INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 154-163, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_016

Available online at

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=1

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ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER

REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG

FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR

IMPLANT APPLICATION

Chennabasappa Hampali

Sr. Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering,

REVA University, Bangalore,

Chandrashekhar Bendigeri

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore

ABSTRACT

This paper includes the study of basic mechanical properties of polymer

composites prepared for polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Hemp long

fiber and Hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions

of 10%, 20% and 30% reinforcement used for patellar implant material. Over

the past centuries, there is lot of research works carried out in the medical

field and materials science in development of biomaterials for implant

applications. So, many different materials are used as implants for replacing

of damaged parts. Over the years, SS316L and UHMWPE have established as

the best available patellar implant materials. In advancing field of material

science, metallurgy and designing, still there is scope for development for

more advanced bio-materials with better properties. It has been observed that

the mechanical properties of Polyester reinforced with Hemp fibre (long fibres

and mat) show better properties than UHMWPE. These properties of

composites are found to be suitable for the patellar implant material.

Key words: PMC, Hemp, Long fibre, Mat fibre, tensile test, Compression test,

bending test

Cite this Article: Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri.

The “Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with

Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application,

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016,

pp. 154-163.

http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=1

http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=6&IType=7

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long

Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application


1. INTRODUCTION

Over the past centuries there is a considerable development in the medical field. There

is a lot of development in surgery and prosthetic fields. For this purpose a lot of

alternative materials are used for implants while replacing them in place of damaged

parts. These materials are called bio-materials.

All these years SS-316L has established itself as the best available bio-implant

material. With the research and development in the field of material science,

metallurgy and design, bio materials have better properties over SS-316L are

observed.

The strength characteristics of any continuous fiber reinforced composite can be

simulated, as long as the fiber orientation in the composite can be identified. Then

mechanical properties of fibrous composites are predicted.

Through the media and conferences it has been observed that there is wide scope

for bio-materials which encourages the researchers in medical field to invent the

alternate materials with required mechanical properties.

In this paper the mechanical properties study of polymer composites prepared

from polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Jute long fiber, Jute mat fiber, Hemp long

fiber and hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of

10%,20% and30% reinforcement used for implant material.

2. RAW MATERIALS

Raw materials used in this experimental work are:

Polymer- Polyester resin

Hardener

Natural fiber

Hemp (long fiber)

Hemp (mat)

The physical and mechanical properties of polyester are shown in table 1. In the

present work HY 951(Araldite) hardener is used. This has a viscosity of 10-20 poise

at 250oC.

Table 1 Properties of Polyester

Material Density

(Kg/m3)

Elastic

modulus

(GPa)

Tensile

Strength

(MPa)

Compressive

Strength

(MPa)

Elongation

(%)

Polyester 1200- 1500 2 - 4.5 40 - 90 90 – 250 2

Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri


Hemp Fiber (Long Fiber & Mat Type)

Figure 1 Hemp long fiber

Figure 2 Hemp mat fiber

Hemp is the name of the soft, durable fiber that is cultivated from plants of

cannabis genus for industrial and commercial use. The common application of the

hemp fiber is to be blend with polypropylene in a nonwoven mat which through

compression moulding technique turns to a three dimensional part. When the hemp

was compared with glass fiber, it has same value of Young´s modulus, a much lower

density and costs (approximately half the price of glass fiber) and a reduction in

moulding time. Hemp fibers are longer, stronger and more absorbent resistant than

cotton. Hemp can be made into fine quality paper. The Hemp long fiber and mat fiber

are shown in figure 1 & figure 2 respectively.

Natural brightness of Hemp can obviate the need to use chlorine bleach. Hemp

grows well in a variety of climates and soil types. It is naturally resistant to most pests

It grows tightly spaced, out-competing any weeds, so herbicides are not necessary.

Hemp can displace cotton which is usually grown with massive amounts of chemicals

which harmful to people and the environment. The properties of Hemp fiber are as

shown in table 2.0

Table 2 Properties of Hemp fiber

Property Density

(Kg/m3)

Elastic

Modulus

(MPa)

Tensile strength

(MPa)

Stiffness

KN/mm2

Elongation

(%)

Hemp 1480 30-60 550-900 70 1.6




Fabrication by Hand Layup Method

Testing of Fabricated composites

Mechanical Properties- Test

Compression Test Bending Test Tensile Test

3. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES

The usefulness of bio-composites are characterized by their properties. The relevant

properties can be physical, mechanical, chemical, optical, electrical, etc. These

properties must be quantitatively determined through experiments following some

standards. Perhaps the most well known standardization organizations are ISO

(International Standards Organization) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and

Materials).

3.1. Methodology

Fabrication of polymer composite with Polyester and Hemp (Long fiber and Mat) has

been carried out by Hand Lay-up method. Then the specimens were prepared

according to ASTM standards to test mechanical properties. The layout of

methodology is show in figure.

Figure 3 Layout of Preparation and testing of PMC’s

3.2. Preparation of Composite Materials

The materials used in preparation of composite materials are:

1. Fiber reinforcement material (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat)

2. Matrix (Polyester)

3. Acetone

4. Roller

5. Gloves

3.3. Compositions of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

The compositions of polymer composites with long fiber and mat are given in the

following table 3.



Table 3 Composites of fiber reinforced polymer

COMPOSITES

TYPE

COMPOSITION

POLYESTER

Weight %

HEMP Weight

%

C1 Long fiber 90 10

C2 Long fiber 80 20

C3 Long fiber 70 30

C4 Mat 90 10

C5 Mat 80 20

C6 Mat 70 30

3.4. Rule of Mixtures

'Rules of Mixtures' are mathematical expressions which give some property of the

composite in terms of the properties, quantity and arrangement of its constituents.

They may be based on a number of simplifying assumptions, and their use in design

should be tempered with extreme caution. The theoretical density has been calculated

by applying the rule of mixture to all composites.

3.5. Mould Preparation

First of all the mould for the composite is prepared of size 300 x 300 x 3 mm for the

preparing required composites. A clean smooth surface wooden board is taken and

washed thoroughly. The wooden board is covered with a non-reactive thin plastic

sheet. Then the glass of equal size (thickness 3mm) that of the mould is taken, then

the glass on the wooden board was placed.

3.5.1. Casting

First of all mould release mansion wax was applied on the mould, removal sheet is

spread on the mould then small amount of matrix is poured by placing hemp mat. This

process is repeated till all the mixture of matrix is completed. Then sample test

specimen is left for 72 hr for drying. Weights are placed on the specimens for good

finishing, as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Casting process




4. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

The following section will elaborate in detail the experimental procedure carried out

during conducting the different tests. The steps involved are:

1. Specimen preparation.

By Hand Lay-Up method.

Cutting of Laminates into samples of desired dimensions.

2. Tensile test

3. Bending test

4. Compression test

Tensile Test

Static tensile properties, such as tensile strength, young’s modulus, failure strain, and

Poisson’s ratio of flat composite materials, are determined according to ASTM D

3039 standards and sample was cut into flat shape (250x25x3) mm, in according to

ASTM standards D3039 as shown in figure 5.

Bending Test

Static and fatigue flexural properties, such as flexural strength and modulus are

determined by ASTM D 790 test method. In this test, a composite beam specimen of

rectangular cross-section is loaded in either a three-point mode. In this mode, a large

span (L) to thickness (t) ratio of 16, 32, 40, or 60 is usually recommended to minimize

interlaminar shear deformation. Sample was cut into flat shape (20x150x5) mm, in

accordance with ASTM standards D790 as shown in figure 6.

Compression Test

Unlike metals, properties of a composite in tension and compression are not same in

general. Compression testing is one of the most difficult tests which can be performed

on composites. A number of test methods together with specimen designs have been

proposed, with a primary focus on the avoidance of the specimen buckling or global

instability under a compressive load. In-plane static compressive properties can be

determined using either ASTM D 695 or D 3410 test method sample was cut in to flat

shape (150x25x3) mm, in accordance with ASTM standards D3410 as shown in

figure 7

Figure 5 Macrograph of Tensile test specimen



Figure 6 Macrograph of Bending specimen

Figure 7 Macrograph of Compression specimen

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter comprises with comparison and discussion of obtained results for

considering feasible alternative material for pattellar implant. For different

composition of developed PMC’s, tensile test, compression test and bending tests are

conducted and compared in the bar charts.

Tensile test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20%

and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results for the tensile test are in bar chart as shown in

figure 8. In the tensile test, Polyester with 30% Hemp mat is found better as compared

to other compositions.




Figure 8 Ultimate Tensile Stress v/s PMC’s

Compression test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%,

20% and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results from the compression test is in bar chart

as shown in figure 9. In the compression test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is

found better as compared to other composition

Figure 9 Compressive Stress v/s PMC’s

Bending test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20%

and 30 % hemp LF and MAT. Results from the bending test is in bar chart as shown

in fig 10. In the bending test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is found slightly

better as compared to other composition

P10HL P20HL P30HL P10HM P20HM P30HM

UTS(MPa) 47 84 96 86 92.3 98.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

UT

S(M

Pa)

P10HL P20HL P30HL P10H

M

P20H

M

P30H

M

Comp. Strength(MPa) 51 92 133 69 65 61

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

p. S

tren

gth

(M

Pa)



Figure 10 Bending Stress v/s PMC’s

6. CONCLUSION

The following are the observations listed by above results,

The density of polymer composite materials is approximately 1380 Kg/m3 and it is

similar to the density of bone (1000 to 2000 Kg/m3).

The tensile strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to be

more than the polymer composite with hemp mat for both combinations.

Compressive strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to

be more than the polymer composite with hemp mat.

Bending strength of the polymer composite with hemp mat is observed to be more

than the polymer composite with hemp long fiber.

With the above observations we can conclude that the polymer composite material

with long fiber may be used as alternative material for the biomedical applications.

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0

20

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Ben

din

g S

tren

gth

(M

Pa)




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INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION