equip them to make informed decisions about implementing IPv6 in their organizationsinformed decisions about implementing IPv6 in their organizations.

Goals & Deliverables:Wh t C Y E t i H ?What Can You Expect in Hour or so?

‐ An awareness of IPv6 networking technology (broadcast focused)- A basic understanding of the current state of the industry in technology fundamentals- Knowledge to help in making an informed decision about implementing IPv6- Suggestions on where to obtain further knowledge

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Agenda

• Introduction & Background ‐ IP Address Distribution & Status– InternationalInternational

– Regionally

• IPv6 Technology Fundamentals– Features

– Address Format & Notation

– IPv6 Addressing  & Allocation

• The Ipv6 Business Case

• Migration Strategies– Action Plans

– Migration Techniques

• Summary – Q&A

• Reference Sources

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Introduction & Background

• IPv4 Address Space is Depleted at the International LevelInternational Level

• Available IPv4 Address Space is Limited

• Increased Demand Will Likely Deplete Remaining IPv4 Space Quickly

• IPv6 Must Be Adopted to Support Growth

IP 6 D l t i U d !• IPv6 Deployment is Underway!

http://ipv6.he.net/statistics/

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Available IPv4 Space in /8s 

5

5 Regional Internet Registriesg g

6

IP Address Distribution

• Assigned Internationally by “Internet Corporation for Assigned Names andAssigned Internationally by  Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)” to One of 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIR)

• Allocated in North & South America by “American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)”

– US

– Canada

– South America

– Caribbean

• Most User IP Addresses Obtained from an Internet Service Provider ‐ ISP

– Exceptions: Large Companies / Organizations, Higher Education, Federal & State Government, etc.

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IPv4 Address DepletionIPv4 Address Depletion• Previous Press About IP Address Depletion

A f F b 2011 ALL ICANN IP 4 Add S A i d!• As of February 2011 ALL ICANN IPv4 Address Space Assigned!

• Regional Registries Now Have Their Last Allocation!

Source:h // /http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/plotvar.png

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IPv4 Run Down ModelIPv4 Run Down Model

Source:http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/plotvar.png

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IPv6 Technology Fundamentals i i kIETF – Internet Engineering Task Force

• Request for Comments – RFC’s• Request for Comments – RFC s

– The “Standards Bible” of the Internet

– Used to Explain All Aspects of IP Networking

– Nomenclature “RFC xxxx”

• Requirement Levels:

– Required

– Recommended

– Elective

– Limited Use– Limited Use

– Not Recommended

www rfc-editor org/rfc html

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www.rfc-editor.org/rfc.html

IPv6 Address SpaceIPv6 Address SpaceIETF ‐ RFC 2460

IPv6 Provides Expanded IP Address Space2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

(three hundred forty UNDECILLION addresses)(three hundred forty UNDECILLION addresses)3.4 x 1038

• But IPv6 is More Than Expanded Address Space:But, IPv6 is More Than Expanded Address Space:

– An Opportunity to Re‐Engineer IPv4• Improved Support for Multicasting, Security, & Mobile Aps

• Host Auto‐Configuration Capability

• Security Incorporated

• Traffic Engineering Provisions IncorporateTraffic Engineering Provisions Incorporate

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The IPv6 AddressThe IPv6 Address

128‐Bit Address Binary Format:001001100000011110111000000000001111101010100000000000110010000110010101100110001000011110111100010010000010100011110001001001100000011110111000000000001111101010100000000000110010000110010101100110001000011110111100010010000010100011110001

Subdivide Into Eight (8) 16‐bit Groups:0010011000000111   1011100000000000   0000111110101010   0000000000000011 0010000110010101   1001100010000111   1011110001001000   0010100011110001

Convert Each 16‐bit Group to Hexadecimal:p(separate with a colon)

2607:b800:0faa:0003:2195:9887:bc48:28f1

Apply Summarization:2607:b800:faa:3:2195:9887:bc48:28f1

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Address SummarizationAddress Summarization128‐Bit Address Represented as a 32 Hexadecimal Digits

Subdivided Into Eight Groups (Chunks, Quads, Quartets) of Four Hexadecimal Digits(separated by colon)

2001:0000:0000:0000:0DB8:8000:200C:417Aor

2001:0:0:0:DB8:8000:200C:417A oror

2001::DB8:8000:200C:417A 

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Address Summarization128‐Bit Address Represented as a 32 Hexadecimal Digits

Subdivided Into Eight Groups (Chunks, Quads, Quartets) of Four Hexadecimal Digits( d b l )(separated by colon)

2001:0000:0000:0000:0DB8:8000:200C:417Aor

2001:0:0:0:DB8:8000:200C:417A or

2001::DB8:8000:200C:417A 

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Address Mask• Every IPv6 Address is Divided Into Routed Portion & Host Portion

• Mask Specifies the Block Size To‐Be‐Routed

128 bits

Network Portion Host Portion

0x001 IANA Allocated Global Routing Prefix

SLA(Subnet ID)

Interface ID

Provider Site

Network Portion Host Portion

3 bits 45 bits 16 bits 64 bits

EXAMPLE: Global Unicast Address Format (Aggregatable & Routable)15

Address Mask• Like IPv4, an IPv6 Address is Divided Into Network Portion 

& Host Portion& Host Portion

• Mask Specifies the Block Size To‐Be‐Routed

128 bits

Network Portion Host Portion

0x001 IANA Allocated Global Routing Prefix

SLA(Subnet ID)

Interface ID

Provider Site

3 bits 45 bits 16 bits 64 bits

EXAMPLE: Global Unicast Address Format (Aggregatable & Routable)

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IPv6 Prefix(s)

IPv6

Address

Type

Designated

byby 

Prefix:

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IPv6 Address Notation

Classless Inter-Domain Routing “CIDR” Notation Utilized

CIDR Notation Represents An IP Address & Mask in a Shorthand Form:

IPv4: 165.95.240.136/nIPv6: 2607:b800:faa::/n

Where n represents the number of bits in the subnet mask

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ARIN IPv6 Address Allocation Policies• End‐User / Enterprise Network

– Qualify by Meeting IPv4 Qualifications

/48 Mi i All t d– /48 Minimum Allocated

• 65,536 subnets

• Qualify for Larger Blocks by Justification of Proposed Use

All i G id li L Si /48– Allocation Guideline – Large Sites: /48

– Allocation Guideline – Small Sites: /56

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IPv6 Address AssignmentIPv6 Address Assignment

S i P id /32 232 /64 b t• Service Provider: /32 232  /64 subnets

• Large End User: /48 65,536 /64 subnets

• Small End User: /56 256 /64 subnets• Small End User: /56 256 /64 subnets

• SOHO: /64 1 /64 subnets

A /64 IPv6 subnet = 18,446,744,073,709,552,000 hosts

/notation = Number of subnet bits

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IP Addressing Challenges“Overcoming the IPv4 Mindset”

• Address Plan – “May Be the Most Difficult Aspect”Address Plan  May Be the Most Difficult Aspect

– Must Overcome IPv4 Address Conservation Reflex

No More “VLSM”– No More  VLSM

– Address Assignment by Subnet Rather Than Host

IP 6 Add A A i d t I t f– IPv6 Addresses Are Assigned to Interfaces(Hosts are likely to have multiple IPv6 addresses)

– Do Not Deviate From /64 Subnet Size– Do Not Deviate From /64 Subnet Size

– Simplify Network Management and Configuration

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IPv6 Address Types

• Unicast – One‐to‐One MappingGl b l U i t Add– Global Unicast Address

– Unique‐Local Unicast Address (non‐Routable or Private)– Link‐Local Unicast

• Multicast – One‐to Many Mapping– Multicast Groups Established

• Anycast – One‐to‐Nearest Mappingy pp g– Packets Are Delivered to the “Closest, Nearest, or Lowest‐Cost” 

Interface• Global Anycast• Site‐Local Anycast• Link‐Local Anycast

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Familiar TCP/IP Tools(Wi XP Sh )(Win XP Shown)

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Routing Protocols for IPv6“Just Need to Proper Version”

• Interior Gateway Protocols – “IGP”Interior Gateway Protocols  IGP– RIPng  (RFC 2080)

OSPFv3 (RFC 5340)– OSPFv3  (RFC 5340)

– IS‐IS (RFC 5308)

EIGRP f IP 6– EIGRP for IPv6

• E terior Gate a Protocols “EGP”• Exterior Gateway Protocols – “EGP”– BGP‐4

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IPv6 Representationp

• IPv6 Address in a URL:

In IPv4:  https://192.168.1.1:8080

In IPv6: Address 2001::0DB8:8:200C:417AEntered in URL within [Brackets]

as: https://[2001::0DB8:8:200C:417A]:8080

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IPv6 EnhancementsRe‐Engineering Beyond Increased Address SpaceRe Engineering Beyond Increased Address Space

• IP Header Format Simplification

• Improved Support for Extensions and Options

• Improved Flow Labeling Capability

• Improved Authentication and Privacy Capabilities

• Host Auto‐Configuration

• Mobility Incorporatedy p

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IPv4 & Ipv6 Header Simplification

Ipv6

Version(4)

Traffic Class(8)

Flow Label(20)

Payload Length(16)

32 bits

Hop Limit(8)

Next Header(8)

Source IP Address(128)

Destination IP Address(128)

40Bytes

Packet Payload(Transport Layer Data)

Fewer Fields & Fixed Header Size Result in Faster Packet Processing Providing Enhanced Routing Efficiency

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Improved Support for Extensions

• Provides Faster Processing & Future Protocol Evolution• Extension Headers Are Not Required ‐ The Number of Headers if Used 

is Variable• Extension Headers Provide End‐to‐End Visibility• Extension Header Types:

– RoutingFragmentation– Fragmentation

– Authentication– Encapsulation– Hop‐by‐Hop Option

Destination Options– Destination Options

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Improved Flow Labeling Capability

• Provides Enhanced Handling of Real‐Time Traffic

T L b l P k t i S ifi Fl• Tags or Labels Packets in a Specific Flow

• A Specific Flow Represents an Application Packets at Source or Destination

• Provides Enhanced Routing Efficiency– Faster Identification & Differentiation

– Supports Multilayer Switching

– Enhanced QoS Support

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Improved Authentication and Security

• IPsec is Mandatory in IPv6IP 6 I N t N il M S Th IP 4– IPv6 Is Not Necessarily More Secure Than IPv4

• Mandatory Implementation Ensures Enhanced Security:– Data Integrity

– Authentication

– ConfidentialityConfidentiality

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Host Auto‐Configuration

Host ID Generated from MAC Address:

Generated IPv6 Address: 2002:80c2:f737::80c2:f737

For Host with MAC Address: 80:C2:F7:37

Simply Saves Network Administrators Work!Stateless Auto‐ConfigurationStateful Auto ConfigurationStateful Auto‐ConfigurationAuto‐Configuration Process:

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Mobility Incorporated

• Provides Roaming Service Without Interrupting Connectivity– Ability to Move Between Networks

– Maintains Home IP Address Regardless of Location

– Establishes Care‐Of IP Address When In a “Foreign” NetworkEstablishes Care Of IP Address When In a  Foreign  Network

• Similar in Concept to IPv4 Mobile IP

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IPv4 and IPv6C i SComparison Summary

IPv4Developed: 1973-1977Deployed: 1981

IPv6Developed: mid 1990’sDeployed: 1999Deployed: 1981

232 or 4.3 Billion Addresses

“More Than An one

Deployed: 19992128 or 340 Undecillion Addresses

“More Than Anyone Could Possibly Use” “More Than Anyone Could

Possibly Use”Address Based Assignment Unit /32 Network Based

Assignment Unit /64Assignment Unit /64

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The IPv6 Business CaseThe IPv6 Business Case

• Predictions & EvolutionPredictions & Evolution

• Do You Have an IPv6 Business Case Today?Business Case Today?

• What is the Motivation?

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Where is IPv6 Growth?Where is IPv6 Growth?• Internationally:

‐ Developing Countries

‐ Asian‐Pacific Region

• In US, Those Needing for Large Quantities of IP Address Space:

B db d A P id‐ Broadband Access Providers

‐ Wireless Access Providers

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Is the Year of IPv6 Here?Is the Year of IPv6 Here?

• Major Broadband Providers Now Deploying:Major Broadband Providers Now Deploying:– Comcast

– Time Warner CableTime Warner Cable

– AT&T

• Consumer Electronics Association predictsConsumer Electronics Association predicts emergence of IPv6 enabled TVs, Blu‐Ray Players, and related consumer devices in 2013

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IPv6 Implementation?IPv6 Implementation?

• Why Slow in US?Why Slow in US?– The “FUD” Principle Occurs

– US Has Largest Available  Allocationsg

– “Does Not Apply to Me” – I Have adequate IP Address Space

– Another IT Industry “Crying Wolf” Event

– Low Priority – No “ROI” Seen

37

Migration StrategiesContent or Eyes ?

“Producer of Content” or “Consumer of Content”Y lf idYou may see yourself as a content provider, but the content world may see you as eyes.

This Can Have Different Impact for:

• Broadband Access Providers• Internet Service Providers• Internet Content Providers• Enterprise Customersp• Equipment Vendors• Government Organizations

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MigrationMigration

• Call to Action – Content Providers or “Broadcasters”Call to Action  Content Providers or  Broadcasters

– Be Reachable By New IPv6 Only Internet Customers

– Be Reachable Without Translation Solutions

– Provide the “Best Quality” Experience to Content Consumer

– Provide “Outward” Facing Services in IPv4 and IPv6

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Viewing the NetworkViewing the Network

IPV6Only

“ContentConsumer”

Your Network

Consumer”

Your Network“Content Provider” IPV6

Only

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I Am Ready to Implement IPv6“What Next?”

• Gotta Have a Plan!

• Evaluate Network– Core

– Data Center

– DMZ

– Internal

• Evaluate Applications

• Evaluate Server Op Systems

• Establish Address Plan

• Understand DNS Challenges

I l t Pil t!• Implement a Pilot!

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IPv6 Implementation TechniquesIPv6 Implementation Techniques

• Native– Separate IPv4 and IPv6 Networks

– IPv4 and IPv6 “Dual Stack”

• Tunnel

• Translation Based– Multiple Layer NAT – CGN

NAT64– NAT64

– NAT44

Preference

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Migration Techniques“Dual‐Stack”

Hosts Run IPv4 and IPv6 Simultaneously But IndependentlyHosts Run IPv4 and IPv6 Simultaneously, But Independently

Advantages:Gradual IPv6 Host ImplementationNo Translation Devices – No Added Latency

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Migration Techniques“Tunnel”

44

Migration Techniques“Translation”

45

Migration Techniques “6 to 4” Translation6 to 4  Translation

46

TranslationTranslation

But, Translation Is Bad for Real-Time Traffic!

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Why IPv6?y

• Reduction of Dependency Upon IPv4 Address Space for Growth

• Restores the End‐End Communications Path Model of the Global Internet

• Enhances Overall Routing Efficiency

• Improved Security Increases Security and Confidentially

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Takeaway Summary

• The Industry is Predominantly IPv4 Based Today• IPv4 Demand Continues…..IPv4 Availability Pool Rapidly Decreasing– “6‐4” Translation is Not the Solution – Especially With Real‐Time Media– NAT for IPv4 Is Not the Solution – Especially With Real‐Time Media

• IPv6 Must Be Adopted for Continued Growth• IPv6 is NOT Backward Compatible With IPv4• Expect IPv4 and IPv6 To Be Maintained for Many Years to Come• IPv6 Address Allocation Focuses Upon Subnet Allocation, NOT Address 

Allocation• IPv6 Is Still IP!

49 49

An Ipv6 Address You Can RememberAn Ipv6 Address You Can Remember

h b k ddThe IPv6 Loopback Address

::1Summarized from:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1

Equivalent of the IPv4 Loopback Address: 127.0.0.150

Some Final TriviaSome Final TriviaWhat Happened to Version 5 or IPv5 of the Internet 

Protocol?

“IPv5 Simply Does Not Exist!“IPv5 Simply Does Not Exist!Version 5 was intentionally skipped to avoid confusion, or at least to rectify it. The problem with version 5 relates to an experimental TCP/IP protocol called the Internet Stream Protocolwith version 5 relates to an experimental TCP/IP protocol called the Internet Stream Protocol, Version 2, originally defined in RFC 1190. This protocol was originally seen by some as being a peer of IP at the Internet Layer in the TCP/IP architecture and these packets were assigned IP version 5 to differentiate them from “normal” IPv4 packets. This protocol never went anywhere but to be absolutely sure that there would be no confusion version 5 was skippedanywhere, but to be absolutely sure that there would be no confusion, version 5 was skipped over in favor of version 6.”

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Reference Sources:• IPv6 Reference Texts:

– Deploying IPv6 Networks – Ciprian Popoviciu– IP Address Management Principals & Practice – Timothy Rooneyg p y y– IPv6 Essentials – Silvia Hagen– Migrating to IPv6 – Marc Blanchet

• IETF ‐ RFC Documents:  www.rfc‐editor.org

• IP Address Block Size Chart:  https://www.arin.net/knowledge/cidr.pdf 

• IPv4 Address Rundown Models:  http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

• IPv6 Reference Websites:

– www.getipv6.info– www.ipv6forum.comwww.ipv6forum.com– www.GoGo6.com– http://www.6diss.org/e-learning/index.html

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www.GoGo6.comwww.GoGo6.com

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Learn More:IPv6 Enable Your Network

But, My Provider is Not IPv6 Enabled!

Then “Tunnel” to anThen  Tunnel  to an IPv6 Provider:

http://www.tunnelbroker.net/

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IPv6 Test Web Sites

http://ipv6-test.com/

http://v6.testmyipv6.com/

www.ARIN.net

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IPv6 Device Support Today• Desktop OS:

– Microsoft XP, Vista, & 7

– MAC OS X (no DHCP6 support)

– LINUX (2.6 kernal)

• Server OS:

– Microsoft Server 2008R2

– LINUX

• Ethernet Switches: (NOTE ‐ Layer 2 devices 

are not generally concerned with a Layer 3 address)

– Cisco

– JuniperJu pe

– HP Procurve (model specific)

• Enterprise Routers:

– Cisco

– Juniper– Juniper

• Consumer Routers:

– D‐Link

– Cisco – Linksys (WRT Only)

N t– Netgear

56Source: Stan Barber – Academ Consulting

Vinton Cerf“One of the Fathers of the Internet”

"Who the hell knew how much address space we needed for an experiment?“

“The experiment has not ended”“Vint” Cerf comments on his & colleagues 1977 decision to use 32‐bit IP Numbers

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? Questions ?? Questions ?

Thank Youfor Attending!

Wayne M. PecenaTexas A&M Universityyw‐pecena@tamu.eduN1WP@tamu.edu