4.0INVENTORY ANALYSIS

The key elements of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology include the studies of boundaries, resource inventory (raw materials and energy), emissions inventory (atmospheric, waterborne and solid waste) and disposal practices.

'Black-box' Concepts for developing LCI data

4.1Material Requirements and quantificationAfter Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) study boundaries and individual process identifies, the next steps is analysis material balance is performed for each individual process. This analysis identifies and quantifies the input raw material required per standard unit of output, such as 1, 00 pounds, for every each stages in process included in LCI. The reason why material balance is to determine the appropriate weight factors used in calculating the total energy required and environments emissions associated in every stage. Once the details material balance has been analysis and establish standard unit of output for each process included in the LCI, the comprehensive material balance for entire life cycle for each product will construct. Outcome from the analysis determine the quantity of material required from each process to produce and dispose of required quantity of each system component and is typically illustrated as a flow chart.

4.2Energy RequirementsThe most important energy required for each every process, which identify in the LCI are the first quantified in terms of fuel or electricity units, such as cubic feet of natural gas, gallons of diesels fuel or kilowatt-hours(kWh) of electricity. Once the fuel consumption for each industrial process and transportation step is quantified, the original unit of fuel converted to equivalents Btu value based on standard conversion factors.

The above conversion factors have been developed to account for energy required to extract, transport and process the fuels and to account for the energy content of the fuels. This energy as classify as precombustion energy. For example, precombustion energy for electricity energy calculated average efficiency of conversion of fuel to electricity and for transmission loses in power lines based on national average.

LCI methodology assigns a fuel-energy which is equivalent to raw material that is derived from fossil fuels. So, the total energy requirement for coal, natural gas and petroleum based materials included the fuel-energy of the raw material (also non as energy of material resources or inherent energy).

The Btu values for electricity and fuels consumed in each industrial process are summed and categorised according to energy profile sources:

Natural gas,

Petroleum,

Coal,

Nuclear,

Hydropower and

Others.( solar, biomass and geothermal energy)

4.3Water Use Results

Water recycled resin production details shown in PET in Table 3-1 and for HDPE in Table 3-2. The usage of water shown is for conly postcumers plastic processing only and water usage for virgin resin production are not included. The MRFs which provided data for this analysis did not reported any use of water in material sorting and separation operation. The water usage show in Table 3-1 and 3-2 is only or washing operation at PRF and reclaimer facilities.

4.4Environmental Emissions

Environmental emissions are classified as atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions and solid wastes and discharge effluents pass through existing emission control devices. Similar to energy, environmental emission associated with processing fuels into usable form which also included in LCI.Atmospheric Emission, these kinds of emissions include substance classified by regulatory agencies as a pollutants, as well as selected non-regulated emission such as carbon dioxide. For each process stage, atmospheric emission associated with the combustion of fuel for process and transportation energy, as well as any emission released from the process itself, was included in this LCI. Most common atmospheric emission which is reported is: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates and sulphur oxide.

Waterborne Emissions: waterborne emissions include all substances

classified as pollutants. The value of parameter reported are average

quantity of pollutants are still present in wastewater stream after

wastewater treatment process and parameters represent discharge in

receiving waters. These analyses include both process-related and fuel-

related waterborne emissions. Some of commonly reported waterborne

emissions are: Acid

Ammonia,

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),

Chemical Oxygen demand (COD),

Chromium,

Dissolved solids

Iron and

Total suspended solid (TSS)

Solid Waste: As classified as solid waste generated from all sources that are

land filled or disposal castle area by local authorities or incineration

methods with or without energy recovery. These waste also included

industrial process and fuel-related wastes, and packaging waste while

containers of product is emptied. For examples:

Industrial process waste: residuals from chemicals process and manufacturing scrap that is not recycled or sold.

Fuels-related solid wastes are ash generated buy burning coal to produce electricity or particulars combustion which collected in air pollution control devices.

4.5Energy results

Energy requirement for recycled resin production show as per-below:

Manufacturing

Process

Energy

Requirements

Raw Material A

Raw Material C

Raw Material B

Product

Useful By-product A

Useful By-product B

Air Emissions

Waterborne Emissions

Solid Waste