IPv4 versus IPv6 - Who connects faster? - IFIP Networking ... · IPv4versusIPv6-Whoconnects faster? Introduction Motivation ResearchQuestion ResearchContributions Methodology Metrics

IPv4 versus IPv6 -Who connects

faster?

IntroductionMotivation

Research Question

Research Contributions

MethodologyMetrics

Selection of Websites

Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial

Data AnalysisTCP Connect Times

Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References

AppendixComparing by Network Type

IPv4 versus IPv6 - Who connects faster?IFIP Networking 2015 Conference, Toulouse

Vaibhav [email protected]

Jürgen Schönwä[email protected]

Computer Networks and Distributed Systems Group,Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

May 2015

Leone Project: leone-project.eu

1 / 32

[email protected]

[email protected]

leone-project.eu


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Introduction | Motivation

▶ Large IPv6 broadband rollouts1 since World IPv6 Launch Day in 2012.▶ Increased global adoption of IPv6 to 6% (as seen by Google, May 2015).

Recent research [1] (2014) has shown:

▶ 3.5% of top 10K ALEXA websites announce AAAA in DNS.▶ 3.2% of top 10K ALEXA websites reachable over IPv6.

1Comcast, Deutsche Telekom AG, AT&T, Verizon Wireless, T-Mobile USA2 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Introduction | Research Question

Do users experience benefit (or an added penalty) whenconnecting to websites over IPv6?

3 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Introduction | getaddrinfo(…) behavior

1) native IPv6 routes...2) native IPv4 routes...3) IPv4-IPv6 Transitioning routes

getaddrinfo(...) preference:

TCP connection request

▶ Returns a list of endpoints in an order that prioritizes an IPv6-upgrade path.▶ The order is dictated by RFC 6724 [2] and /etc/gai.conf

4 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Introduction | Research Contributions

▶ Websites cluster around CDN deployments and show similar performance.▶ CDN clusters are different over IPv4 and IPv6.▶ CDN caches are largely absent over IPv6.▶ TCP connect times to IPv6 CDN clusters have improved over time.▶ IPv6 services from www.bing.com have stopped globally since 2013.▶ Google CDN blacklists some resolvers over IPv6.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare TCP connect times of topdual-stacked websites over IPv4 and IPv6.

5 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Methodology

6 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Methodology | Metrics

▶ Uses getaddrinfo(…) to resolve service names.▶ Uses non-blocking TCP connect(…) calls.▶ DNS resolution time is not accounted.▶ Can read multiple service names as arguments.▶ Can read service names list from a file.▶ File locking capability.▶ Sets a delay between connect(…) ; avoids SYN floods.▶ Can produce both human-readable & CSV output.▶ Cross-compiled for OpenWrt; Running on SamKnows.

happy1) endpoint 2) endpoint3) endpoint...n) endpoint

connection establishment times (µs)

1) service name2) port

happy.vaibhavbajpai.com.

% happy -q 1 -m www.google.com www.facebook.com

HAPPY.0;1360681039;OK;www.google.com;80;173.194.69.105;8626

HAPPY.0;1360681039;OK;www.google.com;80;2a00:1450:4008:c01::69;8884

7 / 32

happy.vaibhavbajpai.com.


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Methodology | Selection of Websites

▶ Hurricane Electric (HE) maintains a top 100 dual-stacked service names list2.▶ HE uses top 1M service names list from Alexa Top Sites (ATS)▶ HE does not follow CNAMES.

▶ Amazon has made the ATS top 1M service names list public3.▶ Prepared a custom top 100 dual-stacked service names list.▶ Explicitly follow CNAMES.▶ Prepend a www to each service name and cross-check any AAAA response.

2http://bgp.he.net/ipv6-progress-report.cgi

3http://s3.amazonaws.com/alexa-static/top-1m.csv.zip

8 / 32

http://bgp.he.net/ipv6-progress-report.cgi

http://s3.amazonaws.com/alexa-static/top-1m.csv.zip


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Methodology | Measurement Setup

▶ Frequency: Every hour.▶ Duration: Feb 2013 - Present DSL/Cable

ModemSamKnowsTests

Probe

ALEXA Dual-Stacked Top 100

resu

lts

HTTPS POST

TCP connect(...)IPv6!IPv4

happy

Data Collector

9 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Methodology | Measurement Trial

IPv6 Trial

Location CountryNancy France

Bucharest Romania

Meyrin Switzerland

Toronto Canada

Niigata Japan

Fukuoka Japan

Probe shipped, pending to come online ... Probes pending to be shipped ...

Location CountrySolna Sweden

Southampton UK

Alleur Belgium

Madrid Spain

Shizuoka Japan

TYPE IPv4 AS IPv6 AS LOCATION PROVIDER ID

RESIDENTIAL AS31334 AS31334 BREMEN KABELDEUTSCHLAND #02

RESIDENTIAL AS3320 AS3320 BREMEN DEUTSCHE TELEKOM #04

RESIDENTIAL AS50989 AS1257 STOCKHOLM SITAB #11

RESIDENTIAL AS4685 AS4718 FUKUOKA ASAHI NET #12

RESIDENTIAL AS12715 AS12715 MADRID JAZZ TELECOM #13

RESIDENTIAL AS9031 AS9031 ALLEUR EDPNET #17

RESIDENTIAL AS3320 AS3320 BREMEN DEUTSCHE TELEKOM #19

RESIDENTIAL AS2518 AS2516 SHIZUOKA BIGLOBE NEC #20

RESEARCH AS513 AS513 CERN CERN #16

NREN AS680 AS680 BREMEN DFN #01

NREN AS2614 AS2614 TIMISOARA ROEDUNET #08

NREN AS2611 AS2611 LOUVAIN BELNET #15

NREN AS680 AS680 BREMEN DFN #18

LAB AS5607 AS5607 LONDON BSKYB-BROADBAND #05

LAB AS3269 AS3269 TORINO TELECOM ITALIA #06

LAB AS8903 AS8903 MADRID BT ESPANA #07

LAB AS2856 AS5400 IPSWICH BT UK #10

IXP AS18070 AS18070 NIIGATA NDAC #14

BUSINESS AS24956 AS24956 BRAUNSCHWEIG GAERTNER DATENSYSTEME #03

BUSINESS AS13030 AS13030 OLTEN INIT SEVEN #09

10 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis4

4The results are derived from year-long measurements conducted between Feb 2013 - July 2014.11 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | TCP Connect Times (Probe #04)

101

102

103

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e (

mse

cs) SamKnows Probe: #04 [04-May-2013 CET to 23-May-2014 CET]

IPv4

big

lobe.n

e.jp

ww

w.a

ol.co

mw

ww

.appsp

ot.

com

ww

w.a

tt.c

om

ww

w.b

ing.c

om

ww

w.b

logger.

com

ww

w.b

logsp

ot.

co.u

kw

ww

.blo

gsp

ot.

com

ww

w.b

logsp

ot.

de

ww

w.b

logsp

ot.

inw

ww

.blo

gsp

ot.

jpw

ww

.blo

gsp

ot.

ruw

ww

.com

cast

.net

ww

w.d

eti

k.co

mw

ww

.double

clic

k.co

mw

ww

.elm

undo.e

sw

ww

.engadget.

com

ww

w.f

ace

book.

com

ww

w.f

bcd

n.n

et

ww

w.f

lipka

rt.c

om

ww

w.f

olh

a.u

ol.co

m.b

rw

ww

.fre

e.f

rw

ww

.google

.ae

ww

w.g

oogle

.at

ww

w.g

oogle

.az

ww

w.g

oogle

.be

ww

w.g

oogle

.ca

ww

w.g

oogle

.ch

ww

w.g

oogle

.cl

ww

w.g

oogle

.cn

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.h

uw

ww

.google

.co.id

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.il

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.in

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.jp

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.k

rw

ww

.google

.co.t

hw

ww

.google

.co.u

kw

ww

.google

.co.v

ew

ww

.google

.co.z

aw

ww

.google

.com

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ar

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.au

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.bd

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.br

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.co

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.eg

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.hk

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.mx

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.my

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ng

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.pe

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ph

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.pk

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.sa

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.sg

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.tr

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.tw

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ua

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.vn

ww

w.g

oogle

.cz

ww

w.g

oogle

.de

ww

w.g

oogle

.dk

ww

w.g

oogle

.dz

ww

w.g

oogle

.es

ww

w.g

oogle

.fi

ww

w.g

oogle

.fr

ww

w.g

oogle

.gr

ww

w.g

oogle

.ie

ww

w.g

oogle

.it

ww

w.g

oogle

.nl

ww

w.g

oogle

.no

ww

w.g

oogle

.pl

ww

w.g

oogle

.pt

ww

w.g

oogle

.ro

ww

w.g

oogle

.ru

ww

w.g

oogle

.se

ww

w.g

oogle

.sk

ww

w.g

oogle

use

rconte

nt.

com

ww

w.irs

.gov

ww

w.m

arc

a.c

om

ww

w.m

obile

.de

ww

w.m

ozi

lla.o

rgw

ww

.netf

lix.c

om

ww

w.n

ifty

.com

ww

w.o

range.f

rw

ww

.saku

ra.n

e.jp

ww

w.s

ezn

am

.cz

ww

w.t

-onlin

e.d

ew

ww

.terr

a.c

om

.br

ww

w.u

ol.co

m.b

rw

ww

.usp

s.co

mw

ww

.vk.

com

ww

w.w

ikim

edia

.org

ww

w.w

ikip

edia

.org

ww

w.w

ikti

onary

.org

ww

w.y

ahoo.c

om

ww

w.y

oum

7.c

om

ww

w.y

outu

be.c

om

101

102

103

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e (

mse

cs)

IPv6

Boxplot grouped by service

▶ Several websites5 show similar performance over IPv4/IPv6.▶ Some disparate websites6 appear faster over IPv4.▶ Some websites7 show substantially higher variance over IPv6.

5www.google.*, www.blogspot.*

6www.att.com, www.comcast.net, www.irs.gov (Akamai CDN)

7www.facebook.com, www.fbcdn.net (Facebook CDN) and www.youm7.com (Cloudflare CDN)

12 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | TCP Connect Times (Probe #04)

04-M

ay-2

013

CET

30-Ju

n-20

13 C

ET

24-N

ov-2

013

CET

20-F

eb-2

014

CET

18-A

pr-2

014

CET0

50

100

150

200

250

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e (

mse

cs)

SamKnows Probe: #04 to www.facebook.com

IPv6

IPv4

04-M

ay-2

013

CET

30-Ju

n-20

13 C

ET

24-N

ov-2

013

CET

20-F

eb-2

014

CET

18-A

pr-2

014

CET0

50

100

150

200

250

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv6

(m

secs

)

27.5

28.0

28.5

29.0

29.5

30.0

30.5

31.0

31.5

32.0

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv4

(m

secs

)

SamKnows Probe: #04 to www.facebook.com

IPv6

IPv4

▶ TCP connect times to Facebook CDN over IPv6 have improved over time.

13 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | WHOIS-based Website Clusters (Probe #04)

Sprint com206.159.101.0/24

Sprint206.159.0.0/16

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority/0

Akamai Technologies2.18.160.0/20

www.google.com.br

Google Inc.74.125.0.0/16

Google Inc.173.194.0.0/16

Akamai Technologies, Inc.23.60.0.0/14

www.google.bg

www.bing.com

Akamai Technologies, Inc.23.32.0.0/11

Akamai International B.V.80.239.230.128/25


www.google.bewww.blogspot.kr

Cluster network5.199.166.0/23

AI PI AKT OOD195.85.215.0/24

www.google.it

America Online64.12.0.0/16

AOL Inc195.93.64.0/18

www.mapquest.com

Netscape Communications Corp.207.200.64.0/18

www.balagana.net

www.google.co.il

CLIENT338546.19.137.80/29

www.google.co.ma

www.comcast.net



www.google.co.id

www.google.fr

www.google.com.sa

www.google.com.sg

www.google.co.in

America Online, Inc205.188.0.0/16

www.google.nl Latin American and Caribbean IP address Regional Registry190.0.0.0/8

www.google.fi

www.google.se

www.mozilla.org

Mozilla Corporation63.245.208.0/20

www.google.sk

www.google.co.uk

www.google.com

www.google.com.bd

www.google.ca

www.rtl.de

RTL-D Video portal217.118.169.0/24

www.bitsnoop.com

www.google.ch

www.google.cl

www.google.cn

RIPE Network Coordination Centre141.0.0.0/8

www.google.lk

www.blogspot.fr

www.google.cz

Virtual Private Servers for Customers89.187.142.0/23

www.facebook.com

Facebook, Inc.66.220.144.0/20

Facebook, Inc.173.252.64.0/18

www.networkedblogs.com

www.google.co.kr

DUB8 EC2176.34.184.0/21

EdgeCast Networks, Inc.68.232.32.0/20

www.google.com.au

www.youtube.com

www.googleusercontent.com

SoftLayer Technologies Inc.66.228.118.0/24

www.google.pt

www.google.gr

www.google.com.mx

www.google.kz

www.blogspot.com.es

www.google.pl

www.google.com.vn

www.blogspot.in

www.google.tn

www.gravatar.com

www.google.co.jp

www.google.de

www.google.co.nz

www.google.com.ec

www.blogspot.com www.google.com.eg

www.irs.gov

www.google.dk

www.google.lt

Azar-A Kft.91.219.236.0/22

VNET a.s.109.74.148.0/22

www.orkut.com

www.google.hr

www.blogger.com

Flipkart India Pvt Ltd103.4.252.0/22

www.google.com.hk

YIFY Torrents Solutions37.221.165.32/28

www.google.com.ua

www.google.com.ly

www.aol.com

www.softlayer.com

www.netflix.com

www.flipkart.com

www.yify-torrents.com

www.google.bywww.youm7.com

www.google.co.ve

www.google.com.do

www.android.com

www.google.ae

www.google.az

www.anitube.jp

Hosting Services, Inc.174.127.64.0/18

www.autoblog.com

www.google.co.za

www.blogspot.jp

www.goo.gl

www.google.at

www.google.com.tr

www.google.dz

www.att.com

www.google.iq

www.google.com.pk

www.google.com.ph

www.google.co.th

www.google.ru

www.google.com.pe

www.google.ro

Sprint65.172.0.0/14

Sprint com65.172.0.0/15

www.google.com.co

www.google.co.hu

www.google.ie

www.google.no

www.sprint.com

www.blogspot.co.uk

www.brainyquote.com

www.google.es

IPv4 WHOIS cloud

www.google.com.br

Google Ireland Limited2a00:1450::/29

www.flipkart.com

Flipkart India Pvt Ltd2001:df0:23e::/48

www.google.com.sg

www.google.com.sa

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority/0

www.goo.gl

Akamai Technologies2a02:26f0::/32

www.google.by

www.google.co.za

www.google.be

www.google.sk

www.google.bg

www.google.com.bd

www.google.ae

Mozilla Corporation2620:101:8000::/40

www.google.se

Facebook Ireland Ltd2a03:2880::/32

www.youtube.com

www.aol.com

America Online2001:4b0::/32

www.google.fi

SoftLayer Technologies Inc.2607:f0d0::/32

www.att.com

www.orkut.com

www.google.co.id

Magyar Telekom plc.2001:4c48::/29

www.google.co.in

www.google.co.il

www.balagana.net

www.google.co.ma

www.google.dz

www.blogspot.jp

www.google.frwww.google.nlwww.google.no

www.google.co.vewww.google.com.ly

www.google.com.mx

VNET s. r. o.2a01:390::/32

BUL.NET2a01:9e40:195::/48

www.google.ch

www.blogspot.co.uk

www.google.cn

www.youm7.com

665 Third Street2400:cb00::/32

www.google.com.vn

www.mapquest.com

www.google.ca

www.blogspot.com.es

www.blogger.com

www.rtl.de

RTL Interactive Frankfurt2a03:d680::/48

www.google.co.nz

www.bitsnoop.com

2a02:29b8:1925::/64

www.blogspot.in

www.softlayer.com

www.google.ro

www.yify-torrents.com

COOLHOUSING s.r.o.2a01:5f0::/32

www.google.co.jp

www.google.ru

www.comcast.net

Akamai Technologies2a02:26f0:5::/48

www.facebook.com

www.google.cl

www.google.kz

www.google.gr

www.blogspot.com

www.google.cz

www.google.com.hk

www.google.com.ua

www.google.de

www.google.dk

www.google.com.ec

www.android.com

www.google.com.eg

www.google.co.th

EdgeCast Networks, Inc.2606:2800::/32

www.google.co.kr

www.google.lk

www.google.tn

www.google.hr

www.bing.com

www.google.co.uk

www.google.com.au

www.netflix.com

Amazon Data Services Ireland LTD2a01:578::/32

www.google.lt

www.blogspot.kr

www.google.com.tr

www.google.es

2607:f0d0:3001:ae::/64www.google.az

www.gravatar.com

www.google.at

www.sprint.com

Sprint2600::/29

www.google.com.ph

www.blogspot.fr

www.google.com.pk

www.networkedblogs.com

www.google.com.pe

www.google.com.co

www.mozilla.org

www.irs.gov

www.google.ie

www.google.pl

www.autoblog.com

www.google.com

www.anitube.jp

www.google.com.do

www.google.it

www.google.co.hu


www.google.iq

www.brainyquote.com

www.google.pt

IPv6 WHOIS cloud

▶ Endpoints serving popular websites map to address blocks owned by Google/Akamai.

▶ WHOIS-based aggregated clusters are coarse-grained.

14 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | BGP-based Website Clusters (Probe #04)

IAN

A

APN

IC

SA

KU

RA

(A

S9

37

1)

ww

w.s

aku

ra.n

e.jp

BIG

LOB

E (

AS2518)

big

lobe.n

e.jp

DETIK

(A

S24211)

ww

w.d

eti

k.co

m

NETM

AG

IC (

AS17439)

ww

w.fl

ipka

rt.c

om

FKN

ET (

AS9

752

)

ww

w.fl

ipka

rt.c

om

INFO

WEB

(AS2

510)

ww

w.n

ifty.

com

ARIN

AOL

(AS1

668)

ww

w.a

ol.c

om

TERR

A (A

S402

60)

www.te

rra.

com

.br

MIC

ROSOFT

(AS8

075)

www.bin

g.co

m

YAHOO (A

S26101)

www.yahoo.c

om

MOZILLA (A

S36856)

www.mozil

la.org

DTAG (AS3320)

www.usps.com

AMAZON (AS14618)www.netflix.com

GO

OG

LE (AS15169)

www.google.com.my


www.google.dz

www.google.co.hu

www.google.com

www.google.co.kr

www.google.es

www.blogspot.com

www.youtube.comwww.google.itwww.google.grwww.google.com.phwww.google.com.pkwww.google.com.vn

www.google.com.trwww.blogspot.de

www.google.iewww.google.co.il

www.google.at

www.google.pt

www.google.pl

www.google.co.ve

www.blogspot.ru

www.google.com.co

www.google.com.ar

www.google.com.ua

www.google.nl

www.google.ca

ww

w.google.sk

ww

w.google.com

.mx

ww

w.google.az

ww

w.blogspot.in

ww

w.blogspot.jp

ww

w.google.com

.ng

ww

w.g

oogle.com

.sg

ww

w.g

oogle.co.th

ww

w.g

oogle

.de

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.jp

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.tw

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.id

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.eg

ww

w.a

ppsp

ot.co

m

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.br

ww

w.g

oog

le.n

o

ww

w.g

oogle

.be

ww

w.g

oogle

.se

ww

w.g

oogle

.cl

ww

w.b

logger.co

m

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.

za

ww

w.g

oogle

.ch

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.

in

ww

w.g

oogle

.fr

ww

w.d

ouble

clic

k.co

m

ww

w.g

oogl

e.cn

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

m.h

k

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

m.s

a

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

m.p

e

ww

w.b

logs

pot.c

o.uk

ww

w.go

ogle

.com

.au

www.

goog

le.ro

www.g

oogl

e.cz

www.goo

gle.

co.u

k

www.goo

gle.

ae

www.goo

gle.co

m.b

d

www.google.ru

www.google.dk

www.google.fi

N/A

CHINA169 (AS4808)

www.qq.com

CHINA169 (AS4837)

www.qq.com

AOL (AS1668)

www.aol.com

LACNIC

Universo (AS7162)

www.uol.com.brwww.folha.uol.com.br

CLOUDFLARENET (AS13335)www.youm7.com

RIPE

Unidad (AS9052)www.elmundo.es

www.marca.com

YAHOO (AS34010)

www.yahoo.com

DTAG (AS3320)

www.google.dz

www.att.com

www.comcast.net

www.irs.gov

www.google.nl

www.t-online.de

WIKIMEDIA (AS43821)

www.wiktionary.org

www.wikimedia.org

www.wikipedia.org PROXAD (AS12322)

www.free.fr

Orange (AS8891)

www.orange.fr

VKONTAKTE (AS47541)

ww

w.vk.com

WAN

AD

OO

PORTA

ILS (AS24600)

ww

w.orange.fr

CLO

UD

FLAREN

ET (AS13335)

ww

w.youm

7.com

SEZ

NA

M (A

S43037)

ww

w.sezn

am.cz

AO

L (AS1668)

ww

w.e

ngadget.co

m

FAC

EB

OO

K (A

S32934)

ww

w.fb

cdn.n

et

ww

w.fa

cebook.co

m MA

RKT

PLA

ATS (A

S4

15

52

)w

ww

.mobile

.de

file:///home/steffie/Documents/happy/bgp-based-cl...

1 of 1 07/24/2014 01:30 PM

IPv4 BGP cloud

IAN

A

APN

IC

BIG

LOB

E (

AS2

51

8)

big

lobe.n

e.jp

FKN

ET (

AS9752)

ww

w.fl

ipka

rt.c

om

INFO

WEB

(A

S2510)

ww

w.n

ifty

.com

AM

AZ

ON

(A

S16509)

ww

w.n

etflix

.com

ARIN

AOL

(AS1

668)

ww

w.a

ol.c

om

WIK

IMED

IA (A

S438

21)

ww

w.w

iktio

nary

.org

ww

w.w

ikim

edia

.org

www.

wik

iped

ia.o

rg

MOZIL

LA (A

S368

56)

www.moz

illa.o

rg

TERRA (AS40260)

www.terra

.com

.br

YAHOO (A

S10310)

www.yahoo.com

GOOGLE (AS15169)

www.google.ch

www.google.at

www.google.nl

RIP

E

Unidad (AS9052)

www.elmundo.es

www.marca.com

NTT (AS2914)

www.usps.com

www.att.com

DTAG (AS3320) www.t-online.de

PROXAD (AS12322) www.free.frOrange (AS8891)www.orange.fr

VKONTAKTE (AS47541) www.vk.com

GO

OG

LE (AS1

5169

)

www.google.com.my


www.google.dz

www.google.co.hu

www.google.com

www.google.co.kr

www.google.es

www.blogspot.com

www.youtube.com

www.google.it

ww

w.google.gr

ww

w.google.com

.ph

ww

w.google.com

.pk

ww

w.google.com

.vn

ww

w.google.com

.tr

ww

w.blogspot.de

ww

w.g

oogle.ie

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.il

ww

w.g

oogle

.at

ww

w.g

oogle

.pt

ww

w.g

oogle

.pl

ww

w.g

oogle

.co.v

e

ww

w.b

logsp

ot.ru

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.coww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ar

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.ua

ww

w.g

oogle

.nl

ww

w.g

oogle

.ca

ww

w.g

oogle

.sk

ww

w.g

oogle

.com

.mx

ww

w.g

oogle

.az

ww

w.b

logsp

ot.in

ww

w.b

logs

pot.

jp

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

m.n

g

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

m.s

g

ww

w.g

oogl

e.co

.th

ww

w.g

oogl

e.de

ww

w.go

ogle

.co.

jp

www.

goog

le.c

om.tw

www.g

oogl

e.co

.id

www.goo

gle.

com

.eg

www.appsp

ot.co

m

www.google.co

m.b

r

www.google.no

www.google.be

www.google.sewww.google.cl

www.blogger.comwww.google.co.zawww.google.chwww.google.co.inwww.google.frwww.doubleclick.com

www.google.cnwww.google.com.hk

www.google.com.sa

www.google.com.pe

www.blogspot.co.uk

www.google.com.au

www.google.ro

www.google.cz

www.google.co.uk

www.google.ae

www.google.com.bd

www.google.ru

www.google.dk

www.google.fi CW (AS1273)

www.usps.com

www.att.com

WANADOOPORTAILS (AS24600)

www.orange.fr

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

www.fbcdn.net

ww

w.facebook.com

AKA

MAI (A

S20940)

ww

w.irs.gov

ww

w.com

cast.net

SEZN

AM

(AS43

037)

ww

w.seznam

.cz

YAH

OO

(AS10310)

ww

w.ya

hoo.com M

AR

KTPLA

ATS (A

S41552)

ww

w.m

obile

.de

LAC

NIC

Univ

erso

(AS7

16

2)

ww

w.u

ol.co

m.b

rw

ww

.folh

a.u

ol.co

m.b

r

file:///home/steffie/Documents/happy/bgp-based-cl...

1 of 1 07/24/2014 01:30 PM

IPv6 BGP cloud

▶ Akamai caches serve popular websites directly from within DTAG over IPv4.

▶ Akamai caches missing over IPv6 (served instead by Akamai CDN).

15 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | BGP-based Website Clusters (IPv4)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Number of Services

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CDF of Services within each IPv4 BGP-based Cluster

GOOGLE (AS15169)

SEABONE (AS6762)

NTT (AS2914)

JAZZNET (AS12715)

AKAMAI (AS20940)

WIKIMEDIA (AS43821)

COMHEM (AS39651)

WIKIMEDIA (AS14907)

ECHIGO (AS55895)

AOL (AS1668)

UNIDAD (AS9052)

TINET (AS3257)

EDPNET (AS9031)

TELIANET (AS1299)

UNIVERSO (AS7162)

AKAMAI (AS16625)

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

0 1 2 3 4 5 60.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

% o

f N

um

ber

of

Sam

Know

s Pro

bes:

20

60 62 64 66 68 70

IPv4 Cluster #(↓)

GOOGLE (AS15169) 67

SEABONE (AS6762) 05

NTT (AS2914) 03

JAZZNET (AS12715) 03

AKAMAI (AS20940) 03

WIKIMEDIA (AS43821) 03

COMHEM (AS39651) 03


ECHIGO (AS55895) 02

AOL (AS1668) 02

UNIDAD (AS9052) 02

TINET (AS3257) 02

EDPNET (AS9031) 02

TELIANET (AS1299) 02

UNIVERSO (AS7162) 02

AKAMAI (AS16625) 02

FACEBOOK (AS32934) 02

▶ CDN caches serve popular websites over IPv4 from within service provider's network.

16 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | BGP-based Website Clusters (IPv6)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Number of Services

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CDF of Services within each IPv6 BGP-based Cluster

GOOGLE (AS15169)

AKAMAI (AS20940)

WIKIMEDIA (AS43821)

CW (AS1273)

WIKIMEDIA (AS14907)

UNIDAD (AS9052)

TINET (AS3257)

ECHIGO (AS55895)

DFN (AS680)

ACONET (AS1853)

UNIVERSO (AS7162)

NTT (AS2914)

FBDC (AS10013)

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

0 1 2 3 4 5 60.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0%

of

Num

ber

of

Sam

Know

s Pro

bes:

20

60 62 64 66 68 70

IPv6 Cluster #(↓)

GOOGLE (AS15169) 67

AKAMAI (AS20940) 04


CW (AS1273) 03


UNIDAD (AS9052) 02

TINET (AS3257) 02

ECHIGO (AS55895) 02

DFN (AS680) 02

ACONET (AS1853) 02

UNIVERSO (AS7162) 02

NTT (AS2914) 02

FBDC (AS10013) 02

FACEBOOK (AS32934) 02

▶ CDN caches over IPv6 are largely absent.

17 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Introduction | Summary

▶ Several websites show similar performance over IPv4/IPv6.…because they cluster around a CDN.

▶ Some websites show higher variance over IPv6…because TCP connect times over IPv6 have improved over time.

▶ Some websites appear faster over IPv4…because they are served by CDN caches over IPv4.…CDN caches over IPv6 are largely absent.

18 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | GOOGLE (AS15169)

10-1 100 101 102 103 104

TCP connect time (msecs)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv6 m

easu

rem

ents

: 201544)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv4 m

easu

rem

ents

: 219346)

GOOGLE (AS15169)

IPv6

IPv4

▶ Who connects faster? - IPv6 appears comparable to IPv4.

19 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | FACEBOOK (AS32934)

100 101 102 103 104


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv6 m

easu

rem

ents

: 6257)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv4 m

easu

rem

ents

: 6508)

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

IPv6

IPv4

▶ Who connects faster? - IPv6 slower to IPv4.20 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | AKAMAI (AS20940)

100 101 102 103 104


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv6 m

easu

rem

ents

: 9047)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv4 m

easu

rem

ents

: 7375)

AKAMAI-ASN1 (AS20940)

IPv6

IPv4

▶ Who connects faster? - IPv6 slower to IPv4.21 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | WIKIMEDIA (AS43821)

100 101 102 103 104


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv6 m

easu

rem

ents

: 8077)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD

F(n

um

ber

of

IPv4 m

easu

rem

ents

: 8309)

WIKIMEDIA-EU (AS43821)

IPv6

IPv4

▶ Who connects faster? - IPv6 faster to IPv4.22 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | www.bing.com

12-M

ar-2

013

CET

13-Ju

l-201

3 CET

15-Ja

n-20

14 C

ET

24-F

eb-2

014

CET

04-A

pr-2

014

CET

09-M

ay-2

014

CET

19-Ju

n-20

14 C

ET100

101

102

103

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv6

(m

secs

)

www.bing.com

100

101

102

103

104

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv4

(m

secs

)

www.bing.com

IPv6

IPv4

12-M

ar-2

013

CET

13-Ju

l-201

3 CET

15-Ja

n-20

14 C

ET

24-F

eb-2

014

CET

04-A

pr-2

014

CET

09-M

ay-2

014

CET

19-Ju

n-20

14 C

ET0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv6 (

mse

cs)

www.bing.com

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

TC

P c

onnect

tim

e o

ver

IPv4 (

mse

cs)

www.bing.com

IPv6

IPv4

▶ No IPv6 measurements to www.bing.com starting Sep 2013.▶ Abrupt cut-off hinting towards a network policy decision.▶ Upstream resolvers do not provide a AAAA entry for www.bing.com .

23 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | Google IPv6 Blacklist (Probe #20)

IANA

APNI

C

FKNE

T (A

S975

2)ww

w.flip

kart.

com

INFO

WEB

(AS2

510)

www.

nifty

.com

BIG

LOBE

(AS2

518)

bigl

obe.

ne.jp

YAHO

O (A

S561

73)

www.

yaho

o.co

m

CHIN

ATEL

ECO

M (A

S480

9)ww

w.qq

.com

SAKU

RA (A

S937

1)ww

w.sa

kura

.ne.

jp

DETI

K (A

S242

11)

www.

detik

.com

NETM

AGIC

(AS1

7439

)ww

w.flip

kart.

com

ARIN

MOZILLA

(AS3

6856

)

www.

mozilla

.org

AKAMAI (AS20

940)

www.att.c

om

www.usps

.com

TERRA (AS40

260)

www.terra

.com.br

WIKIMEDIA (AS14907)

www.wikimed

ia.org

www.wiktionary.o

rg

www.wikipedia.org

AOL (AS1668)

www.aol.com

www.engadget.com

MICROSOFT (AS8075)www.bing.com

GOOGLE (AS15169)

www.google.ru

www.google.se

www.google.com.hk

www.google.com.bd

www.google.com.ph

www.google.cz

www.google.ae


www.blogspot.jp

www.google.co.id

www.google.co.in

www.google.com.ngwww.google.rowww.google.nlwww.blogspot.co.ukwww.google.co.ukwww.google.co.thwww.youtube.comwww.google.com.sawww.google.co.krwww.google.dzwww.google.comwww.google.com.co

www.google.com.pkwww.google.com.br

www.google.com.tr

www.google.co.il

www.google.bewww.google.es

www.google.no

www.google.com.ua

www.google.co.za

www.google.com.tw

www.google.it

www.google.sk

www.google.com.eg

www.google.co.hu

www.google.com.ar

www.google.fr

www.google.pl

www.google.com.sg

www.blogspot.ru

www.google.ie

www.google.at

www.google.co.jp

www.google.pt

www.google.com.au

www.google.co.ve

www.blogspot.in

www.google.com.vn

www.google.ca

www.google.com.pe

www.google.de

www.google.ch

www.google.gr

www.doubleclick.com

www.google.cl

www.google.com.m

x

www.google.azwww.google.fiwww.google.dk

www.

goog

le.c

om.m

y

MO

ZILL

A (A

S533

71)

www.

moz

illa.o

rg

AMAZ

ON

(AS1

4618

)

www.

netfl

ix.co

m

N/AAO

L (A

S166

8)

www.

enga

dget

.com

AKAM

AI (A

S209

40)

www.

irs.g

ov

www.

com

cast.

net

GOOGLE (AS15169)

www.

goog

le.se

www.

goog

le.co

m.b

d

www.

goog

le.co

m.ph

www.

goog

le.cz

www.

goog

le.ae

www.

apps

pot.c

om

www.blo

gspo

t.jp

www.go

ogle.

co.id

www.goog

le.co

.in

www.goog

le.co

m.ng

www.goog

le.ro

www.goog

le.nl

www.blogsp

ot.co.

uk

www.google.co.uk

www.google.co.th

www.youtube.co

m

www.google.com.sa

www.google.co.kr

www.google.dz

www.google.com.co

www.blogspot.com

www.google.com.brwww.google.co.ilwww.google.es

www.blogger.comwww.google.nowww.google.co.zawww.google.itwww.google.skwww.google.com.egwww.google.co.huwww.google.com.arwww.google.fr

www.google.cnwww.google.pl

www.google.com.sgwww.blogspot.ru

www.google.ie

www.google.at

www.google.pt

www.google.co.ve

www.blogspot.in

www.google.com.vn

www.google.ca

www.google.com.pe

www.google.de

www.google.ch

www.google.gr

www.blogspot.de

www.google.com.mx

www.google.az

www.google.fi

www.google.dk

www.google.com.my

RIPE

PROXAD (AS12322)

www.free.fr SEZNAM (AS43037)

www.seznam.cz

MARKTPLAATS (AS41552)

www.mobile.de VKONTAKTE (AS47541)

www.vk.com

Unidad (AS9052)

www.elmundo.es

www.marca.com

DTAG (AS3320)

www.t-online.deW

ANADOOPORTAILS (AS24600)

www.orange.fr

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

www.fbcdn.netwww.facebook.com

Orange (AS8891)

www.orange.fr

CLOUDFLARENET (AS13335)

www.youm7.com

LACNIC

CLOUDFLARENET (AS13335)

www.youm7.com

Universo (AS7162)

www.folha.uol.com.br

www.uol.com.br

IPv4 BGP cloud

IANA

APNIC

INFO

WEB

(AS2

510)

www.

nifty

.com

FKNE

T (A

S975

2)

www.

flipka

rt.co

m

BIGLO

BE (A

S251

8)

biglob

e.ne.j

p

CLOUDFLARENET (AS13335)www.yo

um7.com

AMAZON (AS16509)www.netflix.com

YHKR3 (AS38689)www.yahoo.com

CNNIC (AS45090) www.qq.com

ARIN

TERRA (AS40260)www.terra.com.br

AKAMAI (AS20940)

www.att.comwww.irs.govwww.usps.com

www.comcast.net

MOZILLA (AS36856)

www.mozilla.org

WIKIM

EDIA (AS14907)

www.wikimedia.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.

wikt

iona

ry.o

rg

AOL

(AS1

668)

www.

aol.c

om

RIPE

PROXA

D (A

S123

22)

www.

free.f

r

SEZNAM (AS43

037)

www.sezna

m.cz

VKONTAKTE (AS47541)

www.vk.com

MARKTPLAATS (AS41552)

www.mobile.de

Unidad (AS9052)

www.elmundo.es

www.marca.com

WANADOOPORTAILS (AS24600)

www.orange.fr

FACEBOOK (AS32934)

www.fbcdn.net

www.facebook.com

DTAG (AS3320)

www.t-online.de Orange (AS8891)

www.orange.fr

LACNIC

Universo (AS7162)

www.folha.uol.com.br

www.uol.com.br

IPv6 BGP cloud

▶ A Japanese probe running no IPv6 measurements to websites served by Google CDN.▶ Google used to perform AAAA prefix whitlisting [3].▶ Since World IPv6 Launch Day (2012), Google has changed this policy.

24 / 32


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

Measurement Trial


Website Clusters

Comparing by CDN

Special Cases

Conclusion

References


Data Analysis | Google IPv6 Blacklist

http://googleipv6.vaibhavbajpai.com

▶ The whitelist has been replaced by a blacklist.▶ Eliminates the opt-in process; increases chances of reaching Google services over IPv6.

25 / 32

http://googleipv6.vaibhavbajpai.com


faster?


Research Question


MethodologyMetrics


Measurement Setup

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References


Data Analysis | Google IPv6 Blacklist

CountryDistribution

JPJP :32.10%

CNCN :16.05%

TWTW :9.88%

BRBR :3.09%

DEDE :2.47%

IDID :2.47%

CA(US)CA(US) :2.47%

GBGB :1.85%

ININ :1.85%

SGSG :1.85%

OTHERSOTHERS:25.93%

Highcharts.com

▶ A large number of blacklisted resolvers originate from Japan.

▶ Around 58% of blacklisted resolvers in JP, CN, TW.

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Conclusion

▶ Websites cluster around CDN deployments and show similar performance.▶ CDN clusters are different over IPv4 and IPv6.▶ CDN caches are largely absent over IPv6.▶ TCP connect times to IPv6 CDN clusters have improved over time.▶ IPv6 services from www.bing.com have stopped globally since 2013.▶ Google CDN blacklists some resolvers over IPv6.

The tool is publicly released:http://happy.vaibhavbajpai.com

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References


References

[1] J. Czyz, M. Allman, J. Zhang, S. Iekel-Johnson, E. Osterweil, and M. Bailey, ``Measuring ipv6 adoption,'' inProceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on SIGCOMM, ser. SIGCOMM '14. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014,pp. 87--98. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2619239.2626295

[2] D. Thaler, R. Draves, A. Matsumoto, and T. Chown, ``Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6),'' RFC 6724 (Proposed Standard), Internet Engineering Task Force, Sep. 2012. [Online]. Available:http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6724.txt

[3] J. Livingood, ``Considerations for Transitioning Content to IPv6,'' RFC 6589 (Informational), InternetEngineering Task Force, Apr. 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6589.txt

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http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2619239.2626295

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6724.txt

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6589.txt


faster?


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Data Analysis | Residential Probes

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References


Data Analysis | Research Networks + IXP

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References


Data Analysis | Operator Labs

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References


Data Analysis | Business Lines

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