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Investigation of a Subterranean Tomb in Miyazaki, Japan WALTER EDWARDS, 1 * MASAAKI OKITA 2 AND DEAN GOODMAN 3 1 Department of Japanese Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510, Japan 2 Department of Archaeology, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510, Japan 3 Geophysical Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Miami Japan Division, Otsubu 39-1, Nakajima Machi, Ishikawa 929-2200, Japan ABSTRACT A subterranean chamber tomb in Miyazaki, Japan was investigated in an experimental pro- gramme combining remote sensing, excavation and scientific analysis of the materials recovered. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to locate the tomb, for which no visible surface markers remained. The approach to the tomb was then excavated to expose the sealed entrance to the burial chamber, through which a small hole was bored for the insertion of a miniature video camera. Based on the images thus obtained, the cooperation of specialists was enlisted for the analysis of substances expected to be recovered from the chamber, and plans were made for the collection of suitable samples. This strategy permitted the identification of docosahexaenoic acid, a fatty acid characteristically found in fish and shellfish, in the residue from a dish which appeared in the video to be lying in its original position, demonstrating the utility of obtaining visual images by non-destructive means prior to full-scale excavation. Other results from the excavation similarly provide a means for evaluating the utility and accuracy of the various remote sensing methods used (GPR, resistivity and ground temperature surveys, visual inspection by miniature video camera and fibrescope). Copyright * c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: ground-penetrating radar; remote sensing; video; ground temperature measure- ment; Kofun period; Japan Introduction Burial mounds appeared in the Japanese archi- pelago during the fourth to third centuries BC, and continued to be built until the eighth century AD. Within this interval, mounds having a distinctive keyhole shape were constructed from the third through the sixth centuries AD, a time known as the Kofun period. With the diffusion of corridor-style stone chambers from the Korean peninsula in the fifth century AD, the shape of facilities for interring human remains underwent great change, as did burial practices as a whole. For example, whereas burials were previously positioned within the fill of the mound, corridor- style stone chambers came to be built with their lower portions set directly into the natural strata, and their upper portions covered over with fill. Shortly after the introduction of these stone chambers, corridor-style tombs appeared in which the entire burial chamber was dug directly into the ground. Because the approach to the entrance of such a tomb is basically either level (or on an upward incline), as when the chamber is tunnelled into a steep slope (Figure 1a), or in the form of a vertical shaft, as when the tomb is dug below the ground level (Figure 1b), these graves traditionally have been divided into two types, ‘horizontal chamber tombs’ and ‘subterra- nean chamber tombs’, respectively (Sait o, 1961). Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 6 July 1999 Accepted 29 October 1999 Archaeological Prospection Archaeol. Prospect. 7, 215–224 (2000) *Correspondence to: Dr Walter Edwards, Department of Japanese Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510, Japan. Email: [email protected] Contract grant sponsor: Japanese Ministry of Education, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Priority Areas.

Investigation of a subterranean tomb in Miyazaki, Japan

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Page 1: Investigation of a subterranean tomb in Miyazaki, Japan

Investigation of a Subterranean Tombin Miyazaki, Japan

WALTER EDWARDS,1* MASAAKI OKITA2 AND DEAN GOODMAN3

1Department of Japanese Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510, Japan2Department of Archaeology, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510, Japan3Geophysical Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Miami Japan Division,

Otsubu 39-1, Nakajima Machi, Ishikawa 929-2200, Japan

ABSTRACT A subterranean chamber tomb in Miyazaki, Japan was investigated in an experimental pro-gramme combining remote sensing, excavation and scienti®c analysis of the materials recovered.Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to locate the tomb, for which no visible surfacemarkers remained. The approach to the tomb was then excavated to expose the sealed entranceto the burial chamber, through which a small hole was bored for the insertion of a miniature videocamera. Based on the images thus obtained, the cooperation of specialists was enlisted for theanalysis of substances expected to be recovered from the chamber, and plans were made forthe collection of suitable samples. This strategy permitted the identi®cation of docosahexaenoicacid, a fatty acid characteristically found in ®sh and shell®sh, in the residue from a dish whichappeared in the video to be lying in its original position, demonstrating the utility of obtainingvisual images by non-destructive means prior to full-scale excavation. Other results from theexcavation similarly provide a means for evaluating the utility and accuracy of the various remotesensing methods used (GPR, resistivity and ground temperature surveys, visual inspection byminiature video camera and ®brescope). Copyright *c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key words: ground-penetrating radar; remote sensing; video; ground temperature measure-ment; Kofun period; Japan

Introduction

Burial mounds appeared in the Japanese archi-pelago during the fourth to third centuries BC,and continued to be built until the eighth centuryAD. Within this interval, mounds having adistinctive keyhole shape were constructed fromthe third through the sixth centuries AD, a timeknown as the Kofun period. With the diffusion ofcorridor-style stone chambers from the Koreanpeninsula in the fifth century AD, the shape offacilities for interring human remains underwent

great change, as did burial practices as a whole.For example, whereas burials were previouslypositioned within the fill of the mound, corridor-style stone chambers came to be built with theirlower portions set directly into the natural strata,and their upper portions covered over with fill.Shortly after the introduction of these stonechambers, corridor-style tombs appeared inwhich the entire burial chamber was dug directlyinto the ground. Because the approach to theentrance of such a tomb is basically either level(or on an upward incline), as when the chamberis tunnelled into a steep slope (Figure 1a), or inthe form of a vertical shaft, as when the tomb isdug below the ground level (Figure 1b), thesegraves traditionally have been divided into twotypes, `horizontal chamber tombs' and `subterra-nean chamber tombs', respectively (Sait �o, 1961).

Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 6 July 1999Accepted 29 October 1999

Archaeological ProspectionArchaeol. Prospect. 7, 215±224 (2000)

*Correspondence to: Dr Walter Edwards, Department ofJapanese Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara 632-8510,Japan. Email: [email protected]

Contract grant sponsor: Japanese Ministry of Education,Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Priority Areas.

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Whereas the former is distributed widelythroughout Japan, the latter is limited to thesouthern island of Kyushu. Recently, a style ofgrave combining aspects of both types, in whichthe approach is dug on a downward incline fromthe ground surface (Figure 1c), has been dis-covered in Miyazaki Prefecture, on Kyushu'ssoutheastern coast (Hidaka, 1995).

The current contribution reports the invest-igation of such a tomb, located in Miyazaki andbelonging to this new type, whose downwardinclining approach had been partially filled at thetime of burial. As natural sedimentation pro-ceeded, the position of the approach could nolonger be discerned from the surface, and in theabsence of a mound or scatterings of funerarypottery to serve as markers, knowledge of thegrave's existence was lost. As long as such gravesremain relatively intact, the tombs' sealedchambers present large subterranean cavitiesthat are easily detected by prospection, especiallyground-penetrating radar (GPR). Moreover, thesoils of Miyazaki are characterized by wide-spread deposits of volcanic ash, which experiencehas shown to yield good results with GPR.Accordingly, these conditions were consideredideal for an experimental programme of investi-gation in which GPR and other forms of remotesensing were used to obtain as much informationas possible prior to excavating the chamber of theparticular grave examined. These data were usedto devise an optimum strategy for the excavation,which in turn yielded results that provide a

means for evaluating the utility and accuracy ofthe remote sensing methods used.

Archaeological prospection andexcavation of the SaitobaruTomb Cluster Site

Prospection was conducted at the Saitobaru TombCluster Site, in a location where the existence ofchamber tombs having either level or downwardinclining approaches had been ascertained prev-iously through archaeological investigation. TheSaitobaru Site lies atop a tableland spreadingapproximately 2 km east±west and 4 km north±south, where more than 300 tombs of variousshapes and sizes were built from the fourththrough the sixth centuries. Three seasons ofwork, combining prospection and excavation,were conducted in the following manner.

First season (survey and prospection),July±August 1995

The Sakamoto-no-ue precinct of the SaitobaruSite, which had been partially excavated byMiyazaki Prefecture and the local city of Saitoin conjunction with the planned construction of aroadway (Miyazaki Ken and Saito-shi Ky �oikuIinkai, 1996), was selected for prospection, pre-ceded by a topographic survey. Radar andresistivity surveys were conducted first in SectorA, where excavation had uncovered portions ofsix downward inclining approaches to subterra-nean chambers (Figure 2). The chambers them-selves, anticipated on the basis of archaeologicalinference, were picked up clearly with radar,although results from the resistivity survey couldonly be marginally interpreted as indicating thesefeatures. Whereas reasons for the poor responsein the resistivity survey are thought to becomplex, the extremely arid condition of thesoil was probably a factor.

The radar survey was extended to the adjoin-ing Sector B, in order to search for as yetundetected graves, and anomalies were pickedup at three points. One of these later proved to bea layer of sand lining the bottom of a trench fromthe earlier excavation. The other two anomalies,

Figure 1. Types of corridor-style chamber tombs, differ-entiated by shape of the approach: (a) horizontal (orupward incline), (b) vertical, (c) downward incline.

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labelled X1 and X2, were judged to representhollow chambers sharing a single approach, withX1 lying deeper than X2 (Figure 3a). Thesefeatures were given the label of Tomb 7, althoughit could not be judged at this point whether theapproach was of the same downward incliningtype as observed for Tombs 1±6. Measurementswere taken of the ground temperature 20 cmbelow the surface at a point above the inferredlocation of chamber X1, and at points distantfrom it. From the onset of measurement at

8:45 am until 11:00 am, the temperature at thepoint above the chamber measured between 0.4and 1.78C lower than points away from it, but bynoon significant differences in temperature wereno longer observed.

Second season (prospection and partialexcavation of Tomb 7), December 1995

Based on the radar profiles of Tomb 7, and ontime-slice maps (Goodman and Nishimura, 1993;

Figure 2. Sakamoto-no-ue precinct, Saitobaru Tomb Cluster Site.

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Figure 3. The GPR data for Tomb 7, Saitobaru Tomb Cluster Site: (a) 15th north±south pro®le (see Figure 2 for position),showing anomalies X1 and X2 and their estimated depths, (b) time slice at approximate depth window of 240±288 cm.

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Goodman et al., 1995) made by Dean Goodman(Figure 3b), the chamber of X1 was judged to be acavity having a roughly rectangular shape andmeasuring between 2.1 and 3.1 m north±south by1.8 to 2.8 m east±west. Ground temperaturemeasurements, taken in the same manner asdescribed above, showed that the subsurfacetemperature directly above the X1 chambercontinued to measure lower than at other points,even in the winter season. Using this result, anattempt was made to infer the size of thechamber of X1 using ground temperaturemeasurements alone, yielding an estimate ofapproximately 3 m north±south by somewhatless than 3 m east±west.

After locating with radar the position of theapproach to the graves, the topsoil was removedfrom an area roughly 15 m north±south by 9 meast±west, in which the outline of the filled-inapproach was detected, and its northeast quad-rant then excavated (Figure 2). The entrance ofthe corridor leading into the chamber of X1 waslocated with its floor at 2.8 m below the groundsurface, and that of X2 similarly located at adepth of 2.1 m, confirming the inferences basedon radar profiles that anomaly X1 was deeperthan X2. Visual images of the interiors were thenobtained, without disturbing the chambers' con-tents, by boring holes 10 cm in diameter into thefill blocking the mouth of each corridor, andinserting a small video camera, attached alongwith a light source to the end of a metal rod andmanipulated by remote control. The camera,devised by Miyazaki NHK Television, wasinserted 1.6 m from the entrance of the corridorleading to X1, and 1.4 m in the case of X2. Bothchambers were found to maintain cavities. In X1,bones thought to be femurs or other long boneswere clearly visible, along with two Haji wareterra cotta bowls, a pedestalled dish of Suestoneware, cobbles used to line the floor and asmall amount of dirt, which had fallen from theceiling. The vessels evidently lay in the manner inwhich they had been placed, suggesting thattheir original contents might be determinedby chemical analysis. The Sue bowl bore acharactistically high pedestal, divided into twostages by a set of incised bands, a feature of thelate sixth to early seventh centuries. In thechamber of X2, an item thought perhaps to be a

flat metal object was seen, though no otherartefacts were visible.

Prior to inserting the camera, a sensor wasthrust through the dirt blocking the entrance ofX1, in order to measure the temperature insidethe chamber. This was observed to remain stableat approximately 19.58C, or higher at this seasonthan the subsurface temperature above thechamber, which measured from 9 to 108C, andthe ground surface temperature, which variedbetween 16 and 188C over the same interval.

Third season (excavation of the X1chamber), September 1996

Subsequent excavation of Tomb 7, conductedthrough the auspices of the Cultural AffairsSection of the Miyazaki Prefectural Board ofEducation, focused on the chamber of anomalyX1 and the remaining portion of the approach,with anomaly X2 left for preservation in itsunopened condition. For the excavation of X1, inaddition to traditional techniques of archaeo-logical investigation, participation was enlistedfrom researchers in physical anthropology,analytic chemistry, phytolithic analysis, palyn-ology and palaeoparasitology for the analysis ofsubstances expected to be recovered from thechamber, and plans were made in consultationwith these specialists for the collection of soilsamples suitable for conducting these analyses.

As a result of the excavation, the approach wasfound to comprise a downward incline 7.22 mlong and up to 4 m wide, dug down to a level of3.1 m below the present ground surface (Figure 4).The fill divided mainly into three sets of strata: (i)a bottom layer of yellow soil thrown out duringthe construction of the X1 chamber, (ii) middlelayers, of brown dirt mixed with yellow blocks,used to rebury the approach immediately afterthe chamber was sealed, and (iii) dark layers thataccumulated subsequent to these events. Inaddition to the recovery from the middle layersof the shard of a pot, thought to have been usedin a funerary rite, it was observed that during theconstruction of the burial chamber of X2, theapproach, which had been partially buried, wasre-excavated in the shape of a vertical shaft.Minute observations such as these could not be

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made by relying solely on radar profiles of theapproach.

The chamber was found to be partially buriedwith dirt, which had entered through thecorridor, but the back half of the chamber floorlay exposed in the manner in which it was lastsealed. The chamber measured 1.91 m north±south, 2.55 m east±west, and 0.95 m in height; the

corridor leading to it was 0.51 m wide by 1.85 mlong, and 0.85 m high (Figure 5). In comparingthese dimensions with the estimates made on thebasis of prospection by radar and groundtemperature measurements, and disregardingthe north±south dimension for which the influ-ence of the corridor on the prospection results isdifficult to gauge, the actual east±west measure-

Figure 4. Section and horizontal plan of Tomb 7, Saitobaru Tomb Cluster Site.

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ment was slightly less than the estimate based ontemperature, and although it fell within the rangeof the radar estimate, it similarly representedapproximately 90% of the high end of that range.Observations of conditions inside the chamberrevealed that small animals had burrowedthrough the walls, and that rainwater drippingfrom the ceiling had bored small holes in thelayer of dirt that had flowed in through thecorridor, indicating that the tomb had received

some influence from the outside world even afterits entrance was sealed. Artefacts recovered fromthe chamber consisted of nine complete piecesplus four extraneous shards of Sue stoneware,eleven pieces of Haji terra cotta ware, four giltbronze earrings, two iron knives, one iron arrowpoint, and two unidentifiable iron objects. In theprocess of mapping and recovering these itemsand the human bones with which they werefound, a total of 146 soil samples were taken from

Figure 5. Burial chamber of Tomb 7, Saitobaru Tomb Cluster Site.

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within the chamber, and from the fill of thecorridor and the approach. Prior to opening thechamber, the internal temperature was measuredby remote sensor at approximately 208C and thehumidity at 100%. After opening, temperatureand humidity was monitored on a 24 h basis.During the work sessions, due to the heat of theelectric lights and as a result of using fans forventilation, the temperature rose to about 308Cand the humidity dropped markedly, but at theend of each day, once the entrance had beencovered with sandbags, the temperature stabil-ized within 2 h at approximately 258C, and thehumidity returned to 100%. Presumably thesandbags did not seal the entrance as well asthe original filling of dirt, preventing the temp-erature from returning to its initial level.

Results of scientific analyses

Physical anthropological studies are being under-taken by Yoshiyuki Tanaka and Jaehyun Kim,who expressed the opinion when removing thebones that they represented the remains of atleast three individuals. This is one more thancould be ascertained from observations of thegrave goods alone, which contained two pair ofearrings; accordingly one of the buried indi-viduals lacked these items.

Chemical analysis was conducted on thecontents of the pottery recovered from thechamber by Shun Wada. A total of seven vessels,including four Sue pieces (A26, A27, A33, A35;see Figure 5) and three Haji items were selectedfor analyses. One Sue dish (A26), which had beenlying face down, was included as a control; theother vessels, lying face up and judged morelikely to have contained food offerings, werecovered with aluminium foil shortly after thechamber was opened to avoid contamination.According to Wada (1998), peaks indicating thepresence of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) andEHA (eicosapentaenoic acid) were detected onspectrographs made with gas chromatography ofmaterial collected from two pieces of Sue ware,dish A27 and pedestalled dish A33. As these fattyacids are characteristically found in fish andshellfish, this finding, the first from an archaeo-logical context in Japan, suggests that offerings of

such items were possibly placed in the dishes.Wada notes that whereas DHA normally decom-poses within days upon exposure to air, undercompletely saturated conditions it has beenfound highly stable, hence the 100% humiditylevel within the tomb, as well as the absence oflight, may have contributed to its long-termsurvival. As the remains of fish bones, marineshells, and rice husks were found in dishesplaced in the T �ogokuyama Tomb (sixth century)in Wakayama Prefecture (Kobayashi 1959), thecurrent findings are consistent with expectationsbased on a known archaeological example.

Phytolithic analysis was conducted by HiroshiFujiwara and Tetsuro Udatsu, who report that noplant opal of rice (Oryza sativa) or reeds (Phrag-mites australis) could be detected, nor were anyrice husks found (Fujiwara et al., 1997). From thesamples taken within the chamber, however, inaddition to phytoliths of millet (Panicum mili-aceum), those of bamboo grass (Sasa) andperennial grasses such as Miscanthus sinensusand Imperata cylindrica were detected in largeamounts. As the composition of plant opal withinthe chamber resembles that of the surroundingtopsoil, conclusions cannot be drawn too hastily.Ethnographic examples exist of using materialssuch as M. sinensus to make matting, and as nocoffin nails were recovered from the chamber, itis worth considering the possibility that thecorpse was covered with matting made fromperennial grasses, or that leaves of bamboo grasswere spread out over the chamber floor as acushion.

Analysis of the soil samples for pollen andintestinal parasites was conducted by MasaakiKanehara and Masako Kanehara. Based on theirpreliminary examination (personal communi-cation), pollen residues are said to be slight,and to consist of wind-borne materials only,making it difficult to link them with funeraryofferings. Also, in order to test whether species offish or shellfish used as offerings could bedetermined through detection of species-specificparasites, residues from the vessels in whichDHA was found were analysed for palaeopar-asitic evidence. Although no such evidence wasfound, it is not possible to determine whetherparasites were absent originally, or their tracessubsequently lost through natural decomposition.

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Discussion and conclusions

The procedure used in this investigation may besummarized as follows:

topographic survey and prospection to locatethe chamber! excavation of the approachand insertion of a miniature camera! analy-sis of the data thus obtained! subsequentexcavation with the participation of variousspecialists, selected on the basis of expecta-tions about the chamber's contents!scientific analysis of the materials recovered

The results reconfirmed the ability of prospec-tion, especially by GPR survey, to locate sub-terranean tombs having no visible surfacefeatures (Goodman et al., 1993), and also suggestthe possibility of using subsurface temperaturemeasurements for the same purpose. The tombinvestigated presented a relatively large cavity,however, and the utility of these prospectionmethods for much smaller chambers, or in caseswhere the chamber has collapsed and filled,remains to be determined. Also, as the investi-gation was conducted in an area having deeplayers of volcanic ash, further experimentation inareas having different types of soil is necessary.Resistivity provided a less useful method ofprospection, perhaps due to dry soil conditions.

In a similar study combining prospection andexcavation in the examination of Etruscan tombs,a miniature still camera was used by Lerici (1959)to obtain images prior to opening the chambers.Because of the delay involved in processing thefilm, the camera was combined with a periscopeto allow instantaneous visual inspection. Theuse of a miniature video camera in the currentcase combined the two functions of permittingimmediate inspection while recording images ofthe interior of a chamber. This made it possible toknow beforehand the presence of human remains,to determine the tomb's approximate age fromthe pottery visible inside, and to devise a strategyfor the recovery and analysis of the residue insidethe vessels, leading to the detection of DHA. Itshould be noted, however, that the fibrescopeproved relatively limited for such remote obser-vation, owing to its low-power light source.

The results of the excavation further show theimportance of enlisting the cooperation of a teamof specialists for scientific analysis of thematerials anticipated in the full-scale excavation.In particular, the work of physical anthrop-ologists in mapping the bones in situ and recover-ing these materials immediately after opening thetomb contributed to the smooth progress of theexcavation. Advice received from other special-ists was also incorporated into a strategy forgathering the soil samples so as to maximize theinformation obtained while minimizing risk ofcontamination.

Finally, from a strictly archaeological perspect-ive, this investigation demonstrated a tendency inthis region to fill in the downward incliningapproaches of subterranean tombs after burialshave been performed, suggesting (i) the existenceof many more such graves now having no visiblesurface features to aid in their identification and,accordingly, (ii) the potential value of prospec-tion as a means for initiating the process of theirinvestigation.

Acknowledgements

This research was made possible by a JapaneseMinistry of Education Grant-in-Aid for ScientificResearch in Priority Areas (No. 106, `Archaeo-logical Prospection', Leader: Yasushi Nishimura).The authors also wish to thank the followingorganizations and individuals for their coopera-tion with this research: Cultural Affairs Section,Miyazaki Prefectural Board of Education; Taka-chiho Town (Miyazaki) Board of Education;Miyazaki NHK Television; the Steering Com-mittee, Ministry of Education Grant-in-Aid forScientific Research in Priority Areas No. 106;Professor Yoshiyuki Tanaka and Mr Jaehyun Kimof Kyushu University, Professor Shun Wada ofTokyo University of Fisheries; Professor HiroshiFujiwara and Dr Tetsuro Udatsu of MiyazakiUniversity; Masaaki Kanehara of the TenriSankokan Museum and Masako Kanehara ofthe Paleoenvironmental Research Institute; MihoTanihata of Tokyo Gakugei University; ProfessorRiichir �o Ch �uj �o of The Nishi-Tokyo University;Yasushi Nishimura, Yoshinari K �ozuma, MasanoriSat �o and Takayasu Koezuka of the Nara National

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Cultural Properties Research Institute; KeikoHashikawa and other Tenri University studentswho participated in the investigations; ananonymous reviewer who made many helpfulsuggestions.

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