IP-200 Operational Design - Blackboard Learn€¢ CJCSM 3122.01A, JOPES Vol 1, Planning Policies and Procedures Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow The Intellectual and

We Produce the Future

IP-200Operational Design

Mark BlackWarfighting Education Directorate

Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow

The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air ForceFly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace

Why Plan?

No plan survives first contact with the enemy. - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, 1871

In preparing for battle, I have always found that plans are useless but planning is indispensable.

- President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957



“…to keep yourselves steeped in the character of the problem that you may one day be called upon to solve”

Planning provides a foundation for or a point of departure from which problem solving can occur

Why Plan?



Master the mechanics and techniques;understand the art and profession;and be smart enough to know whento deviate from it.

- Gen Anthony Zinni, CENTCOM, 1997-2000

Why Plan?



Overview• Operational Approach

• Operational Design Elements

• Operation Phasing

• Joint Planning Process (JPP)



References• JP 5-0, Joint Planning• JP 3-30, Command and Control for

Joint Air Operations• CJCSM 3122.01A, JOPES Vol 1,

Planning Policies and Procedures



Operational Approach

Operational Approach -A description of the broad actions the force must take to transform current conditions into those desired at end state. (JP 5-0)








• Termination• Military End State• Objectives• Effects• Center of Gravity• Decisive Points• Lines of Operation &

Lines of Effort

• Direct and Indirect Approach

• Anticipation• Operational Reach• Culmination• Arranging Operations• Forces and Functions

Operational Design Elements (ODE)

JP 3-0 and JP 5-0



• Termination• Military End State• Objectives• Effects• Center of Gravity• Decisive Points• Lines of Operation &

Lines of Effort

• Direct and Indirect Approach

• Anticipation• Operational Reach• Culmination• Arranging Operations• Forces and Functions

Operational Design Elements (ODE)

JP 3-0 and JP 5-0



ODE: Lines of OperationA Line of Operation defines the interior or exterior orientation of force in relation to the enemy or that connects actions on nodes and/or decisive points related in time and space to an objective.



ODE: Operational ReachOperational Reach – the distance and duration across which a

joint force can successfully employ military capabilities. • Inextricably tied to the concept of LOOs; influenced by length, efficiency,

and security of distribution system and LOCs• Pre-positioned equipment, transportation availability, and range of

weapons can extend operational reach“In order to make assured conquests it is necessary always to proceed

within the rules: to advance, to establish yourself solidly, to advance and establish yourself again, and always prepare to have within reach of your army your resources and your requirements.”

- Frederick the Great (1747)



B-2 Spirits destroy Daesh camps in Libya

Senior Airman Joel Pfiester, 509th Bomb WingPublic Affairs / Published January 20, 2017

On Wednesday, January 18, Whiteman's Total Force team executed precision strikes against two Daesh camps in Libya. The strikes, which were completed by two B-2s over the course of a 30+ hour mission… were conducted in coordination with the Libyan Government of National Accord, authorized by the President of the United States, and validated our ability to strike targets across the globe anytime, anywhere.



US launches more than 50 cruise missiles at Assad regime airfield over Syrian chemical attack

Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Ford Williams/U.S. Navy via AP April 7, 2017

The US launched a salvo of 59 cruise missiles on Shayrat airfield and nearby military infrastructure controlled by Syrian President Bashar Assad, in response to a chemical attack that killed at least 80 people in the northwestern part of the country on Tuesday.

Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles



ODE: Direct and Indirect Approach



ODE: Culmination• Culmination - that point in time and/or space at which the

operation can no longer maintain momentum.‒ Offensive: the attack is no longer possible‒ Defensive: no longer have ability to go on counterattack or defend

successfully

• For stability operations, culmination may result from:‒ Erosion of national will ‒ Decline in popular support ‒ Questions about legitimacy ‒ Experiencing excessive casualties



ODE: Arranging OperationsWhen Arranging Operations, planners should consider simultaneity, depth, timing, and tempo



Phases • Characterized by the “focus” placed on it

• Distinct in time, space, and/or purpose from one another

• Represent a natural progression and subdivision of the campaign or operation

• Each have a set of starting and ending conditions

• Should be condition-driven rather than time-driven

Shaping Activities

Seizing the Initiative Activities

Dominating Activities

Stabilizing Activities

Enabiling CivilAuthority

Activity

Deterring Activities

TheaterShapingGlobal

ShapingOPLANApproval

OPORDActivation

OPORD Execution OPORDTemination

Plan PhasesPhase 0Shape

Phase IDeter

Phase IISeizeInitiative

Phase IIIDominate

Phase IVStabilize

Phase VEnable Civil Authority

Phase 0Shape

Leve

l of M

ilita

ry E

ffort



Edward Chin

April 9, 2003

"In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed.“

George W. Bush, May 2003March 19,April 9,May 1



Edwin Mora

1 Mar 2017

Experts Warn: Iran-Allied Shiite Militias in Iraq to Threaten U.S. After Mosul Falls



Edwin Mora1 Mar 2017

The U.S.-led coalition and its Iraqi partners should be vigilant against a near certain reemergence attempt by the Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) after it loses its territory in Iraq, where tens of thousands of Iran-allied Shiite militias pose just as serious of a threat to America’s interests, experts warned.

Experts Warn: Iran-Allied Shiite Militias in Iraq to Threaten U.S. After Mosul Falls






Operational Approach• Where are we?• What is the

problem?• Where do we

want to be?



Joint Operation Planning Process

JPP

•Purpose•Activities•Products



Joint Planning Process JPP is an orderly, analytical set of logical steps to frame a problem; examine a mission; develop, analyze, and compare alternative COAs; select the best COA; and produce a plan or order. The application of operational design provides the conceptual basis for structuringcampaigns and operations.

The JPP seven-step process aligns with the four APEX planning functions. The first two JPP steps (planning initiation and mission analysis) take place during the APEX strategic guidance planning function. The next four JPP steps (COA development, COA analysis and wargaming, COA comparison, and COA approval) align under the APEX concept development planning function.

The final JPP step (plan or order development) occurs during the APEX plan development planning function.



Step 1- Initiation• Planning normally begins at

direction of POTUS, SECDEF, or CJCS

• Planning team will assess:‒ Initiating directive‒ JFC guidance‒ Time available before execution‒ Status of intelligence

JSCP IP-410 Execution Planning



Step 2 - Mission Analysis• Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational

Environment (JIPOE)• Center of Gravity (COG) Analysis• Staff Estimates • JFC Mission Statement



Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment

• JIPOE is the analytical process used by joint intelligence organizations to produce intelligence assessments, estimates, and other intelligence products in support of the JFC’s decision-making process.

• Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs) - J2 staff -- Focus on adversary and operational environment-- Drive Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) collection requirements-- Excessive PIRs may result in unfocused intelligence collection and production



Center of Gravity (COG)• COG - Source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom

of action, or will to act. (JP 5-0)‒ Strategic Level

• Leadership, national will, alliance‒ Operational Level

• Often military capabilities• Analysis yields target sets vulnerable to attack to produce decisive effects − Requires a systems perspective− Linked to Objectives

• Must also consider friendly COGs Carl von Clausewitz



Staff EstimatesEvaluation of how factors in a staff’s functional area support and impact the mission

• Initially, tend to emphasize info collection more than analysis• Continually updated based on changes in situation• Not every situation requires or permits lengthy and formal staff

estimate process• JP 5-0, Appendix C has a list of potentially applicable

functional areas as well as sample formats of a formal estimate document (also in Enclosure T of JOPES Vol 1)



Staff EstimatesFunctional Areas identified in JP 5-0, Appendix C:

Mobilization; Personnel; Intelligence; Logistics; Legal; Engineering; Force Protection; Interagency Coordination; Health Service Support; Transportation; JRSOI; Communications Systems Support; STO; Operational Contract Support; Multinational Capabilities and Support



The JFC will halt advancement of enemy forces

within the JOA by D+4 to prevent enemy

attacks on joint forces and to allow unhindered

joint operations.

JFC Mission StatementExample:

34

• Specified / Implied Tasks • Essential tasks = mission statement



Step 2 - Mission Analysis• Joint Intel Preparation of the Operational Environment

‒ Focus on adversary, operational environment, and culture• COG Analysis‒ Determine enemy’s and own COGs

• Staff Estimates‒ Functional Areas support/assessment; develop critical facts and

assumptions• Develop Mission Statement‒ Analyze Planning Directives and Strategic Guidance‒ Determine specified, implied, and essential tasks

• Mission Analysis Brief• CC’s Intent



Step 3 - COA Development• Determination of how mission will be accomplished‒ Answers: Who, What, When, Where, Why and How‒ COA is developed into a Concept of Operations (CONOPS)

• Consider:‒ JFC mission, intent, end state‒ Operational environment‒ C2 structure‒ Available forces‒ Phase requirements

• Staff builds multiple COAs‒ Op Art and Op Design used heavily to develop COAs



Staff Estimates Revisited• Validate and Update Mission and Situation information

from Step 2, Mission Analysis

• Staff needs to do COA Analysis, COA Comparison, and Conclusions/Recommendations through the lens of their functional area

• Identification of risks and methods for risk management are critical part of estimate development



Step 3 - COA Development



A valid COA should be:• Adequate – can accomplish the mission within the

commander’s guidance• Feasible – can accomplish the mission within established time,

space, and resource limitations• Acceptable – balance cost and risk with advantage gained• Distinguishable – significantly different from other COAs• Complete – identifies objectives and tasks; major forces

required; concepts for deployment, employment and sustainment; time estimates for achieving objectives; military end state and mission success criteria

JP 5-0

Step 3 - COA Development



Step 4 - COA Analysis and Wargaming

• Wargame each COA against enemy’s most likely and most dangerous COAs‒ Better understand operational

environment‒ Obtain operational insights‒ Consider all facts and assumptions

• Types of wargames‒ Simple detailed narrative‒ Formal “Blue Force” vs “Red Force”‒ Computer-aided modeling and simulation

• Concludes when each plan has been refined in detail



Step 5 - COA Comparison• Compare refined COAs against pre-determined criteria‒ JFC guidance‒ Warfighting principles ‒ Key concepts‒ Doctrine

• Review criteria definitions to ensure common understanding, refine as necessary

• Select comparison method‒ Numerical Comparison‒ Advantages & Disadvantages Comparison‒ Plus/Minus/Neutral Comparison



Unweighted Numerical Comparison Matrix

Simple Flexible Risk Time Total

COA Larry 1 3 2 3 9COA Moe 1 2 3 1 7COA Curly 2 1 1 2 6

1 Good2 OK3 Bad

Evaluation Criteria



Weighted Numerical Comparison Matrix

JP 5-0



Step 5 - COA ComparisonDetermine which COA to recommend to the JFC

• Based on your analysis • Apply operation art using

staff estimates• Be prepared to explain

selection



Step 6 - COA Approval• Planning staff briefs

COAs and makes their recommendation to JFC

• JFC presents COAs with his recommendation to CJCS, SECDEF, and POTUS when applicable, for approval



• Force Planning• Support Planning• Nuclear Strike Planning

(if applicable)• Deployment and

Redeployment Planning• Shortfall Identification

• Plan/order developed per CJCSM 3122.01 (JOPES)• Plan Development Activities include:

• Feasibility analysis• Refinement• Documentation• Plan review and approval• Supporting plan

development

Step 7 - Plan or Order Development



Joint Planning ProcessJPP

OPLAN



Planning ProcessesStep 1:

Initiation

Step 2: Mission Analysis

Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development

Step 4: COA Analysis and Wargaming

Step 5: COA Comparison

Step 6:COA Approval

Step 7:(Air) Plan or Order Development



Summary• Operational Approach

• Operational Design Elements

• Operation Phasing

• Joint Planning Process (JPP)Plans are worthless, but planning is everything.

- President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957



Questions?

Documents

IP-200 Operational Design - Blackboard Learn€¢ CJCSM 3122.01A, JOPES Vol 1, Planning Policies and Procedures Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow The Intellectual and