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Jun Qu, ORNL Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and the SHaRE User Facility, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. Jun Qu, Huimin Luo, Sheng Dai, Peter Blau, Bruce Bunting, John Storey, and Samuel Lewis Oak Ridge National Laboratory Michael Viola, Donald Smolenski, and Gregory Mordukhovich, General Motors Corp.

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Page 1: Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for ... · Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies

Jun Qu, ORNL

Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication

Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and the SHaRE User Facility, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.

Jun Qu, Huimin Luo, Sheng Dai, Peter Blau, Bruce Bunting, John Storey, and Samuel Lewis Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Michael Viola, Donald Smolenski, and Gregory Mordukhovich, General Motors Corp.

Page 2: Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for ... · Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies

Jun Qu, ORNL 2 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Piston ring–cylinder liner contact

• Majority of the stroke is under EHL, and the traction is from shearing the lubricant film – a low-viscosity lubricant produces lower friction thus better fuel economy.

• Top ring reversal region is under BL, and has wear issue – a high-viscosity lubricant provides better wear protection

• Approach: anti-wear additives or wear-resistant surface engineering technologies to allow the usage of lower viscosity oils

BL

BL

EHL

EHL

BL

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Jun Qu, ORNL 3 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

• Ionic liquids are ‘room temperature molten salts’, composed of cations and anions, instead of neutral molecules.

• Properties – Inherent polarity – High thermal stability and non-flammability – Low volatility – High flexibility of IL molecular design – Economical and environmentally friendly synthesis

Introduction to ionic liquids

Ionic liquid Oil

+ +

+ + +

- -

- - -

-

Coulombic forces Van der Waals forces

NR

N NR

+ N++

R1

R2 R3

R4 P

+R1

R2 R3

R4

Tetraalkyl-ammonium

Tetraalkyl-phosphonium

1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium

N-alkyl-pyridinium

1

2

3

4 5

(R1,2,3,4 = alkyl)

NR

N NR

+ N++

R1

R2 R3

R4 P

+R1

R2 R3

R4

Tetraalkyl-ammonium

Tetraalkyl-phosphonium

1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium

N-alkyl-pyridinium

1

2

3

4 5

(R1,2,3,4 = alkyl)

[PF6]- [BF4]-

[CF3CO2]-, [NO3]-[CH3CO2]-

[BR1R2R3R4]-

[CF3SO3]-[(CF3SO2)2N]-

Br-, Cl-, I-

[Al2Cl7]-, [AlCl4]-[(C2F5SO2)2N]- (BETI)

(Tf2N)[PF6]- [BF4]-

[CF3CO2]-, [NO3]-[CH3CO2]-

[BR1R2R3R4]-

[CF3SO3]-[(CF3SO2)2N]-

Br-, Cl-, I-

[Al2Cl7]-, [AlCl4]-[(C2F5SO2)2N]-[(C2F5SO2)2N]- (BETI)

(Tf2N)

[P(O)2(OR)2]− (phosphate) [P(O)2(R)2]− (phosphinate)

Common Cations Common Anions

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Jun Qu, ORNL 4 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Program and technology development on Ionic Liquid Lubrication

Our idea

ORNL internal Proof-of-concept

CRADA w/ GM Joint DOE FOA award w/ Shell

2004 2005 2007 2009 2012 2013 2015

Technology development

Ammonium-based ILs Lubricating

mechanism Oil-miscible ILs

As neat lubes

As oil additives emulsions

Low-viscosity, low PV-coeff ILs

Breakthroughs U.S. patent, 1st in this area

6 journal papers + 1 ORNL award

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Jun Qu, ORNL 5 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Ionic liquids for lubrication

• ILs as neat lubricants or base stocks – High thermal stability (up to 500 oC) – High viscosity index (120-370) – Low elastohydrodynamic (EHL) and mixed friction due to low pressure-

viscosity coefficient – Wear protection at boundary lubrication (BL) by forming a tribo-film – Suitable for specialty bearing components

• ILs as oil additives – Potential multi-functions: AW/EP, FM, corrosion inhibitor, detergent – Ashless/low sludge – Allow the use of lower viscosity oils for higher efficiency – Cost effective and easier to penetrate into the lubricant market

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Jun Qu, ORNL 6 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

ORNL-developed phosphonium-based ILs as lubricant additives

• Potential benefits – Improves durability and extended service intervals, – prevents the wear-induced efficiency loss and emission increase, and – more importantly, allows using less viscous oils for better engine efficiency.

µ

IL additives to prevent excessive wear due to a reduced viscosity

Promising properties: • Mutual miscibility with hydrocarbon oils • Free of zinc, sulfur, and fluorine • Non-corrosive • High thermal stability • Excellent wettability • AW, FM, and other potential functions

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Jun Qu, ORNL 7 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Oil-miscibility • Most ILs have very limited oil-solubility (<<1%). • [P66614][DTMPP] (IL16) & [P66614][DEHP] (IL18) are fully

miscible with all hydrocarbon oils tested, including both mineral oil- and PAO-based.

– Hypothesis: 3D quaternary structures for both cation and anion w/ long hydrocarbon chains (high steric hindrance) to dilute the charge

– But why oxygen donors necessary?

PAO(50%) 10W(50%) + + IL18(50%) IL18(50%)

(CH2)5CH3P

(CH2)5CH3

(CH2)13CH3

H3C(H2C)5 -OP

O CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)3

CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)3

(CH2)5CH3P

(CH2)5CH3

(CH2)13CH3

H3C(H2C)5 -OP

O OCH2CH(C2H5)CH2CH2CH2CH3

OCH2CH(C2H5)CH2CH2CH2CH3

B. Yu, D.G. Bansal, J. Qu*, X. Sun, H. Luo, S. Dai, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, Wear (2012) 289 (2012) 58–64.

[P66614][DEHP]

[P66614][DTMPP]

10W(95%) 10W30(95%) PAO(95%) 5W30(95%) + + + + IL16(5%) IL16(5%) IL16(5%) IL16(5%)

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Jun Qu, ORNL 8 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Viscosities of oil-IL blends

• If a blend of multiple components is a single-phase solution (non-emulsion), the viscosity of the blend can be expressed by the Refutas equation [1].

• Good match between measured and calculated viscosities of the blends confirmed the ILs’ oil-miscibility [2].

0100200300400500600700800

0 20 40 60 80 100

Visc

osity

(cSt

)

Temperature (oC)

PAO+IL(50%) - measuredPAO+IL(50%) - calculatedPAO+IL(5%) - measuredPAO+IL(5%) - calculated

[1] Maples R.E. Petroleum Refinery Process Economics (2nd ed.). Pennwell Books (2000).

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100

Visc

osity

(cSt

)

Temperature (oC)

10W+PP-IL1(50%) - measured10W+PP-IL1(50%) - calculatedPAO+PP-IL1(50%) - measuredPAO+PP-IL1(50%) - calculated

[P66614][DTMPP] [P66614][DEHP]

[2] B. Yu, D.G. Bansal, J. Qu*, X. Sun, H. Luo, S. Dai, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, Wear (2012) 289 (2012) 58–64.

Page 9: Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for ... · Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies

Jun Qu, ORNL 9 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

High thermal stability and excellent wettability of oil-miscible PP-ILs

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600

Weig

ht (%

)

Temperature (oC)

PAO oil10W oilIL-aIL-b

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

Fluid Contact angle on cast iron

PAO 4 cSt base oil 13.0

Mobil 1TM 5W-30 engine oil 9.0

[P66614][DTMPP] (oil-miscible) 6.3

[P66614][DEHP] (oil-miscible) 7.6

[N888H][NTf2] (oil-insoluble) 33.9

[BMIM][NTf2] (oil-insoluble) 41.7

[P66614][DEHP]

[P66614][DTMPP] [P66614][DEHP]

Page 10: Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for ... · Ionic Liquids as Multifunctional Ashless Additives for Engine Lubrication Research sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies

Jun Qu, ORNL 10 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

No corrosion to iron or aluminum • Non-corrosive to cast iron or aluminum at either room or elevated temperatures

[P66614][DTMPP] on grey cast iron surface after 60 days

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05

Pote

ntial

(V)

Current (A/cm2)

In air

In IL

Al Fe

5.0 mm

Al and cast iron in [P66614][DTMPP] at 135 oC for 7 days

Potentiodynamic polarization curve of [P66614][DEHP] showing active-passive behavior

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

[P66614][DEHP]

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Jun Qu, ORNL 11 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Development of simulated rig tests

• Lubricants: commercial and candidate engine oils

• Materials: – Ring: cut from an actual piston top ring – Liner: either cut from an actual a cylinder

liner or a cast iron coupon with simulated liner surface finish

cross ring-on-liner ring-on-flat

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Jun Qu, ORNL 12 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Two ASTM standard tests G 181 & 206 developed at ORNL

• Test parameters: – Temperature: 100 oC – Sliding speed: 0.2 m/s (10 Hz, 10 mm stroke) – Friction test: Stepping load from 20 to 240 N w/ 20 N

increment for 1 min each – Wear test: 240 N load for 6 hours

Friction test Wear test

Wear quantification:

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Jun Qu, ORNL 13 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Anti-scuffing/anti-wear of [P66614][DEHP]

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 500 1000

Frict

ion

Coef

ficien

t

Sliding Distance (m)

PAO oilPAO+IL(5%)5W30 oil5W30+IL(5%)

PAO oil PAO + IL(5%)

• When added into PAO base oil, [P66614][DEHP] eliminates scuffing and significantly reduces wear – this low-viscosity blend performing as well as the more viscous 5W30 oil.

• When added into 5W30 engine oil, [P66614][DEHP] further reduces wear – suggesting a synergistic anti-wear effect with ZDDP.

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

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Jun Qu, ORNL 14 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Tribo-film on cast iron liner lubricated by PAO+5% [P66614][DEHP]

P O Fe

Ga from FIB

Smoother than original surface due to chemical-mechanical polishing effect?

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

Focused ion beam (FIB) TEM

C W

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Jun Qu, ORNL 15 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Tribo-film by 5W-30 oil+5% [P66614][DEHP]

A thicker tribo-film with • O, P, S, and Zn rich Suggesting a synergistic effect between IL and ZDDP in wear protection.

Ga from FIB

P O Fe Tribo-boundary film

Deformed zone

Ga S Zn

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

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Jun Qu, ORNL 16 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Hardness and modulus of tribo-films

• Nanoindentation to characterize the hardness and modulus of tribo-films: 2x25 indents, displacement control: 75 nm.

• The tribo-film formed by ZDDP+[P66614][DEHP] is harder and stronger than the tribo-film formed by either alone – a synergy?

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Jun Qu, ORNL 17 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

API/ILSAC limits IL’s concentration

ILSAC GF-5

[P66614][DEHP]: 0.78-1.03 wt%

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Jun Qu, ORNL 18 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Effects of IL concentration

• PAO 4 base oil + 1-5 wt% [P66614][DEHP] • Test type-1: cross ring-on-liner (Cross ROL),

RT, 160 N, 10 Hz, 10 mm stroke, 1000 m • Test type-2: cross ring-on-liner (Cross ROL),

100 oC, 240 N, 10 Hz, 10 mm stroke, 4320 m • Test type-: ring-on-flat liner (ROL), 100 oC,

240 N, 10 Hz, 10 mm stroke, 4320 m

Observation: 1 wt% of IL worked as well as 3 or 5 wt% in short-term bench testing.

0.E+001.E-072.E-073.E-074.E-075.E-076.E-077.E-078.E-079.E-071.E-06

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wea

r rat

e (m

m3 /N

-m)

IL concentration in PAO 4 (wt%)

Cross ROL RT

Cross ROL 100C

ROL 100C

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Frict

ion

Coef

ficien

t

Sliding Distance (m)

PAO 4 base oilPAO+1% ILPAO+1% ILPAO+3% ILPAO+3% ILPAO+5% ILPAO+5% IL

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Frict

ion

coef

fciie

nt

Sliding distance (m)

PAO 4 base oilPAO+1% ILPAO+1% ILPAO+3% ILPAO+3% IL

Cross ROL 100 oC Cross ROL RT

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Jun Qu, ORNL 19 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Friction modifier functionality

• When added into PAO base oil, [P66614][DEHP] reduces the friction at mixed lubrication – suggesting the potential functionality as a friction modifier. – No friction reduction for Mobil 1TM 5W30 or RP 0W10 engine oils, suggesting

competition against existing friction modifiers.

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Frict

ion

coef

ficien

t

Sliding speed (m/s)

5W30 engine oil5W30+2.4% IL18PAO base oilPAO+3% IL18

PCS MTM2 Mini-Traction Machine – steel-on-steel pin-on-disc rolling/sliding • Temperature: 100 oC • Load: 75 N • Rolling speed: 0.1–3.2 m/s • Sliding/rolling ratio: 50%

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Jun Qu, ORNL 20 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Lubricating mechanisms of ionic liquids as multi-functional additives • Under mixed or EHL regime, function as friction modifier

– First layer of anions absorbed onto the metal surface – Second layer of large-molecule cations attracted by the anions – Additional layers possible… – The layer-structured boundary lubricant film easier to shear improving engine efficiency

Metal surface Anti-wear tribo-film

• Under boundary lubrication, function as anti-wear additive – Tribo-chemical reactions to form a protective tribo-film improving engine durability – Allowing to use lower viscosity oils improving engine efficiency

+

Metal surface

+ + + + +

- - - - - -

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Jun Qu, ORNL 21 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

IL tribo-film shows signs of corrosion-resistance

• Water droplets placed on the wear scars on cast iron liner surfaces in ambient. • Less rust on the surface lubricated by PAO+5% [P66614][DEHP] compared to those

lubricated by PAO base or fully-formulated 10W-30 engine oil.

• Hint-1: [P66614][DEHP] tribo-film has higher corrosion resistance than ZDDP tribo-film • Hint-2: [P66614][DEHP] may perform as corrosion-inhibitor…

PAO 4 base oil PAO + 5% IL18 10W-30 engine oil

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Jun Qu, ORNL 22 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Thermo/pyrolysis analyses

• Method: 1 mg of hexane extracted residue from impingers was analyzed. These are gas phase compounds. Anions in solution analyzed by capillary electrophoresis.

• In helium – [P66614][DEHP] had very little decomposition at 200 oC. When decomposed at 400

oC, electropherogram of residue pyrolysis showed no detectable anions, indicating all volatile phosphorous – ashless.

– ZDDP largely decomposed at 200 oC with trace amounts when heated to 400 oC. Electropherogram of residue pyrolysis showed the presence of non-volatile phosphoric acid anion and unknown anion.

• In oxygen – [P66614][DEHP] was stable below 200 oC but completely decomposed at 300 oC. – Decomposition products different than those in helium, but again are volatile

phosphorous – ashless. – Olefin and paraffin compounds no longer exist but large number of carbonyl

compounds suggest that the alkyl legs of IL were oxidized.

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Jun Qu, ORNL 23 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Chromatographs of ZDDP thermo/pyrolysis in helium

Presentation_name

Zinc containing compounds

Mineral oil

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Jun Qu, ORNL 24 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Chromatographs of [P66614][DEHP] thermo/pyrolysis in helium

Presentation_name

alkenes

Phosphate functional group Phosphine functional group

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Jun Qu, ORNL 25 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Chromatographs of [P66614][DEHP] thermal decomposition in oxygen at 300 oC

Presentation_name

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

1) heptanone 2) ethyl hexenal 3) 2,2 dimethyl -1-hexanol 4) tridecan-1-ol 5) dodananol 6) tetradecadien-3-one 7) tetradecanone

Phosphate functional group Phosphine functional group

alkenes

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Jun Qu, ORNL 26 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Exhaust analysis

• Three fuels, base diesel, base diesel+ZDDP, and base diesel+[P66614][DEHP], evaluated in an single-cylinder research engine.

• 81 mm quartz fiber filters for particulate collection, pre-fired at 650 °C in a furnace. • Sample gas exited the oven and flowed through impingers kept at ice water

temperatures for water removal from the exhaust, and then to a dry gas meter.

High load Medium load Low load

PM filters

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Jun Qu, ORNL 27 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Chromatograph of thermo/pyrolysis of diesel+IL low load PM filter and hexane extracted residue from impinger

Presentation_name

No [P66614][DEHP] decomposition products

were detected.

Pyrolysis (400 C) Thermal desorption Diesel alkane peaks

Pyrolysis

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Jun Qu, ORNL 28 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Summary

• A group of oil-miscible ionic liquids has been developed by an ORNL-GM team as candidate lubricant additives with • Promising physical/chemical properties

• Fully miscible/soluble with hydrocarbon base oils (mineral and synthetic) • Non-corrosive to ferrous or aluminum alloys • High-thermal stability • Excellent wettability

• Potential multiple functionalities • Anti-scuffing/anti-wear, • Friction modifier, • and possibly corrosion inhibitor

• Thermal decomposition products of IL all volatile phosphorous (ashless) and very different from those of ZDDP

• Exhaust analysis showing no IL decomposition products in PM filter or residue • An oil-miscible IL is being formulated into an engine oil… • Emission catalyst poisoning and HLHT engine test are to be conducted…

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Jun Qu, ORNL 29 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Comments and Questions?

References 1. J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G.

Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “Anti-Wear Performance and Mechanism of an Oil-Miscible Ionic Liquid as a Lubricant Additive,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

2. B. Yu, D.G. Bansal, J. Qu*, X. Sun, H. Luo, S. Dai, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “Oil-Miscible and Non-Corrosive Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids as Candidate Lubricant Additives,” Wear (2012) 289 (2012) 58–64.

Acknowledgements • Sponsored by the Fuels and Lubes Program of the Vehicle Technologies Program,

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, DOE • Partner: General Motors (CRADA) • Part of characterization was supported by SHaRE User Facility, Office of Basic

Energy Sciences, DOE

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Jun Qu, ORNL 30 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Backup slides

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Jun Qu, ORNL 31 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Anti-scuffing/anti-wear of [P66614][DTMPP]

• When added into the 10W base oil, [P66614][DTMPP] eliminates scuffing and significantly reduces wear.

• This low-viscosity blend performing as well as the more viscous 10W30 engine oil.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Frict

ion

Coef

ficien

t

Sliding Distance (m)

10W base oil10W30 engine oil10W+PP-IL1(5%)

B. Yu, D.G. Bansal, J. Qu*, X. Sun, H. Luo, S. Dai, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, Wear (2012) 289 (2012) 58–64.

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Jun Qu, ORNL 32 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Tribo-film lubricated by 5W-30 engine oil Ga from FIB

P O Fe

Tribo-boundary film

Deformed zone

Ga S Zn

Tribo-boundary film Ga from FIB

A ZDDP-based tribo-film • S and Zn rich • P and O in lower-

concentrations

J. Qu*, D.G. Bansal, B. Yu, J. Howe, H. Luo, S. Dai, H. Li, P.J. Blau, B.G. Bunting, G. Mordukhovich, D.J. Smolenski, “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 997–1002.

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Jun Qu, ORNL 33 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Nanoindentation to characterize the hardness and modulus of tribo-films

• Nanoindentation: 2x25 indents, displacement control: 75 nm. • Wear scars generated at 100C in Mobil 1TM 5W30,

PAO+3%IL18, and 5W30+5%IL18

Before nanoindentation

After nanoindentation

10x10 µm scan

Each of the 50 indents was visually examined - about half landed on ’bad’ spots and were removed in analysis.

PAO+3%IL18

PAO+3%IL18

PAO+3%IL18

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Jun Qu, ORNL 34 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy

Chromatographs of the base low load hexane extracted residue thermo/pyrolysis (gas phase compounds)

Presentation_name

Thermal desorption

Pyrolysis (400 C)

Lube alkanes