INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOAM BRICKWALL PANEL

WITH DIFFERENT BONDING BY USING STRETCHER & FLEMISH BOND

SUKRI BIN DERAMAN

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

DECEMBER 2010

ABSTRACT

Today, there are many types of masonry units that are available in the market

which varies in shapes and sizes. Clay bricks are the most widely used masonry units for

construct brick wall in construction industry. In developing construction industry, many

alternative materials had used to replace the clay brick, such as foam concrete brick. A

study to determine the compressive strength of foam concrete brick wall due to uniform

distribution load by using Stretcher and Flemish bond was done. Various sets of wall panels

using Stretcher and Flemish bond were made and have same dimension based on bonding

type. In this research, the brick size used is based on standard dimension by British

Standard which is 215 x 100 x 65 mm. The wall panels were tested to obtain the

necessary information. Laboratory testing was done to obtain the compressive strength

of wall panel for Stretcher and Flemish bond by using compressive strength test. The

value of deflection and strain also obtained from the testing. Percentage of water

absorption for foam concrete brick is determined by using water absorption test.

Observation also was made during the test to evaluate the failure occurred to the wall

panel under compression. From the observation made during the testing, the general

failure mode occurred on the wall panel sample are obtained. The result indicated from

the test and analysis had determined the compressive strength of wall panel sample,

deflection, and strain for Stretcher and Flemish bonding.

V

ABSTRAK

Pada masa kini, terdapat pelbagai jenis bata yang terdapat di pasaran dalam

pelbagai saiz dan bentuk. Dalam pembinaan dinding bata, bata tanah hat digunakan

dengan meluas dalam industri pembinaan. Dalam memajukan industri pembinaan,

pelbagai bahan altematif telah digunakan bagi menggantikan penggunaan bata tanah

hat, antaranya adalah bata konkrit busa. Kajian mi menentukan tentang kekuatan

mampatan dinding bata konkrit busa terhadap beban agihan seragam mengunakan

ikatan Stretcher dan Flemish. Beberapa set dinding panel menggunakan ikatan Stretcher

dan Flemish dibina dan mempunyai dimensi yang sama mengikut jenis ikatan. Dalam

kajian mi, saiz bata yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kepada dimensi yang ditetapkan

oleh British Standard iaitu 215 x 100 x 65 mm. Sampel dinding panel tersebut diuji

untuk mendapatkan informasi yang diperlukan. Bagi mendapatkan nilai kekuatan

mampatan dinding panel untuk ikatan Stretcher dan Flemish, kajian makmal telah

dijalankan mengunakan ujian kekuatan mampatan. Dari ujian tersebut, nilai pesongan

dan regangan juga dapat ditentukan. Dengan mengunakan ujian serapan air, nilai

peratusan serapan air untuk bata konkrit busa dapat diperolehi. Pemerhatian dibuat

semasa ujikaji untuk menilai kegagalan yang berlaku kepada dinding panel dalam

keadaan mampatan. Daripada pemerhatian yang dibuat, mod kegagalan umum yang

berlaku kepada sampel dinding panel dapat ditentukan. Keputusan yang diperoleh dan

kajian dan anahisa yang dibuat telah dapat menentukan nilai kekuatan mampatan

dinding panel, pesongan, dan regangan bagi ikatan Stretcher dan Flemish.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scopes of Work 4

1.5 Significant of Study 4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Bricks 7

vii

viii

2.2.1 Foam Concrete Bricks 7

2.3 Properties of Foam Concrete Bricks 8

2.3.1 Compressive Strength 8

2.3.2 Water Absorption 9

2.3.3 Fire Resistance 10

2.3.4 Thermal Resistance 12

2.3.5 Colors 13

2.3.6 Texture 13

2.4 Mortar 13

2.4.1 Properties of Mortar 14

2.4.1.1 Workability of Wet Mortar 15

2.4.1.2 Bonding Strength 15

2.4.1.3 Compressive Strength 15

2.4.1.4 Elastic Properties 16

2.4.2 Sieve Analysis for Mortar Mixture 17.

2.5 Properties of Brickwork 18

2.6 Mechanism of Failure in Brickwork under

Axial Load 22

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Material Selection and Preparation 24

3.2.1 Brick Dimension 26

3.2.2 Brick Preparing 27

3.3 Test on the Materials 29

3.3.1 Test on Foam Concrete Bricks 29

3.3.1.1 Measurement of Dimensions 30

3.3.2 Test on Mortar Constituent 31

3.3.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand Grading 31

3.4 Construction of Wall Panel Samples 33

3.4.1 Wall Panel Design 33

3.4.2 Construction of Stretcher Bond Wall

Panel Samples 35

3.4.3 Construction of Flemish Bond Wall

Panel Samples 36

3.5 Samples Testing 37

3.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 37

3.5.2 Water Absorption Test 40

3.6 Study Flow Process 41

4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 43

4.1 Introduction 43

4.2 Test on Foam Concrete Bricks 44

4.2.1 Measurement of Dimension of Foam

Concrete Bricks 44

4.2.2 Water Absorption of Foam Concrete

Bricks 45

4.3 Test on Mortar Mixture 46

4.3.1 Sieve Analysis of Sand for Mortar Mixture 46

4.4 Test on Wall Panel Samples 47

4.4.1 Stretcher Bond Wall Panel Test 49

4.4.1.1 Stretcher Bond Wall Panel IS 50

4.4.1.2 Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 2S 52

4.4.1.3 Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 3S 55.

4.4.1.4 Stretcher Bond Average Result 58

4.4.2 Flemish Bond Wall Panel Test 59

4.4.2.1 Flemish Bond Wall Panel IF 60

4.4.2.2 Flemish Bond Wall Panel 2F 62

4.4.2.3 Flemish Bond Wall Panel 3F 65

4.4.2.4 Flemish Bond Average Result 67

ix

4.5 Discussion and Analysis 68

4.5.1 Test on Foam Concrete Bricks 68

4.5.2 Test on Mortar Mixture 69

4.5.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand 70

4.5.3 Test on Wall Panel Samples 70

4.5.3.1 Stretcher Bond Wall Panel Test 70

4.5.3.2 Flemish Bond Wall Panel Test 72

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75

5.1 General 75

5.2 Conclusion 75

5.3 Recommendations 76

x

REFERENCES 78

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Value of Water Absorption and IRA for 3 Types

of Bricks 9

2.2 Requirement for Mortar 14

3.1 Dimension of Brick 26

3.2 Percentage by Mass Passing BS Sieve, BS 882: 1992 31

3.3 Limits of Bricks Dimensions Recommended by

BS 3921: 1985 33.

3.4 Total of 6 Samples According To Bonding Type and

Wall Panel Dimension 35

4.1 Dimensions of 24 FCB Measured 44

4.2 Water Absorption of FCB 45

4.3 Sieve Analysis for Sand 46

4.4 Dimensions of the Wall Panel Sample 48

4.5 Result of Compressive Strength Test for Stretcher

and Flemish Bond 48

4.6 Result of Wall Panel IS 51

4.7 Result of Wall Panel 2S 53

4.8 Result of Wall Panel 3S 55

4.9 Result of Average Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 58

4.10 Result of Wall Panel IF 60

4.11 Result of Wall Panel 2F 63

xl

xii

4.12 Result of Wall Panel 3F 65

4.13 Result of Average Flemish Bond Wall Panel 67

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Comparison of Percentage Water Absorption 10

2.2 Fire Resistance Time Based on FCB Thickness 11

2.3 Relations between Thermal Conductivity and

Dry Density 12

2.4 Mean Compressive Strength of Walls against Brick

Strength for 102 mm Thick Brickwork in Various Mortars 16

2.5 Fine Aggregate Grading for Sample 1 and 2 17

2.6 Brick Strength against Brickwork Cube Strength 18

2.7 Mortar Strength against Brickwork Cube Strength 19

2.8 Brick and Mortar Stresses Due to Uniaxial

Compressive Load 20

2.9 Load vs Displacement and Mean Value 21

2.10 Stress vs Strain 21

2.11 Force-Displacement Curves of the Test 22

2.12 Typical Failure Patterns in a Brickwork Wall 22

3.1 FCB Used In Constructing Wall Panel 25

3.2 Ordinary Portland Cement Used In Mortar Mixture 25

3.3 Sand Used In Mortar Mixture 26

3.4 Dimensions of Masonry Brick 27

3.5 Foam concrete block 600 x 200 x 100 mm produce

byDesjaya 28

xlii

3.6 Cutter Machine (Starbie) 28

3.7 Measurements for Cutting the Block 29

3.8 Arrangement of bricks for measurement of Length,

Width and Height 30

3.9 Sieving Process for the Sand 33

3.10 Dimension of Stretcher Wall Panel Design 34

3.11 Dimension of Flemish Wall Panel Design 34

3.12 Completed Stretcher Bond Wall Panel Samples 36

3.13 Completed Flemish Bond Wall Panel Samples 37

3.14 Compression Testing Machine 3$

3.15 Sketch of LVDT and SG Arrangements 38

3.16 Compressive Strength Test on Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 39

3.17 Compressive Strength Test on Flemish Bond Wall Panel 39

3.18 Weighing the Sample Mass 40

3.19 Water Tank for Immersed FCB Samples 41

3.20 Study Process Flow 42

4.1 Chart of Percentage Passing Against Sieve For

Sand Grading Sieve Analysis 47

4.2 Chart of Ultimate Compressive Strength for Six

Samples According to Type of Bonding 49

4.3 Arrangement of LVDT 50

4.4 Arrangement of Strain Gauge 50

4.5 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel 1 S 51

4.6 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel IS 52

4.7 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel 2S 53

4.8 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel 2S 54

4.9 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel 3S 56

4.10 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel 3S 57

4.11 Graph Load versus Deflection of Average Result 58

4.12 LVDT Arrangements on Wall Panel 59

4.13 Arrangement of Strain Gauge 60

xlv

4.14 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel IF 61

4.15 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel IF 62

4.16 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel 2F 63

4.17 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel 2F 64

4.18 Graph Load versus Deflection of Wall Panel 3F 65

4.19 Graph Bending Stress versus Strain of Wall Panel 3F 66

4.20 Graph Load versus Deflection of Average Result 68

4.21 Failure of Stretcher Bond Wall Panel IS 71

4.22 Failure of Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 2S 72

4.23 Failure of Stretcher Bond Wall Panel 3S 72

4.24 Failure of Flemish Bond Wall Panel IF 74

4.25 Failure of Flemish Bond Wall Panel 2F 74

4.26 Failure of Flemish Bond Wall Panel 3F 74

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Material

LVDT - Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

FCB - Foam Concrete Bricks

IRA - Initial Rate of Absorption

UDL - Uniform Distribution Load

OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement

BS - British Standard

MS - Malaysian Standard

WA - Water Absorption

MPa - Mega Pascal

SG - Strain Gauge Location

L - Length Wall Panel

H - Height Wall Panel

W - Width Wall Panel

A - Bed Area

N - Maximum Loading

P - Compressive Strength

MD - Dry Mass

M - Wet Mass

X - Mean

xvi

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Construction industry is a most important sector that contributes to the

development and Malaysia economy growth. Based on Market Watch Malaysia 2009,

the construction industry makes up an important part of the Malaysian economy.

Conventional of brickwork in major construction are using the clay brick. In Malaysia

construction industry, the clay brick are use widely for brickwork. However, by moving

years there is a growing interest in developing and producing the alternative material for

replacing the clay brick as a major material in brickwork. In determine the alternative

material for brickwork, the Foam Concrete Brick (FCB) identifies has a large potential

and ideal replacement for clay brick. In process of developing and enhancing the FCB,

several significant researches have done in term to determine the factor that can be

upgrade and maximize the FCB usage.

By determine the potential of FCB and its reliability in construction work, the

testing of the FCB uses in brickwork are possibility to be proved. The comparison based

on their compressive strength in wall panel with different bonding of brick installation.

However, previous research has shown that foam concrete is good in workability,

durability, fire resistance, thermal insulation, water absorption, consistency, and

stability.

FCB generally has several of compressive strength based on various mixture

composition and densities, (K. Ramamurthy et at., 2009). But, it determined by

individual block by using the compression test. The ordinary method of brick lying in

brickwork is based on standard bond. Stretcher bond is one of the most common bonds.

This bond type is easy to lay with little waste and composed entirely of stretchers set in

rows and offset by half a brick. Other type of block orientation will be used is Flemish

bond. Flemish bond consists of alternating headers and stretchers along each course

with the headers centered on the stretchers layers above and below.

However, the compressive strength of the FCB is able to changing due to type of

brick bonding of wall panel. By referring to FCB properties, it known has different

compressive strength based in the densities as theoretically. Individual bricks have

different properties and characteristics compare to brick construct in wall panel. The

joint of the mortar could affect and increase the strength of the individual bricks. Other

advantages of FCB also will be the point of comparison to shows that the bond in wall

panel that would give the maximum of compressive strength of wall panel due to

loading applied. This could be an important breakthrough in understanding the FCB

would reach maximum compressive strength in wall panel by test with several types of

bonding method. Therefore, the complete understanding of the characteristics of new

material becomes so important in order to adapt in real possibilities.

1.2 Problem Statement

From our common construction work in Malaysia, the masonry brick are

constructed using the Stretcher and Flemish bond for years. FCB also using the same

method of bonding in construct the wall panel. In Malaysia, the technology of using the

3

FCB in brickwork is still new and not commercializes widely compare to other

countries that already used the FCB widely for many years. The normally size of FCB

uses in construction are in larger size and dimension and it not comply with the standard

size of masonry brick stated in BS 3921:1985. To determine compressive strength of

FCB in wall panel, the different types of brick bonding uses could prove it. The bonding

by mortar joint could be increase the compressive strength of FCB in wall panel. By

prove this problem, the conventional method could be upgrade and enhance the

construction work, using the FCB as a major material in constructing wall panel. By

using FCB in brickworks, it needs to test the wall panel that the maximum of the

compressive strength that could be carried out. By testing the wall panel, it could be

prove that FCB can be use commercially to replace of the masonry clay brick uses.

1.3 Objectives

The objective of the research is to establish a detail understanding of

compressive strength of FCB in wall panel with different bonding. The results of these

work supplemented with statistical studies and reviews of past research provides a

useful guidance to brick properties for local production. These works will also provide

data pertaining to current production of FCB which may be considered significant to

any revision or amendment made to the existing Malaysian Standard for masonry MS

76:1972, currently under revision.

The objectives of the research are:

1. To determine the maximum load support of the FCB in wall panel by using

two types of bond, Stretcher and Flemish bond.

2. To observe the cracking pattern and mode of failure of the FCB wall panel.

3. To determine the water absorption of the FCB.

4

1.4 Scope of Work

These types of wall panels with different orientation test under laboratory

conditions as specified by the respective standards. The FCB properties will be examined to

confine with thus studies are on maximum compressive strength, dimensional tolerance,

maximum load, and water absorption. Majority of the tests are based on the Malaysian

Standard MS 76: Part 2 1972, which is basically an adoption of British Standard, BS

3921:1969. Since then the British Standard for masonry has been revised several times to

accommodate with the changes for current needs.

In determine the compressive strength of FCB in wall panel of wall panel each of

Stretcher and Flemish bond will be constructed. Therefore, the samples that need to prepare

is 3 samples of wall panels by each bond. It will be constructed based on standard of wall

panel design that contains in British Standard, BS 5628-1:1992. However, it will be scaling

to sample of wall panel dimension based on standard dimension of wall panel state in

British Standard, BS 5628-1:1992. The FCB that will be used in this research is 1200

kg/ml . By determine the maximum applied loading that each wall could be support, it is

identify that applying the load at top of wall panel. Using this method, the cracking pattern

can be observed by analyses the crack at joint between brick block and at brick surface.

1.5 Significant of Study

The application of FCB in brickwork in construction work is already a long time

ago in construction industry history. However, in Malaysia the application of FCB is

still new and not use widely and still not yet been commercialize. Thus, the research is

to investigate the compressive strength of wall panel for different bond by using

Stretcher and Flemish bond. By referring to the strength of FCB, theoretically the

different of bonding, the different strength of FCB will gain. By investigate the strength,

it can prove that the other bonding could be use in brickwork that produce more higher

of compressive strength. From the strength investigation, it can determine that the FCB

5

might be replaced the common brick uses and enhancing the brickwork method that use

the lightweight material for brickwork. All of others advantages of FCB also will be

analyzed and review. From this study, it could help the use of FCB become wider in the

Malaysia's construction as the properties of this material in wall panel would be

identified.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Definition of masonry is a building of structure from individual units laid in and

bound together by bonding mixture known as mortar. The commonly used masonry unit

in structure construction is brick. Other types of masonry units are blocks and tiles.

Mortar and bricks had long been used in building structures. However, it is still far

ahead to mastering the art of masonry construction. For that reason, research and

investigations are done to understand more in the field of masonry construction.

The properties of bricks affect the appearance and the quality of brickwork

construction. Therefore, emphasis has been given by codes and standards to specify the

properties of units and component materials, in order to achieve the designated

durability, quality and strength.

This chapter presents works conducted on bricks for specifications development

and standardizations. Evaluation of bricks are made on compressive strengths, water

absorption, and cracking pattern.

7

2.2 Bricks

A brick is a walling unit whose form may be generally defined as a rectangular

prism of a size that can be handled conveniently with one hand (Lynch, 1994). Bricks

are widely used since in the past centuries due to its values and advantages. Bricks also

possess properties which are not commonly found in other materials.

2.2.1 Foam Concrete Bricks

FCB is a modern building material used as a constructional element in low-rise

building, and as an effective insulator. FCB is light porous concrete, received after

mortar hardening consisting of cement, sand, water, and foam. This foam provides

necessary content of air in the concrete and uniform distribution of air bubbles in the

concrete mass in the form of closed cells. The foam is made of foam concentrate.

FCB is inexpensive, economic, strong, ecologically clean, biologically

comfortable material, on quality it is closer to wood, but does not burn and is durable.

FCB combines advantage of stone and wood: durability, lightness, workability and nail

ability. FCB represent an artificial cement stone with regularly distributed closed pores.

Such a structure determines a number of high physico mechanical properties of the

cellular concrete and makes it rather an effective building material, which in

comparison with other kinds of light concrete is the most perspective for building. The

most accessible and universal building material are the blocks of foam concrete or the

FCB, which are used both in construction, and for reconstruction of the existing

buildings and constructions.

According to BS 3921, a one-size standard work size of brick is 215 x 102.5 x

65 mm while the work size shall not exceed the coordinating size, which includes 10

MM mortar joints.

8

2.3 Properties of Foam Concrete Bricks

The properties of the FCB are depended on the density of the bricks. Several

properties that majorly used to distinct the quality of FCB are compressive strength,

water absorption, and fire resistance.

2.3.1 Compressive Strength

The compressive strength decreases exponentially with a reduction in density of

foam concrete, (Kearsely, 1996). The specimen size and shape, the method of pore

formation, direction of loading, age, water content, characteristics of ingredients used

and the method of curing was reported to influence the strength of foam concrete in

total. Other parameters affecting the strength of foam concrete are cement sand and

water cement ratios, curing regime, type and particle size distribution of sand and type

of foaming agent used. For dry density of foam concrete between 500 and 1000 kg/M3,

the compressive strength decreases with an increase in void diameter. For densities

higher than 1000 kg/rn3, as the air-voids are far apart to have an influence on the

compressive strength, the composition of the paste determines the compressive strength,

(Visagie and Kearsely, 2002). It has been reported that small changes in the water

cement ratio does not affect the strength of foam concrete as in the case of normal

weight concrete, (Jones and McCarthy, 2006). At higher water cement ratios (within the

consistency and stability limit) an increase in strength was observed with an increase in

water cement ratio, just opposite to the trend usually noted for conventional

concrete/mortar where the entrapped air content is only a few percentage by volume. It

has been concluded by (Tam etal., 1987) that:

1. The strength of moist-cured foam concrete depends on water—cement ratio

and air—cement ratio

2. The combined effect should be considered when volumetric composition of

air-voids approaches that of water voids.

9

2.3.2 Water Absorption

The bricks contain pores will allow passage of water. Due to capillary action at

the pores of the bricks, the pores will absorb the water content from mortar that lay on

the bricks. The absorption of water will affect the properties of the mortars and thus

affect the bonding of mortar between bricks. The initial rate of absorption (IRA) by the

clay bricks should fall between the range of 0.25 and 2.05 kg/min/m2 in order to form

strong bond between mortar and bricks. If the IRA of the clay bricks is less than 0.25

kg/min/M2, the bricks do not absorb much water from the mortar and the water may

tend to float on the mortar. If the IRA value is too high, too much moisture is drawn

from the mortar (Robert, 1994). If too much moisture is drawn from the mortar, the

mortar may dried and harden faster than the bonds made with the bricks. The bonds

between mortar and bricks may be not strong enough although the mortar has hardened.

By the previous research, the value of water absorption was determined. Fired

clay brick was found to exhibit the highest initial rate of absorption and unit water

absorption. (Badorul et al., 2007). Table 2.1 shows the value of water absorption and

IRA obtain from the test results for calcium silicate, clay, and cement sand brick.

Table 2.1 Value of Water Absorption and IRA for 3 Types of Bricks

Calcium Fired Cement

Parameter Symbol Units Silicates clay sand

Bricks bricks bricks

Brick

Compressive strength Fb N/mm2 24.79 30.51 6.53

Water Absorption WA % 11.93 20.78 12.77

IRA IRA kg/m2/min 0.016 0.051 0.024

Source : Badorul et al. (2007)

10

Compare to the previous research, the percentage of water absorption of the

FCB are lower than the clay bricks that stated by the manufacturer, Desjaya. The value

of water absorption that obtained by the manufacturer is 14 %. Figure 2.1 shows the

comparison of percentage water absorption for four types of bricks.

Water Absorption (WA)

Claybrick

Normal Concrete

Silica Brick

Foam Concrete

I % of WA

Figure 2.1 Comparison of Percentage Water Absorption

Source: Desjaya (2010)

2.3.3 Fire Resistance

Traditionally, a fire resistance rating has been established by testing. The most

common test method used is ASTM E119, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of

Building Construction and Material. Fire resistance tests on different densities of foam

concrete indicated that the fire endurance enhanced with reductions in density. From the

earlier studies of fire resistance stated by (Jones and McCarthy, 2005), the lower

densities of foam concrete have proportional strength loss less than normal concrete.

The lower densities of foam concrete have exhibited better fire resistance, while the

higher densities stated to be reversed (Aldridge, 2005). From the studied by (Kearsley

I Normal Foam Concrete Silica Brick I Claybrick

Concrete

14% 37% 56% 100%

I

and Mostert, 2005) had conclude that foam concrete containing hydraulic cement with

an Al203/CaO ratio higher than two can withstand temperatures as high as 1450 °C

without showing sign of damage.

The manufacturer, Desjaya stated that the FCB is an organic material and

incombustible. The fire resistance of FCB is increased based on the thickness of the

bricks. The Figure 2.2 shows fire resistances time (hours) based on the FCB thickness.

For FCB with thickness 100 mm, the fire resistance time reached 3.5 to 4 hours. The

hours are high compared to normal concrete that reached 1.5 hours.

I__N VII

111 I MM W, NVA WA U V1I I A I

TIe3s(ffr)

Figure 2.2 Fire Resistance Time Based on FCB Thickness

Source : Desjaya (2010)