Invasive non-native plants have a greater effect on ... · Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 1 List

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134

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Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 1 List of studies included in meta-analysis on pairwise interactions between a target plant grown in the presence and absence of a neighbor plants. An asterisk (*) indicates an article found in an additional search of studies considering nonnative-nonnative interactions and two asterisks (**) indicates article found in an additional search of studies experimentally testing the effect of herbivory on nonnative plant interactions (see Methods for more detail). 1. **Aerts, R. et al. Effects of pioneer shrubs on the recruitment of the fleshy‐fruited tree Olea

europaea ssp. cuspidata in Afromontane savanna. Appl Veg Sci 9, 117–126 (2006). 2. Anthelme, F., Gómez Aparicio, L. & Montúfar, R. Nurse-based restoration of degraded

tropical forests with tussock grasses: experimental support from the Andean cloud forest. J Appl Ecol 51, 1534–1543 (2014).

3. Armas, C. & Pugnaire, F. I. Plant interactions govern population dynamics in a semi-arid plant community. J Ecol 93, 978–989 (2005).

4. Atwater, D. Z., Bauer, C. M. & Callaway, R. M. Indirect positive effects ameliorate strong negative effects of Euphorbia esula on a native plant. Plant Ecol 212, 1655–1662 (2011).

5. Ba, L., Wang, D., Hodgkinson, K. C. & Xiao, N. Competitive relationships between two contrasting but coexisting grasses. Plant Ecol 183, 19–26 (2006).

6. Badgery, W. B., Kemp, D. R., Michalk, D. L. & King, W. M. Competition for nitrogen between Australian native grasses and the introduced weed Nassella trichotoma. Ann Bot-London 96, 799–809 (2005).

7. Barrat Segretain, M. H. & Elger, A. Experiments on growth interactions between two invasive macrophyte species. J Veg Sci 15, 109–114 (2004).

8. Baude, M. et al. Litter inputs and plant interactions affect nectar sugar content. J Ecol 99, 828–837 (2011).

9. *Belote, R. T. & Weltzin, J. F. Interactions between two co-dominant, invasive plants in the understory of a temperate deciduous forest. Biol Invasions 8, 1629–1641 (2006).

10. van den Berge, J., Naudts, K., De Boeck, H. J., Ceulemans, R. & Nijs, I. Do interactions with neighbours modify the above-ground productivity response to drought? A test with two grassland species. Environ Exp Bot 105, 18–24 (2014).

11. *Besaw, L. M., Thelen, G. C., Sutherland, S., Metlen, K. & Callaway, R. M. Disturbance, resource pulses and invasion: short-term shifts in competitive effects, not growth responses, favour exotic annuals. J Appl Ecol 48, 998–1006 (2011).

12. Boughton, E. H., Quintana-Ascencio, P. F., Bohlen, P. J. & Nickerson, D. Differential facilitative and competitive effects of a dominant macrophyte in grazed subtropical wetlands. J Ecol 99, 1263–1271 (2011).

13. Boyden, S. B., Reich, P. B., Puettmann, K. J. & Baker, T. R. Effects of density and ontogeny on size and growth ranks of three competing tree species. J Ecol 97, 277–288 (2009).

14. Britton, A., Marrs, R., Pakeman, R. & Carey, P. The influence of soil-type, drought and nitrogen addition on interactions between Calluna vulgaris and Deschampsia flexuosa: implications for heathland regeneration. Plant Ecol 166, 93–105 (2003).

15. Brooker, R. W., Scott, D., Palmer, S. C. F. & Swaine, E. Transient facilitative effects of heather on Scots pine along a grazing disturbance gradient in Scottish moorland. J Ecol 94, 637–645 (2006).

Invasive non-native plants have a greater effect on neighbouring natives than other non-natives

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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 16. *Callaway, R. M., Kim, J. & Mahall, B. E. Defoliation of Centaurea solstitialis stimulates

compensatory growth and intensifies negative effects on neighbors. Biol Invasions 8, 1389–1397 (2006).

17. Carey, E. V., Marler, M. J. & Callaway, R. M. Mycorrhizae transfer carbon from a native grass to an invasive weed: evidence from stable isotopes and physiology. Plant Ecol (2004).

18. *Carino, D. A. & Daehler, C. C. Can inconspicuous legumes facilitate alien grass invasions? Partridge peas and fountain grass in Hawai'i. Ecography 25, 33–41 (2002).

19. Carlyle, C. N., Fraser, L. H. & Turkington, R. Using three pairs of competitive indices to test for changes in plant competition under different resource and disturbance levels. J Veg Sci 21, 1025–1034 (2010).

20. Chen, S., Xiao, S. & Callaway, R. M. Light intensity alters the allelopathic effects of an exotic invader. Plant Ecol Divers 5, 521–526 (2012).

21. Collet, C., Guehl, J.-M., Frochot, H. & Ferhi, A. Effect of two forest grasses differing in their growth dynamics on the water relations and the growth of Quercus petraea seedlings. Can. J. Bot 74, 1562–1571 (1996).

22. Cranston, B. H. & Hermanutz, L. Seed–seedling conflict in conifers as a result of plant–plant interactions at the forest-tundra ecotone. Plant Ecol Divers 6, 319–327 (2013).

23. Cuesta, B., Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Benayas, J. M. R. & Michalet, R. Facilitation of Quercus ilex in Mediterranean shrubland is explained by both direct and indirect interactions mediated by herbs. J Ecol 98, 687–696 (2010).

24. Cushman, J. H., Lortie, C. J. & Christian, C. E. Native herbivores and plant facilitation mediate the performance and distribution of an invasive exotic grass. J Ecol 99, 524–531 (2011).

25. *D’Antonio, C. M., Hughes, R. F. & Vitousek, P. M. Factors influencing dynamics of two invasive C4 grasses in seassonall dry Hawaiian woodlands. Ecology 82, 89–104 (2001).

26. Danieli-Silva, A., Uhlmann, A., Vicente-Silva, J. & Stürmer, S. L. How mycorrhizal associations and plant density influence intra- and inter-specific competition in two tropical tree species: Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. and Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil. Plant Soil 330, 185–193 (2010).

27. del-Val, E. & Crawley, M. J. Interspecific competition and tolerance to defoliation in four grassland species. Can. J. Bot. 82, 871–877 (2004).

28. Dickie, I. A., Schnitzer, S. A., Reich, P. B. & Hobbie, S. E. Is oak establishment in old-fields and savanna openings context dependent? J Ecol 95, 309–320 (2007).

29. **Doyle, R., Grodowitz, M., Smart, M. & Owens, C. Separate and interactive effects of competition and herbivory on the growth, expansion, and tuber formation of Hydrilla verticillata. Biol Control 41, 327–338 (2007).

30. Engel, E. C. & Weltzin, J. F. Can community composition be predicted from pairwise species interactions? Plant Ecol 195, 77–85 (2008).

31. **Facelli, J. M. Multiple indirect effects of plant litter affect the establishment of woody seedlings in old fields. Ecology 75, 1727–1735 (1994).

32. Figiel, C. R., Jr, Collins, B. & Wein, G. Variation in survival and biomass of two wetland grasses at different nutrient and water levels over a six week period. B Torrey Bot Club 122, 24–29 (1995).

33. Flory, S. L. & Bauer, J. T. Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants. J Ecol 102, 12–18 (2014).

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 34. Fortner, A. M. & Weltzin, J. F. Competitive hierarchy for four common old-field plant

species depends on resource identity and availability. J Torrey Bot S 134, 166–176 (2007). 35. Franks, S. J. Competitive and facilitative interactions within and between two species of

coastal dune perennials. Can. J. Bot. 81, 330–337 (2003). 36. Frérot, H. et al. Specific interactions between local metallicolous plants improve the

phytostabilization of mine soils. Plant Soil 282, 53–65 (2006). 37. Gagné, J.-M. & Houle, G. Facilitation of Leymus mollis by Honckenya peploides on coastal

dunes in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 79, 1327–1331 (2001). 38. Garbuzov, M., Reidinger, S. & Hartley, S. E. Interactive effects of plant-available soil

silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species. Ann Bot-London 108, 1355–1363 (2011).

39. *Garcia-Serrano, H., Sans, F. X. & Escarré, J. Interspecific competition between alien and native congeneric species. Acta Oecol 31, 69–78 (2007).

40. Gómez-González, S., Cavieres, L. A., Torres, P. & Torres-Diaz, C. Competitive effects of the alien invasive Centaurea solstitialis L. on two Chilean Baccharis species at different life-cycle stages. Gayana Bot. 66, 71 (2009).

41. Gorchov, D. L. & Trisel, D. E. Competitive effects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings. Plant Ecol 166, 13–24 (2003).

42. Gu, M., Dong, S., Wang, T. & Xie, Z. Interspecific interactions under fertilization among Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis and Festuca ovina on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Plant Species Biol 27, 159–163 (2012).

43. **Hahn, P. G. & Dornbush, M. E. Exotic consumers interact with exotic plants to mediate native plant survival in a Midwestern forest herb layer. Biol Invasions 14, 449–460 (2012).

44. Hartvigsen, G. Competition between co-dominant plants of the Serengeti plains depends on competitor identity, water, and urine. Plant Ecol 148, 31–41 (2000).

45. Hedberg, A. M., Borowicz, V. A. & Armstrong, J. E. Interactions between a hemiparasitic plant, Pedicularis canadensis L.(Orobanchaceae), and members of a tallgrass prairie community. J Torrey Bot S 132, 401–410 (2005).

46. Houle, G. No evidence for interspecific interactions between plants in the first stage of succession on coastal dunes in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 75, 902–915 (1997).

47. **Iponga, D. M., Milton, S. J. & Richardson, D. M. Soil type, microsite, and herbivory influence growth and survival of Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree) invading semi-arid African savanna. Biol Invasions 11, 159–169 (2009).

48. **Johnson, D. J., Flory, S. L., Shelton, A., Huebner, C. & Clay, K. Interactive effects of a non-native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and herbivore exclusion on experimental tree regeneration under differing forest management. J Appl Ecol 52, 210–219 (2015).

49. Kambatuku, J. R., Cramer, M. D. & Ward, D. Savanna tree-grass competition is modified by substrate type and herbivory. J Veg Sci 22, 225–237 (2011).

50. Klanderud, K. Climate change effects on species interactions in an alpine plant community. J Ecol 93, 127–137 (2005).

51. Kluse, J. S. & Diaz, B. Importance of soil moisture and its interaction with competition and clipping for two montane meadow grasses. Plant Ecol 176, 87–99 (2005).

52. LaFantasie, J. J. & Enloe, S. F. Competitive ability of black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) when grown with three native grasses. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 159–165 (2011).



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 16. *Callaway, R. M., Kim, J. & Mahall, B. E. Defoliation of Centaurea solstitialis stimulates

compensatory growth and intensifies negative effects on neighbors. Biol Invasions 8, 1389–1397 (2006).

17. Carey, E. V., Marler, M. J. & Callaway, R. M. Mycorrhizae transfer carbon from a native grass to an invasive weed: evidence from stable isotopes and physiology. Plant Ecol (2004).

18. *Carino, D. A. & Daehler, C. C. Can inconspicuous legumes facilitate alien grass invasions? Partridge peas and fountain grass in Hawai'i. Ecography 25, 33–41 (2002).

19. Carlyle, C. N., Fraser, L. H. & Turkington, R. Using three pairs of competitive indices to test for changes in plant competition under different resource and disturbance levels. J Veg Sci 21, 1025–1034 (2010).

20. Chen, S., Xiao, S. & Callaway, R. M. Light intensity alters the allelopathic effects of an exotic invader. Plant Ecol Divers 5, 521–526 (2012).

21. Collet, C., Guehl, J.-M., Frochot, H. & Ferhi, A. Effect of two forest grasses differing in their growth dynamics on the water relations and the growth of Quercus petraea seedlings. Can. J. Bot 74, 1562–1571 (1996).

22. Cranston, B. H. & Hermanutz, L. Seed–seedling conflict in conifers as a result of plant–plant interactions at the forest-tundra ecotone. Plant Ecol Divers 6, 319–327 (2013).

23. Cuesta, B., Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Benayas, J. M. R. & Michalet, R. Facilitation of Quercus ilex in Mediterranean shrubland is explained by both direct and indirect interactions mediated by herbs. J Ecol 98, 687–696 (2010).

24. Cushman, J. H., Lortie, C. J. & Christian, C. E. Native herbivores and plant facilitation mediate the performance and distribution of an invasive exotic grass. J Ecol 99, 524–531 (2011).

25. *D’Antonio, C. M., Hughes, R. F. & Vitousek, P. M. Factors influencing dynamics of two invasive C4 grasses in seassonall dry Hawaiian woodlands. Ecology 82, 89–104 (2001).

26. Danieli-Silva, A., Uhlmann, A., Vicente-Silva, J. & Stürmer, S. L. How mycorrhizal associations and plant density influence intra- and inter-specific competition in two tropical tree species: Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. and Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil. Plant Soil 330, 185–193 (2010).

27. del-Val, E. & Crawley, M. J. Interspecific competition and tolerance to defoliation in four grassland species. Can. J. Bot. 82, 871–877 (2004).

28. Dickie, I. A., Schnitzer, S. A., Reich, P. B. & Hobbie, S. E. Is oak establishment in old-fields and savanna openings context dependent? J Ecol 95, 309–320 (2007).

29. **Doyle, R., Grodowitz, M., Smart, M. & Owens, C. Separate and interactive effects of competition and herbivory on the growth, expansion, and tuber formation of Hydrilla verticillata. Biol Control 41, 327–338 (2007).

30. Engel, E. C. & Weltzin, J. F. Can community composition be predicted from pairwise species interactions? Plant Ecol 195, 77–85 (2008).

31. **Facelli, J. M. Multiple indirect effects of plant litter affect the establishment of woody seedlings in old fields. Ecology 75, 1727–1735 (1994).

32. Figiel, C. R., Jr, Collins, B. & Wein, G. Variation in survival and biomass of two wetland grasses at different nutrient and water levels over a six week period. B Torrey Bot Club 122, 24–29 (1995).

33. Flory, S. L. & Bauer, J. T. Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants. J Ecol 102, 12–18 (2014).

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 34. Fortner, A. M. & Weltzin, J. F. Competitive hierarchy for four common old-field plant

species depends on resource identity and availability. J Torrey Bot S 134, 166–176 (2007). 35. Franks, S. J. Competitive and facilitative interactions within and between two species of

coastal dune perennials. Can. J. Bot. 81, 330–337 (2003). 36. Frérot, H. et al. Specific interactions between local metallicolous plants improve the

phytostabilization of mine soils. Plant Soil 282, 53–65 (2006). 37. Gagné, J.-M. & Houle, G. Facilitation of Leymus mollis by Honckenya peploides on coastal

dunes in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 79, 1327–1331 (2001). 38. Garbuzov, M., Reidinger, S. & Hartley, S. E. Interactive effects of plant-available soil

silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species. Ann Bot-London 108, 1355–1363 (2011).

39. *Garcia-Serrano, H., Sans, F. X. & Escarré, J. Interspecific competition between alien and native congeneric species. Acta Oecol 31, 69–78 (2007).

40. Gómez-González, S., Cavieres, L. A., Torres, P. & Torres-Diaz, C. Competitive effects of the alien invasive Centaurea solstitialis L. on two Chilean Baccharis species at different life-cycle stages. Gayana Bot. 66, 71 (2009).

41. Gorchov, D. L. & Trisel, D. E. Competitive effects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings. Plant Ecol 166, 13–24 (2003).

42. Gu, M., Dong, S., Wang, T. & Xie, Z. Interspecific interactions under fertilization among Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis and Festuca ovina on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Plant Species Biol 27, 159–163 (2012).

43. **Hahn, P. G. & Dornbush, M. E. Exotic consumers interact with exotic plants to mediate native plant survival in a Midwestern forest herb layer. Biol Invasions 14, 449–460 (2012).

44. Hartvigsen, G. Competition between co-dominant plants of the Serengeti plains depends on competitor identity, water, and urine. Plant Ecol 148, 31–41 (2000).

45. Hedberg, A. M., Borowicz, V. A. & Armstrong, J. E. Interactions between a hemiparasitic plant, Pedicularis canadensis L.(Orobanchaceae), and members of a tallgrass prairie community. J Torrey Bot S 132, 401–410 (2005).

46. Houle, G. No evidence for interspecific interactions between plants in the first stage of succession on coastal dunes in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 75, 902–915 (1997).

47. **Iponga, D. M., Milton, S. J. & Richardson, D. M. Soil type, microsite, and herbivory influence growth and survival of Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree) invading semi-arid African savanna. Biol Invasions 11, 159–169 (2009).

48. **Johnson, D. J., Flory, S. L., Shelton, A., Huebner, C. & Clay, K. Interactive effects of a non-native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and herbivore exclusion on experimental tree regeneration under differing forest management. J Appl Ecol 52, 210–219 (2015).

49. Kambatuku, J. R., Cramer, M. D. & Ward, D. Savanna tree-grass competition is modified by substrate type and herbivory. J Veg Sci 22, 225–237 (2011).

50. Klanderud, K. Climate change effects on species interactions in an alpine plant community. J Ecol 93, 127–137 (2005).

51. Kluse, J. S. & Diaz, B. Importance of soil moisture and its interaction with competition and clipping for two montane meadow grasses. Plant Ecol 176, 87–99 (2005).

52. LaFantasie, J. J. & Enloe, S. F. Competitive ability of black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) when grown with three native grasses. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 159–165 (2011).



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 53. **Lau, J. A. & Strauss, S. Y. Insect herbivores drive important indirect effects of exotic

plants on native communities. Ecology 86, 2990–2997 (2005). 54. Lázaro, A. & Totland, Ø. Population dependence in the interactions with neighbors for

pollination: A field experiment with Taraxacum officinale. Am J Bot 97, 760–769 (2010). 55. Lenssen, J. P. M., Menting, F. B. J. & van der Putten, W. H. Do competition and selective

herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs? Aquat Bot 78, 217–232 (2004).

56. Levine, J. M., Brewer, J. S. & Bertness, M. D. Nutrients, competition and plant zonation in a New England salt marsh. J Ecol 86, 285–292 (1998).

57. **Li, J., Xiao, T., Zhang, Q. & Dong, M. Interactive effect of herbivory and competition on the invasive plant Mikania micrantha. PLoS ONE 8, e62608–7 (2013).

58. Li, Q., Liang, Y., Tong, B., Du, X. & Ma, K. Compensatory effects between Pinus massoniana and broadleaved tree species. J Plant Ecol 3, 183–189 (2010).

59. Liao, K., Gituru, R. W., Guo, Y. H. & Wang, Q. F. The presence of co-flowering species facilitates reproductive success of Pedicularis monbeigiana (Orobanchaceae) through variation in bumble-bee foraging behaviour. Ann Bot-London 108, 877–884 (2011).

60. Lisa, B. & Renato, G. Recovery of subalpine dwarf shrub heath after neighbour removal and fertilization. Plant Ecol 183, 227–235 (2006).

61. *Magnoli, S. M., Kleinhesselink, A. R. & Cushman, J. H. Responses to invasion and invader removal differ between native and exotic plant groups in a coastal dune. Oecologia 173, 1521–1530 (2013).

62. Malmstrom, C. M., Stoner, C. J., Brandenburg, S. & Newton, L. A. Virus infection and grazing exert counteracting influences on survivorship of native bunchgrass seedlings competing with invasive exotics. J Ecol 94, 264–275 (2006).

63. *Mangla, S., Sheley, R. L., James, J. J. & Radosevich, S. R. Role of competition in restoring resource poor arid systems dominated by invasive grasses. J Arid Environ 75, 487–493 (2011).

64. Mariotte, P., Buttler, A., Johnson, D., Thébault, A. & Vandenberghe, C. Exclusion of root competition increases competitive abilities of subordinate plant species through root-shoot interactions. J Veg Sci 23, 1148–1158 (2012).

65. Marshall, J. M., Buckley, D. S. & Franklin, J. A. Competitive interaction between Microstegium vimineum and first-year seedlings of three central hardwoods. J Torrey Bot S 136, 342–349 (2009).

66. Marty, C., Pornon, A., Escaravage, N., Winterton, P. & Lamaze, T. Complex interactions between a legume and two grasses in a subalpine meadow. Am J Bot 96, 1814–1820 (2009).

67. McKinney, A. M. & Goodell, K. Plant–pollinator interactions between an invasive and native plant vary between sites with different flowering phenology. Plant Ecol 212, 1025–1035 (2011).

68. *Metlen, K. L., Aschehoug, E. T. & Callaway, R. M. Competitive outcomes between two exotic invaders are modified by direct and indirect effects of a native conifer. Oikos 122, 632–640 (2013).

69. van Mierlo, J. A. E. M., Wilms, Y. J. C. & Berendse, F. Effects of soil organic matter and nitrogen supply on competition between Festuca ovina and Deschampsia flexuosa during inland dune succession. Plant Ecol 148, 51–59 (2000).

70. Millett, J., Millard, P., Hester, A. J. & McDonald, A. J. S. Do competition and herbivory

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives

alter the internal nitrogen dynamics of birch saplings? New Phytol 168, 413–422 (2005). 71. *Molina-Montenegro, M. A., Badano, E. I. & Cavieres, L. A. Positive interactions among

plant species for pollinator service: assessing the ‘magnet species’ concept with invasive species. Oikos 117, 1833–1839 (2008).

72. Moretto, A. S. & Distel, R. A. Competitive interactions between palatable and unpalatable grasses native to a temperate semi-arid grassland of Argentina. Plant Ecol (1997). doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4988-7

73. **Newingham, B. A., Boquien, G., Choler, P. & Callaway, R. M. Effects of Festuca paniculata on the compensatory growth response of Centaurea uniflora in the French Alps. Plant Ecol 176, 237–244 (2005).

74. **Ortega, Y. K., Pearson, D. E., Waller, L. P., Sturdevant, N. J. & Maron, J. L. Population-level compensation impedes biological control of an invasive forb and indirect release of a native grass. Ecology 93, 783–792 (2012).

75. Pennings, S. C., Grant, M.-B. & Bertness, M. D. Plant zonation in low-latitude salt marshes: disentangling the roles of flooding, salinity and competition. J Ecol 93, 159–167 (2005).

76. Perkins, L. B. & Nowak, R. S. Soil conditioning and plant–soil feedbacks affect competitive relationships between native and invasive grasses. Plant Ecol 213, 1337–1344 (2012).

77. Peters, D. P. Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone. Am J Bot 89, 1616–1623 (2002).

78. *Pfeifer-Meister, L., Cole, E. M., Roy, B. A. & Bridgham, S. D. Abiotic constraints on the competitive ability of exotic and native grasses in a Pacific Northwest prairie. Oecologia 155, 357–366 (2008).

79. Prieto, I. N., Padilla, F. M., Armas, C. & Pugnaire, F. I. The role of hydraulic lift on seedling establishment under a nurse plant species in a semi-arid environment. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13, 181–187 (2011).

80. Puliafico, K. P., Schwarzländer, M., Price, W. J., Harmon, B. L. & Hinz, H. L. Native and exotic grass competition with invasive hoary cress (Cardaria draba). Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 38–49 (2011).

81. *Rauschert, E. S. J. & Shea, K. Invasional interference due to similar inter- and intraspecific competition between invaders may affect management. Ecol Appl 22, 1413–1420 (2012).

82. de Dios, V. R., Weltzin, J. F., Sun, W., Huxman, T. E. & Williams, D. G. Windows of opportunity for Prosopis velutina seedling establishment and encroachment in a semiarid grassland. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14, 275–282 (2012).

83. Rice, K. J. & Dyer, A. R. Seed aging, delayed germination and reduced competitive ability in Bromus tectorum. Plant Ecol 155, 237–243 (2001).

84. Ridenour, W. L. & Callaway, R. M. Root herbivores, pathogenic fungi, and competition between Centaurea maculosa and Festuca idahoensis. Plant Ecol 169, 161–170 (2003).

85. Ritter, W., Lehmeier, C. A., Winkler, J. B., Matyssek, R. & Grams, T. E. E. Contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to competition and ozone. Environ Pollut 196, 534–543 (2015).

86. Rodríguez-Buriticá, S. & Miriti, M. N. Biting the hand that feeds: the invasive grass Schismus barbatus (Poaceae) is facilitated by, but reduces establishment of, the native shrub Ambrosia dumosa (Asteraceae). J Veg Sci 20, 241–250 (2009).

87. Rodríguez-Echeverría, S., Afonso, C., Correia, M., Lorenzo, P. & Roiloa, S. R. The effect of soil legacy on competition and invasion by Acacia dealbata Link. Plant Ecol 214, 1139–



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 53. **Lau, J. A. & Strauss, S. Y. Insect herbivores drive important indirect effects of exotic

plants on native communities. Ecology 86, 2990–2997 (2005). 54. Lázaro, A. & Totland, Ø. Population dependence in the interactions with neighbors for

pollination: A field experiment with Taraxacum officinale. Am J Bot 97, 760–769 (2010). 55. Lenssen, J. P. M., Menting, F. B. J. & van der Putten, W. H. Do competition and selective

herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs? Aquat Bot 78, 217–232 (2004).

56. Levine, J. M., Brewer, J. S. & Bertness, M. D. Nutrients, competition and plant zonation in a New England salt marsh. J Ecol 86, 285–292 (1998).

57. **Li, J., Xiao, T., Zhang, Q. & Dong, M. Interactive effect of herbivory and competition on the invasive plant Mikania micrantha. PLoS ONE 8, e62608–7 (2013).

58. Li, Q., Liang, Y., Tong, B., Du, X. & Ma, K. Compensatory effects between Pinus massoniana and broadleaved tree species. J Plant Ecol 3, 183–189 (2010).

59. Liao, K., Gituru, R. W., Guo, Y. H. & Wang, Q. F. The presence of co-flowering species facilitates reproductive success of Pedicularis monbeigiana (Orobanchaceae) through variation in bumble-bee foraging behaviour. Ann Bot-London 108, 877–884 (2011).

60. Lisa, B. & Renato, G. Recovery of subalpine dwarf shrub heath after neighbour removal and fertilization. Plant Ecol 183, 227–235 (2006).

61. *Magnoli, S. M., Kleinhesselink, A. R. & Cushman, J. H. Responses to invasion and invader removal differ between native and exotic plant groups in a coastal dune. Oecologia 173, 1521–1530 (2013).

62. Malmstrom, C. M., Stoner, C. J., Brandenburg, S. & Newton, L. A. Virus infection and grazing exert counteracting influences on survivorship of native bunchgrass seedlings competing with invasive exotics. J Ecol 94, 264–275 (2006).

63. *Mangla, S., Sheley, R. L., James, J. J. & Radosevich, S. R. Role of competition in restoring resource poor arid systems dominated by invasive grasses. J Arid Environ 75, 487–493 (2011).

64. Mariotte, P., Buttler, A., Johnson, D., Thébault, A. & Vandenberghe, C. Exclusion of root competition increases competitive abilities of subordinate plant species through root-shoot interactions. J Veg Sci 23, 1148–1158 (2012).

65. Marshall, J. M., Buckley, D. S. & Franklin, J. A. Competitive interaction between Microstegium vimineum and first-year seedlings of three central hardwoods. J Torrey Bot S 136, 342–349 (2009).

66. Marty, C., Pornon, A., Escaravage, N., Winterton, P. & Lamaze, T. Complex interactions between a legume and two grasses in a subalpine meadow. Am J Bot 96, 1814–1820 (2009).

67. McKinney, A. M. & Goodell, K. Plant–pollinator interactions between an invasive and native plant vary between sites with different flowering phenology. Plant Ecol 212, 1025–1035 (2011).

68. *Metlen, K. L., Aschehoug, E. T. & Callaway, R. M. Competitive outcomes between two exotic invaders are modified by direct and indirect effects of a native conifer. Oikos 122, 632–640 (2013).

69. van Mierlo, J. A. E. M., Wilms, Y. J. C. & Berendse, F. Effects of soil organic matter and nitrogen supply on competition between Festuca ovina and Deschampsia flexuosa during inland dune succession. Plant Ecol 148, 51–59 (2000).

70. Millett, J., Millard, P., Hester, A. J. & McDonald, A. J. S. Do competition and herbivory


alter the internal nitrogen dynamics of birch saplings? New Phytol 168, 413–422 (2005). 71. *Molina-Montenegro, M. A., Badano, E. I. & Cavieres, L. A. Positive interactions among

plant species for pollinator service: assessing the ‘magnet species’ concept with invasive species. Oikos 117, 1833–1839 (2008).

72. Moretto, A. S. & Distel, R. A. Competitive interactions between palatable and unpalatable grasses native to a temperate semi-arid grassland of Argentina. Plant Ecol (1997). doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4988-7

73. **Newingham, B. A., Boquien, G., Choler, P. & Callaway, R. M. Effects of Festuca paniculata on the compensatory growth response of Centaurea uniflora in the French Alps. Plant Ecol 176, 237–244 (2005).

74. **Ortega, Y. K., Pearson, D. E., Waller, L. P., Sturdevant, N. J. & Maron, J. L. Population-level compensation impedes biological control of an invasive forb and indirect release of a native grass. Ecology 93, 783–792 (2012).

75. Pennings, S. C., Grant, M.-B. & Bertness, M. D. Plant zonation in low-latitude salt marshes: disentangling the roles of flooding, salinity and competition. J Ecol 93, 159–167 (2005).

76. Perkins, L. B. & Nowak, R. S. Soil conditioning and plant–soil feedbacks affect competitive relationships between native and invasive grasses. Plant Ecol 213, 1337–1344 (2012).

77. Peters, D. P. Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone. Am J Bot 89, 1616–1623 (2002).

78. *Pfeifer-Meister, L., Cole, E. M., Roy, B. A. & Bridgham, S. D. Abiotic constraints on the competitive ability of exotic and native grasses in a Pacific Northwest prairie. Oecologia 155, 357–366 (2008).

79. Prieto, I. N., Padilla, F. M., Armas, C. & Pugnaire, F. I. The role of hydraulic lift on seedling establishment under a nurse plant species in a semi-arid environment. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13, 181–187 (2011).

80. Puliafico, K. P., Schwarzländer, M., Price, W. J., Harmon, B. L. & Hinz, H. L. Native and exotic grass competition with invasive hoary cress (Cardaria draba). Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 38–49 (2011).

81. *Rauschert, E. S. J. & Shea, K. Invasional interference due to similar inter- and intraspecific competition between invaders may affect management. Ecol Appl 22, 1413–1420 (2012).

82. de Dios, V. R., Weltzin, J. F., Sun, W., Huxman, T. E. & Williams, D. G. Windows of opportunity for Prosopis velutina seedling establishment and encroachment in a semiarid grassland. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14, 275–282 (2012).

83. Rice, K. J. & Dyer, A. R. Seed aging, delayed germination and reduced competitive ability in Bromus tectorum. Plant Ecol 155, 237–243 (2001).

84. Ridenour, W. L. & Callaway, R. M. Root herbivores, pathogenic fungi, and competition between Centaurea maculosa and Festuca idahoensis. Plant Ecol 169, 161–170 (2003).

85. Ritter, W., Lehmeier, C. A., Winkler, J. B., Matyssek, R. & Grams, T. E. E. Contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to competition and ozone. Environ Pollut 196, 534–543 (2015).

86. Rodríguez-Buriticá, S. & Miriti, M. N. Biting the hand that feeds: the invasive grass Schismus barbatus (Poaceae) is facilitated by, but reduces establishment of, the native shrub Ambrosia dumosa (Asteraceae). J Veg Sci 20, 241–250 (2009).

87. Rodríguez-Echeverría, S., Afonso, C., Correia, M., Lorenzo, P. & Roiloa, S. R. The effect of soil legacy on competition and invasion by Acacia dealbata Link. Plant Ecol 214, 1139–



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives

1146 (2013). 88. Rösch, H., Van Rooyen, M. W. & Theron, G. K. Predicting competitive interactions

between pioneer plant species by using plant traits. J Veg Sci 8, 489–494 (1997). 89. Rousset, O. & Lepart, J. Positive and negative interactions at different life stages of a

colonizing species (Quercus humilis). J Ecol 88, 401–412 (2000). 90. Sardans, J., Rodà, F. & Peñuelas, J. Phosphorus limitation and competitive capacities of

Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia on different soils. Plant Ecol 174, 305–317 (2004).

91. Scheublin, T. R., van Logtestijn, R. S. P. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. Presence and identity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence competitive interactions between plant species. J Ecol 95, 631–638 (2007).

92. Semchenko, M., Abakumova, M., Lepik, A. & Zobel, K. Plants are least suppressed by their frequent neighbours: the relationship between competitive ability and spatial aggregation patterns. J Ecol 101, 1313–1321 (2013).

93. *Skálová, H., Jarošík, V., Dvořáčková, Š. & Pyšek, P. Effect of intra- and interspecific competition on the performance of native and invasive species of Impatiens under varying levels of shade and moisture. PLoS ONE 8, e62842–9 (2013).

94. Spencer, D., Enloe, S., Liow, P.-S., Ksander, G. & Carruthers, R. Does superior competitive ability explain yellow starthistle's (Centaurea solstitialis) successful invasion of annual grasslands in California? Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 284–295 (2011).

95. Stevens, C. J. & Gowing, D. J. G. Effect of nitrogen addition, form and clipping on competitive interactions between grassland species. J Plant Ecol 7, 222–230 (2014).

96. *Stevens, J. M. & Fehmi, J. S. Competitive effect of two nonnative grasses on a native grass in southern Arizona. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 2, 379–385 (2009).

97. Sthultz, C. M., Gehring, C. A. & Whitham, T. G. Shifts from competition to facilitation between a foundation tree and a pioneer shrub across spatial and temporal scales in a semiarid woodland. New Phytol 173, 135–145 (2007).

98. Suzuki, R. O. & Suzuki, S. N. Facilitative and competitive effects of a large species with defensive traits on a grazing-adapted, small species in a long-term deer grazing habitat. Plant Ecol 212, 343–351 (2011).

99. *Takakura, K.-I. & Fujii, S. Reproductive interference and salinity tolerance differentiate habitat use between two alien cockleburs: Xanthium occidentale and X. italicum (Compositae). Plant Ecol 206, 309–319 (2010).

100. Tecco, P. A. et al. Facilitation and interference underlying the association between the woody invaders Pyracantha angustifolia and Ligustrum lucidum. Appl Veg Sci 10, 211–218 (2007).

101. **terHorst, C. P. & Lau, J. A. Genetic variation in invasive species response to direct and indirect species interactions. Biol Invasions 17, 651–659 (2015).

102. Vadigi, S. & Ward, D. Herbivory effects on saplings are influenced by nutrients and grass competition in a humid South African savanna. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 16, 11–20 (2014).

103. Valley, R. D. & Newman, R. M. Competitive interactions between Eurasian watermilfoil and northern watermilfoil in experimental tanks. J Aquat Plant Manage 36, 121–126 (1998).

104. Vilà, M. & Lloret, F. Woody species tolerance to expansion of the perennial tussock grass Ampelodesmos mauritanica after fire. J Veg Sci 11, 597–606 (2000).

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 105. **Waller, D. M. & Maas, L. I. Do white-tailed deer and the exotic plant garlic mustard

interact to affect the growth and persistence of native forest plants? Forest Ecol Manag 304, 296–302 (2013).

106. Wang, Y.-F. et al. Competition strategies of resources between Stipa grandis and Cleistogenes squarrosa. Ⅰ. morphological response of shoot and root on sulfur supply. Acta Bot Sin 46, 35–45 (2004).

107. Weigelt, A., Steinlein, T. & Beyschlag, W. Competition among three dune species: the impact of water availability on below–ground processes. Plant Ecol 176, 57–68 (2005).

108. Weigelt, A. et al. Identifying mechanisms of competition in multi-species communities. J Ecol 95, 53–64 (2007).

109. Weigelt, A., Röttgermann, M., Steinlein, T. & Beyschlag, W. Influence of water availability on competitive interactions between plant species on sandy soils. Folia Geobot 35, 169–178 (2000).

110. Werner, C., Zumkier, U., Beyschlag, W. & Máguas, C. High competitiveness of a resource demanding invasive acacia under low resource supply. Plant Ecol 206, 83–96 (2010).

111. *Wundrow, E. J., Carrillo, J., Gabler, C. A., Horn, K. C. & Siemann, E. Facilitation and competition among invasive plants: A field experiment with alligatorweed and water hyacinth. PLoS ONE 7, e48444–8 (2012).

112. *Yang, S., Ferrari, M. J. & Shea, K. Pollinator behavior mediates negative interactions between two congeneric invasive plant species. Am Nat 177, 110–118 (2011).

113. Yuan, Y. et al. Competitive interaction between the exotic plant Rhus typhina L. and the native tree Quercus acutissima Carr. in Northern China under different soil N:P ratios. Plant Soil 372, 389–400 (2013).

114. Zhang, J., Cheng, G., Yu, F., Kräuchi, N. & Li, M.-H. Intensity and importance of competition for a grass (Festuca rubra) and a legume (Trifolium pratense) vary with environmental changes. J Integr Plant Biol 50, 1570–1579 (2008).

115. Zhang, M.-J., Liu, M., Li, Y., Xu, C. & An, S. The combined positive effects of two dominant species in an arid shrub-herbaceous community: implications from the performance of two associate species. Plant Ecol 212, 1419–1428 (2011).

116. Zhang, Q., Yang, R. Y., Tang, J. J. & Chen, X. Competitive interaction between the invasive Solidago canadensis and native Kummerowia striata in lead contaminated soil. Bot Stud (2008).

117. **Zhang, X.-D. et al. Crabs mediate interactions between native and invasive salt marsh plants: a mesocosm study. PLoS ONE 8, e74095–7 (2013).

118. *Zhi, Y. et al. Inter-specific competition: Spartina alterniflora is replacing Spartina anglica in coastal China. Estuar Coast Shelf S 74, 437–448 (2007).



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives

1146 (2013). 88. Rösch, H., Van Rooyen, M. W. & Theron, G. K. Predicting competitive interactions

between pioneer plant species by using plant traits. J Veg Sci 8, 489–494 (1997). 89. Rousset, O. & Lepart, J. Positive and negative interactions at different life stages of a

colonizing species (Quercus humilis). J Ecol 88, 401–412 (2000). 90. Sardans, J., Rodà, F. & Peñuelas, J. Phosphorus limitation and competitive capacities of

Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia on different soils. Plant Ecol 174, 305–317 (2004).

91. Scheublin, T. R., van Logtestijn, R. S. P. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. Presence and identity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence competitive interactions between plant species. J Ecol 95, 631–638 (2007).

92. Semchenko, M., Abakumova, M., Lepik, A. & Zobel, K. Plants are least suppressed by their frequent neighbours: the relationship between competitive ability and spatial aggregation patterns. J Ecol 101, 1313–1321 (2013).

93. *Skálová, H., Jarošík, V., Dvořáčková, Š. & Pyšek, P. Effect of intra- and interspecific competition on the performance of native and invasive species of Impatiens under varying levels of shade and moisture. PLoS ONE 8, e62842–9 (2013).

94. Spencer, D., Enloe, S., Liow, P.-S., Ksander, G. & Carruthers, R. Does superior competitive ability explain yellow starthistle's (Centaurea solstitialis) successful invasion of annual grasslands in California? Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4, 284–295 (2011).

95. Stevens, C. J. & Gowing, D. J. G. Effect of nitrogen addition, form and clipping on competitive interactions between grassland species. J Plant Ecol 7, 222–230 (2014).

96. *Stevens, J. M. & Fehmi, J. S. Competitive effect of two nonnative grasses on a native grass in southern Arizona. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 2, 379–385 (2009).

97. Sthultz, C. M., Gehring, C. A. & Whitham, T. G. Shifts from competition to facilitation between a foundation tree and a pioneer shrub across spatial and temporal scales in a semiarid woodland. New Phytol 173, 135–145 (2007).

98. Suzuki, R. O. & Suzuki, S. N. Facilitative and competitive effects of a large species with defensive traits on a grazing-adapted, small species in a long-term deer grazing habitat. Plant Ecol 212, 343–351 (2011).

99. *Takakura, K.-I. & Fujii, S. Reproductive interference and salinity tolerance differentiate habitat use between two alien cockleburs: Xanthium occidentale and X. italicum (Compositae). Plant Ecol 206, 309–319 (2010).

100. Tecco, P. A. et al. Facilitation and interference underlying the association between the woody invaders Pyracantha angustifolia and Ligustrum lucidum. Appl Veg Sci 10, 211–218 (2007).

101. **terHorst, C. P. & Lau, J. A. Genetic variation in invasive species response to direct and indirect species interactions. Biol Invasions 17, 651–659 (2015).

102. Vadigi, S. & Ward, D. Herbivory effects on saplings are influenced by nutrients and grass competition in a humid South African savanna. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 16, 11–20 (2014).

103. Valley, R. D. & Newman, R. M. Competitive interactions between Eurasian watermilfoil and northern watermilfoil in experimental tanks. J Aquat Plant Manage 36, 121–126 (1998).

104. Vilà, M. & Lloret, F. Woody species tolerance to expansion of the perennial tussock grass Ampelodesmos mauritanica after fire. J Veg Sci 11, 597–606 (2000).

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 105. **Waller, D. M. & Maas, L. I. Do white-tailed deer and the exotic plant garlic mustard

interact to affect the growth and persistence of native forest plants? Forest Ecol Manag 304, 296–302 (2013).

106. Wang, Y.-F. et al. Competition strategies of resources between Stipa grandis and Cleistogenes squarrosa. Ⅰ. morphological response of shoot and root on sulfur supply. Acta Bot Sin 46, 35–45 (2004).

107. Weigelt, A., Steinlein, T. & Beyschlag, W. Competition among three dune species: the impact of water availability on below–ground processes. Plant Ecol 176, 57–68 (2005).

108. Weigelt, A. et al. Identifying mechanisms of competition in multi-species communities. J Ecol 95, 53–64 (2007).

109. Weigelt, A., Röttgermann, M., Steinlein, T. & Beyschlag, W. Influence of water availability on competitive interactions between plant species on sandy soils. Folia Geobot 35, 169–178 (2000).

110. Werner, C., Zumkier, U., Beyschlag, W. & Máguas, C. High competitiveness of a resource demanding invasive acacia under low resource supply. Plant Ecol 206, 83–96 (2010).

111. *Wundrow, E. J., Carrillo, J., Gabler, C. A., Horn, K. C. & Siemann, E. Facilitation and competition among invasive plants: A field experiment with alligatorweed and water hyacinth. PLoS ONE 7, e48444–8 (2012).

112. *Yang, S., Ferrari, M. J. & Shea, K. Pollinator behavior mediates negative interactions between two congeneric invasive plant species. Am Nat 177, 110–118 (2011).

113. Yuan, Y. et al. Competitive interaction between the exotic plant Rhus typhina L. and the native tree Quercus acutissima Carr. in Northern China under different soil N:P ratios. Plant Soil 372, 389–400 (2013).

114. Zhang, J., Cheng, G., Yu, F., Kräuchi, N. & Li, M.-H. Intensity and importance of competition for a grass (Festuca rubra) and a legume (Trifolium pratense) vary with environmental changes. J Integr Plant Biol 50, 1570–1579 (2008).

115. Zhang, M.-J., Liu, M., Li, Y., Xu, C. & An, S. The combined positive effects of two dominant species in an arid shrub-herbaceous community: implications from the performance of two associate species. Plant Ecol 212, 1419–1428 (2011).

116. Zhang, Q., Yang, R. Y., Tang, J. J. & Chen, X. Competitive interaction between the invasive Solidago canadensis and native Kummerowia striata in lead contaminated soil. Bot Stud (2008).

117. **Zhang, X.-D. et al. Crabs mediate interactions between native and invasive salt marsh plants: a mesocosm study. PLoS ONE 8, e74095–7 (2013).

118. *Zhi, Y. et al. Inter-specific competition: Spartina alterniflora is replacing Spartina anglica in coastal China. Estuar Coast Shelf S 74, 437–448 (2007).



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 2 List of species included in meta-analysis on pairwise interactions between a target plant grown in the presence and absence of a neighbor plants. We list information on the botanical nomenclature (Authority), common name, plant Family, growth habit (herb, grass, shrub, tree, or vine), life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), and whether the plant fixes nitrogen (N-fixer, yes or no), the study or studies that used a particular species and the total number of observations (N) for each species as a neighbor or target.

Species Authority Common Name Family Growth

Habit Duration N- fixer Study

Number'of'observations'(N)'

neighbor' target'1 Acacia dealbata Link silver wattle Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Rodriguez-

Echeverria et al. 2013 2" 2"

2 Acacia erioloba E. Mey. camelthorn Fabaceae tree perennial yes Iponga et al. 2009 4" "3 Acacia etbaica Schweinf. Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Aerts et al. 2006 2" "4 Acacia karroo Hayne Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward

2014 " 1"

5 Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.

Sydney golden wattle

Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Werner et al. 2010 8" 8"

6 Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth.

Fabaceae tree perennial yes Kambatuku et al. 2011

1" 7"

7 Acacia nigrescens Oliv. knobthorn Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

8 Acacia sieberiana DC. Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

9 Acacia tortillis (Forssk.) Hayne

Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward 2014; Iponga et al. 2009

4" 1"

10 Acer rubrum L. red maple Aceraceae tree perennial no Marshall et al. 2009 3" 6"11 Acer saccharum Marshall sugar maple Aceraceae tree perennial no Gorchov and Trisel

2003; Johnson et al. 2015

" 14"

12 Achillea millefolium L. common yarrow

Asteraceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012 14" 14"

13 Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaerth. crested wheatgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Perkins and Nowak 2012

12" "

14 Agrostis capillaris L. colonial bentgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012 14" 14"

15 Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping Poaceae grass perennial no Collet et al. 1995; 4" "


bentgrass Bossuty et al. 2005 16 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)

Swingle tree of heaven Simaroubaceae tree perennial no Facelli 1994 " 2"

17 Alchemilla alpina L. alpine lady's mantle

Rosaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

18 Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

garlic mustard Brassicaceae herb biennial no Flory and Bauer 2014; Hahn & Dornbush 2012; Waller and Maas 2013

12" 7"

19 Alternanthera philoxeroides

(Mart.) Griseb.

alligatorweed Amaranthaceae herb perennial no Boughton et al. 2011; Wundrow 2et al. 2012

2" 4"

20 Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne

burrobush Asteraceae shrub perennial no Rodriguez-Buritica and Miriti 2009

4" 4"

21 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link European beachgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Cushman et al. 2011; Hacker et al. 2012

1" "

22 Ampelodesmos mauritanica

(Poir.) T. Dur. & Schinz

Mauritanian grass

Poaceae grass perennial no Vilá and Lloret 2000 8" "

23 Anchnatherum splendens

(Trin.) Nevski

Poaceae grass perennial no Zhang et al. 2011 2" "

24 Andropogon gerardii Vitman big bluestem Poaceae grass perennial no Hedberg et al. 2005 4" 6"25 Andropogon virginicus L. broomsedge

bluestem Poaceae grass perennial no Engel and Weltzin

2008 6" 6"

26 Anthoxanthum odoratum

Boiss. annual vernalgrass

Poaceae grass annual no Stevens and Gowing et al. 2014

4" 4"

27 Anthyllis vulneraria L. common kidneyvetch

Fabaceae herb perennial yes Frerot et al. 2006 6" "

28 Armeria arenaria (Pers.) Schult.

Plumbaginaceae

herb perennial no Frerot et al. 2006 4" 6"

29 Aster cordifolius L. common blue wood aster

Asteraceae herb perennial no Hahn & Dornbush 2012

" 2"

30 Austrodanthonia racemosa

(R.Br.) H.P.Linder

Poaceae grass perennial no Badgery et al. 2005 " 6"

31 Avena barbata Pott ex Link

slender oat Poaceae grass annual no Callaway et al. 2006 1" "

32 Avena fatua L. wild oat Poaceae grass annual no Spencer et al. 2011 2" 2"33 Baccharis linearis (Ruiz & Asteraceae shrub perennial no Gomez-Gonzaleze et 8" 8"





bentgrass Bossuty et al. 2005 16 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)

Swingle tree of heaven Simaroubaceae tree perennial no Facelli 1994 " 2"

17 Alchemilla alpina L. alpine lady's mantle

Rosaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

18 Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

garlic mustard Brassicaceae herb biennial no Flory and Bauer 2014; Hahn & Dornbush 2012; Waller and Maas 2013

12" 7"

19 Alternanthera philoxeroides

(Mart.) Griseb.

alligatorweed Amaranthaceae herb perennial no Boughton et al. 2011; Wundrow 2et al. 2012

2" 4"

20 Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne

burrobush Asteraceae shrub perennial no Rodriguez-Buritica and Miriti 2009

4" 4"

21 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link European beachgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Cushman et al. 2011; Hacker et al. 2012

1" "

22 Ampelodesmos mauritanica

(Poir.) T. Dur. & Schinz

Mauritanian grass

Poaceae grass perennial no Vilá and Lloret 2000 8" "

23 Anchnatherum splendens

(Trin.) Nevski

Poaceae grass perennial no Zhang et al. 2011 2" "

24 Andropogon gerardii Vitman big bluestem Poaceae grass perennial no Hedberg et al. 2005 4" 6"25 Andropogon virginicus L. broomsedge

bluestem Poaceae grass perennial no Engel and Weltzin

2008 6" 6"

26 Anthoxanthum odoratum

Boiss. annual vernalgrass

Poaceae grass annual no Stevens and Gowing et al. 2014

4" 4"

27 Anthyllis vulneraria L. common kidneyvetch

Fabaceae herb perennial yes Frerot et al. 2006 6" "

28 Armeria arenaria (Pers.) Schult.

Plumbaginaceae

herb perennial no Frerot et al. 2006 4" 6"

29 Aster cordifolius L. common blue wood aster


" 2"

30 Austrodanthonia racemosa

(R.Br.) H.P.Linder


31 Avena barbata Pott ex Link

slender oat Poaceae grass annual no Callaway et al. 2006 1" "

32 Avena fatua L. wild oat Poaceae grass annual no Spencer et al. 2011 2" 2"33 Baccharis linearis (Ruiz & Asteraceae shrub perennial no Gomez-Gonzaleze et 8" 8"





Pav.) Pers al. 2009 34 Baccharis paniculata DC. Asteraceae shrub perennial no Gomez-Gonzaleze et

al. 2009 8" 8"

35 Balsamorhiza sagittata

(Pursh) Nutt.

arrowleaf balsamroot

Asteraceae herb perennial no Atwater et al. 2011 " 9"

36 Betula glandulosa Michx. resin birch Betulaceae shrub perennial no Cranston 2013 2" "37 Betula pubescens Ehrh. downy birch Betulaceae tree perennial no Millet et al. 2005 " 4"38 Bothriochloa macra (Steud.)

S.T.Blake Poaceae grass perennial no Badgery et al. 2005 " 6"

39 Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr.

black grama Poaceae grass perennial no Peters 2002 2" 4"

40 Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths

blue grama Poaceae grass perennial no Peters 2002; Carey et al. 2004

8" 4"

41 Bromus diandrus Roth ripgut brome Poaceae grass annual no Abraham et al. 2009; Rice and Nagy 2000; Magnoli et al. 2013

" 1"

42 Bromus hordeaceus L. soft brome Poaceae grass annual no Rice and Dyer 2001 16" "43 Bromus tectorum L. cheatgrass Poaceae grass annual no Rice and Dyer 2001;

Malmstrom et al. 2006; Perkins and Nowak 2012; Besaw et al. 2011, Brooks 2000, Hall et al. 1999; Kulmatiski 2006; Mangla et al. 2011; Metlen et al. 2013; Sheley & Larson 1995; Story et al. 2006)

28" 24"

44 Buxus sempervirens L. common box Buxaceae shrub perennial no Rousset and Lepart 2000

3" "

45 Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart

Meliaceae tree perennial no Danieli-Silva et al. 2010

4" 4"

46 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull heather Ericaceae shrub perennial no Millet et al. 2005; Britton et al. 2003; Brooker et al. 2006

8" 4"

47 Camellia oleifera Abel Theaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 48 Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. whitetop Brassicaceae herb perennial no Puliafico et al. 2011 " 3"49 Carduus acanthoides L. spiny

plumeless thistle

Asteraceae herb perennial no Rauschert & Shea 2012a,b; Yang et al. 2011

2" 2"

50 Carduus nutans L. nodding plumeless thistle


2" 2"

51 Carduus pycnocephalus

L. Italian plumeless thistle

Asteraceae herb annual no Molina-Montenegro et al. 2008

" 4"

52 Carex arenaria L. sand sedge Cyperaceae grass perennial no Weigelt et al. 2000; Weigelt et al. 2005

12" 12"

53 Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge

Cyperaceae grass perennial no Waller and Maas 2013

" 2"

54 Carex sempervirens Vill. Cyperaceae grass perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

55 Carex vaginata Tausch. sheathed sedge

Cyperaceae grass perennial no Klanderud 2005 " 8"

56 Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Brolus

hottentot fig Aizoaceae shrub perennial no Cushman et al. 2011; Magnoli et al. 2013

2" "

57 Centaurea maculosa L. subsp. micranthros (Gugler) Hayek

spotted knapweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Carey et al. 2004; Ridenour and Callaway 2003

12" 16"

58 Centaurea solstitialis L. yellow star-thistle

Asteraceae herb annual no Spencer et al. 2011; Gomez-Gonzaleze et al. 2009; Callaway et al. 2006; Graebner et al. 2012; Sheley & Larson 1995

18" 19"

59 Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthros (Gugler) Hayek

spotted knapweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Chen 2012; Besaw et al. 2011; Metlen et al. 2013; Story et al. 2006; Ortega et al. 2012

16" 24"

60 Centaurea uniflora Turra Centaurea uniflora


61 Ceroxylon Galeano Ceroxylon Arecaceae tree perennial no Anthelme et al. 2014 " 3"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 48 Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. whitetop Brassicaceae herb perennial no Puliafico et al. 2011 " 3"49 Carduus acanthoides L. spiny

plumeless thistle


2" 2"

50 Carduus nutans L. nodding plumeless thistle


2" 2"

51 Carduus pycnocephalus

L. Italian plumeless thistle

Asteraceae herb annual no Molina-Montenegro et al. 2008

" 4"

52 Carex arenaria L. sand sedge Cyperaceae grass perennial no Weigelt et al. 2000; Weigelt et al. 2005

12" 12"

53 Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge

Cyperaceae grass perennial no Waller and Maas 2013

" 2"

54 Carex sempervirens Vill. Cyperaceae grass perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

55 Carex vaginata Tausch. sheathed sedge


56 Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Brolus

hottentot fig Aizoaceae shrub perennial no Cushman et al. 2011; Magnoli et al. 2013

2" "

57 Centaurea maculosa L. subsp. micranthros (Gugler) Hayek

spotted knapweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Carey et al. 2004; Ridenour and Callaway 2003

12" 16"

58 Centaurea solstitialis L. yellow star-thistle

Asteraceae herb annual no Spencer et al. 2011; Gomez-Gonzaleze et al. 2009; Callaway et al. 2006; Graebner et al. 2012; Sheley & Larson 1995

18" 19"

59 Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthros (Gugler) Hayek

spotted knapweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Chen 2012; Besaw et al. 2011; Metlen et al. 2013; Story et al. 2006; Ortega et al. 2012

16" 24"

60 Centaurea uniflora Turra Centaurea uniflora


61 Ceroxylon Galeano Ceroxylon Arecaceae tree perennial no Anthelme et al. 2014 " 3"





echinulatum echinulatum 62 Chamaecrista

nictitans (L.) Moench

Chamaecrista nictitans

Fabaceae herb annual yes Carino & Daehler 2002

" 1"

63 Cistus clusii Dunal. Cistaceae shrub perennial no Armas and Pugnaire 2005

6" "

64 Cleistogenes squarrosa

(Trin. ex Ledeb.) Keng

Poaceae grass perennial no Wang et al. 2005 6" 6"

65 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Job's tears Poaceae grass annual no Li et al. 2013 4" "66 Colophospermum

mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J. Le

balsam tree Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

67 Combretum apiculatum

Sond. Combretaceae tree perennial no Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

68 Conicosia elongata (Haw.) Schwantes

Aizoaceae herb perennial no Rosch et al. 19997 1" "

69 Corynephorus canescens

(L.) P. Beauv.

gray clubawn grass

Poaceae grass perennial no Weigelt et al. 2005; Weigelt et al. 2007

9" 8"

70 Cryptotaenia canadensis

(L.) DC. Canadian honewort

Apiaceae herb perennial no Hahn & Dornbush 2012

" 2"

71 Cyclobalanopsis glauca

(Thunb.) Oerst.

Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

72 Dactylis glomerata L. orchardgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Engel and Weltzin 2008; Fortner & Weltzin 2007; Shaben & Myers 2012

10" 10"

73 Deschampsia cepitosa (L.) P.Beauv.

tufted hair grass

Poaceae grass perennial no Kluse and Diaz 2005; Collet et al. 1995

7" 3"

74 Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin wavy hairgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Britton et al. 2003; Weigelt et al. 2000; Verkaik et al 2007; Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

10" 14"

75 Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.

showy tickrefoil

Fabaceae herb perennial yes Hedberg et al. 2005 4" 6"

76 Dimorphotheca DC. glandular Cape Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 " 14"


sinuata marigold 77 Diodia virginiana L. Virginia

buttonweed Rubiaceae herb annual no Boughton et al. 2011 " 2"

78 Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene saltgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Levine et al. 1998 4" 4"79 Dryas octopetala L. eightpetal

mountain-avens

Rosaceae shrub perennial no Klanderud 2005 20" "

80 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

barnyardgrass Poaceae grass annual no Fiegiel et al. 1995 8" 8"

81 Ehrharta calycina Sm. perennial veldtgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Cushman et al. 2011 " 2"

82 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

common water hyacinth

Pontederiaceae herb perennial no Wundrow et al. 2012 " 2"

83 Elaeocarpus japonicus Siebold Elaeocarpaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"84 Elodea canadensis Michx. Canadian

waterweed Hydrocharitaceae

herb perennial no Barrat-Segretain 2005

1" 1"

85 Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John

western waterweed

Hydrocharitaceae


1" 1"

86 Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey

squirreltail Poaceae grass perennial no Perkins and Nowak 2012

" 12"

87 Elymus multisetus M.E. Jones big squirreltail Poaceae grass perennial no Malmstrom et al. 2006

" 4"

88 Elymus nutans Griseb. Poaceae grass perennial no Gu et al. 2012 4" 4"89 Empetrum nigrum L.

subsp. hermaphroditum

(Lange ex Hagerup) Böcher

black crowberry

Empetraceae shrub perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

11" 2"

90 Epilobium hirsutum L. codlins and cream

Onagraceae herb perennial no Lennssen et al. 2004 2" 2"

91 Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees

weeping lovegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Kambatuku et al. 2011; Vadigi and Ward 2014

15" 1"

92 Eragrostis lehmanniana

Nees Lehmann lovegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no de Dios et al. 2012 6" "

93 Erica multiflora L. Ericaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 3"94 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tasmanian

bluegum Myrtaceae tree perennial no Rodriguez-






sinuata marigold 77 Diodia virginiana L. Virginia

buttonweed Rubiaceae herb annual no Boughton et al. 2011 " 2"

78 Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene saltgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Levine et al. 1998 4" 4"79 Dryas octopetala L. eightpetal

mountain-avens

Rosaceae shrub perennial no Klanderud 2005 20" "

80 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

barnyardgrass Poaceae grass annual no Fiegiel et al. 1995 8" 8"

81 Ehrharta calycina Sm. perennial veldtgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Cushman et al. 2011 " 2"

82 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

common water hyacinth

Pontederiaceae herb perennial no Wundrow et al. 2012 " 2"

83 Elaeocarpus japonicus Siebold Elaeocarpaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"84 Elodea canadensis Michx. Canadian

waterweed Hydrocharitaceae


1" 1"

85 Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John

western waterweed

Hydrocharitaceae


1" 1"

86 Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey

squirreltail Poaceae grass perennial no Perkins and Nowak 2012

" 12"

87 Elymus multisetus M.E. Jones big squirreltail Poaceae grass perennial no Malmstrom et al. 2006

" 4"

88 Elymus nutans Griseb. Poaceae grass perennial no Gu et al. 2012 4" 4"89 Empetrum nigrum L.

subsp. hermaphroditum

(Lange ex Hagerup) Böcher

black crowberry

Empetraceae shrub perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

11" 2"

90 Epilobium hirsutum L. codlins and cream

Onagraceae herb perennial no Lennssen et al. 2004 2" 2"

91 Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees

weeping lovegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Kambatuku et al. 2011; Vadigi and Ward 2014

15" 1"

92 Eragrostis lehmanniana

Nees Lehmann lovegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no de Dios et al. 2012 6" "

93 Erica multiflora L. Ericaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 3"94 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tasmanian

bluegum Myrtaceae tree perennial no Rodriguez-





Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 95 Euclea racemosa

L. Ebenaceae shrub perennial no Aerts et al. 2006 2" "

96 Eupatorium rugosum Houtt white snakeroot


" 2"

97 Euphorbia esula L. leafy spurge Euphorbiaceae herb perennial no Atwater et al. 2011 9" "98 Fagus sylvatica L. European

beech Fagaceae tree perennial no Ritter et al. 2015 4" 4"

99 Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.

Apache plume Rosaceae shrub perennial no Sthulz et al. 2006 4" "

100 Festuca arvernensis Auquier, Kerguélen & Markgr.-Dannenb.

field fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Frerot et al. 2006 4" 6"

101 Festuca campestris Rydb. rough fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Carlyle et al. 2010 8" 8"102 Festuca eskia Ramond ex

DC. Poaceae grass perennial no Marty et al. 2009 2" 2"

103 Festuca idahoensis Elmer Idaho fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Ridenour and Callaway 2003; Carey et al. 2004; LaFantasie and Enloe 2011

12" 11"

104 Festuca nigrescens Lam. Poaceae grass perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012 14" 14"105 Festuca ovina L. sheep fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Verkaik et al 2007;

Gu et al. 2012; Weigelt et al. 2007; Scheublin et al. 2007; van Mierlo et al. 2000; Puliafico et al. 2011

12" 11"

106 Festuca paniculata (L.) Schinz & Thell.

Poaceae grass perennial no Newingham et al. 2005

6" "

107 Festuca rubra L. red fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Zhang, J. et al. 2008; del-Val and Crawley 2004

14" 7"

108 Festuca sinensis Keng f. ex E.B.Alexeev

Poaceae grass perennial no Gu et al. 2012 4" 4"

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 109 Foveolina albida (DC.)

Källersjö Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

110 Fraxinus americana L. white ash Oleaceae tree perennial no Gorchov and Trisel 2003

" 3"

111 Gazania lichtensteinii Less. Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "112 Geum montanum L. Rosaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and

Renato 2006 " 4"

113 Globularia alypum L. Plantaginaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 3"114 Grielum humifusum Thunb. Neuradaceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "115 Halimium

halimifolium (L.) Willk. Cistaceae shrub perennial no Werner et al. 2010 4" 4"

116 Heliophila rigidiuscula

Sond. Brassicaceae herb perennial no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

117 Heteropogon contortus

(L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

tanglehead Poaceae grass perennial no de Dios et al. 2012 6" "

118 Hieracium pilosella L. mouseear hawkweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Weigelt et al. 2005 8" 11"

119 Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass. Asteraceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

120 Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. seaside sandplant

Caryophyllaceae

herb perennial no Gagne and Houle 2001; Houle 1996

1" 4"

121 Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle

waterthyme Hydrocharitaceae

herb perennial no Doyle et al. 2007 " 2"

122 Hydrophyllum macrophyllum

Nutt. largeleaf waterleaf

Hydrophyllaceae

herb perennial no McKinney and Goodell 2011

" 4"

123 Hyoscyamus niger L. black henbane Solanaceae herb annual no LaFantasie and Enloe 2011

3" 6"

124 Hypertelis salsoloides (Burch.) Adamson

Molluginaceae herb perennial no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

125 Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Balsaminaceae herb annual no Skalova et al. 2013 7" 2"126 Impatiens glandulifera Royle ornamental

jewelweed Balsaminaceae herb annual no Cuda et al. 2013,

Skalova et al. 2013 4" 8"

127 Impatiens parviflora DC smallflower touchmenot

Balsaminaceae herb annual no Cuda et al. 2013, Skalova et al. 2013

5" 6"

128 Iva imbricata Walter seacoast marsh elder

Asteraceae herb perennial no Franks 2003 4" 4"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 109 Foveolina albida (DC.)

Källersjö Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

110 Fraxinus americana L. white ash Oleaceae tree perennial no Gorchov and Trisel 2003

" 3"

111 Gazania lichtensteinii Less. Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "112 Geum montanum L. Rosaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and

Renato 2006 " 4"

113 Globularia alypum L. Plantaginaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 3"114 Grielum humifusum Thunb. Neuradaceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "115 Halimium

halimifolium (L.) Willk. Cistaceae shrub perennial no Werner et al. 2010 4" 4"

116 Heliophila rigidiuscula

Sond. Brassicaceae herb perennial no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

117 Heteropogon contortus

(L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

tanglehead Poaceae grass perennial no de Dios et al. 2012 6" "

118 Hieracium pilosella L. mouseear hawkweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Weigelt et al. 2005 8" 11"

119 Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass. Asteraceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

120 Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. seaside sandplant

Caryophyllaceae

herb perennial no Gagne and Houle 2001; Houle 1996

1" 4"

121 Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle

waterthyme Hydrocharitaceae

herb perennial no Doyle et al. 2007 " 2"

122 Hydrophyllum macrophyllum

Nutt. largeleaf waterleaf

Hydrophyllaceae

herb perennial no McKinney and Goodell 2011

" 4"

123 Hyoscyamus niger L. black henbane Solanaceae herb annual no LaFantasie and Enloe 2011

3" 6"

124 Hypertelis salsoloides (Burch.) Adamson

Molluginaceae herb perennial no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

125 Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Balsaminaceae herb annual no Skalova et al. 2013 7" 2"126 Impatiens glandulifera Royle ornamental

jewelweed Balsaminaceae herb annual no Cuda et al. 2013,

Skalova et al. 2013 4" 8"

127 Impatiens parviflora DC smallflower touchmenot

Balsaminaceae herb annual no Cuda et al. 2013, Skalova et al. 2013

5" 6"

128 Iva imbricata Walter seacoast marsh elder

Asteraceae herb perennial no Franks 2003 4" 4"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 129 Jasione montana L. sheepbit Campanulaceae herb perennial no Weigelt et al. 2007 1" "130 Juncus effusus L. common rush Juncaceae grass perennial no Boughton et al. 2011 8" "131 Juncus gerardi Loisel. saltmeadow

rush Juncaceae grass perennial no Levine et al. 1998 4" 4"

132 Juncus roemerianus Scheele needlegrass rush

Juncaceae grass perennial no Pennigns et al. 2005 4" 8"

133 Juncus trifidus L. highland rush Juncaceae grass perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

134 Juniperus communis L. common juniper

Cupressaceae shrub perennial no Rousset and Lepart 2000

3" "

135 Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.

prarie Junegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Chen 2012 " 4"

136 Koeleria vallesiana (Honck.) Bertol. ex Schult.

Somerset hair grass

Poaceae grass perennial no Frerot et al. 2006 4" 4"

137 Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.

Japanese clover

Fabaceae herb annual yes Zhang et al. 2008 4" 4"

138 Kyllinga nervosa Steud. Cyperaceae grass perennial no Hartvigsen 2000 6" 6"139 Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. Lythraceae tree perennial no Danieli-Silva et al.

2010 4" 4"

140 Lamium amplexicaule L. henbit deadnettle

Lamiaceae herb annual no Baude et al. 2001 3" 4"

141 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

tamarack Pinaceae tree perennial no Boyden et al. 2009 4" 4"

142 Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville

creosote bush Zygophyllaceae

shrub perennial no Peters 2002 2" "

143 Lathyrus japonicus Willd. beach pea Fabaceae herb perennial yes Houle 1996 4" 2"144 Leontodon helveticus Mérat Asteraceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and

Renato 2006 " 4"

145 Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don

sericea lespedeza

Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Engel and Weltzin 2008

6" 6"

146 Lessertia diffusa R.Br. Fabaceae herb perennial yes Rosch et al. 1997 1" "147 Leymus chinensis (Trin.)

Tzvelev Poaceae grass perennial no Ba et al. 2006 4" 4"

148 Leymus mollis (Trin.) Pilg. American dunegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Houle 1996; Gagne and Houle 2001

4" 3"

149 Leysera tenella DC. Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 150 Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton glossy privet Oleaceae tree perennial no Tecco et al. 2007 " 2"151 Liriodendron

tulipifera L. tuliptree Magnoliaceae tree perennial no Marshall et al. 2009 3" 6"

152 Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) Nakai

Japanese oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

153 Lolium perenne L. perennial ryegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Garbuzov et al. 2011; Van den Berge et al. 2014

4" 4"

154 Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum

(Lam.) Husnot (formerly Lolium multiflorum)

Italian ryegrass

Poaceae grass annual no Pfeifer-Meister et al. 2008

2" 2"

155 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle

Caprifoliaceae vine perennial no Belote & Weltzin 2006

2" 2"

156 Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder

Amur honeysuckle

Caprifoliaceae shrub perennial no Gorchov and Trisel 2003; McKinney and Goodell 2011

16" "

157 Lotus corniculatus L. bird's-foot trefoil

Fabaceae herb perennial yes Scheublin et al. 2007 10" 10"

158 Lotus wrangelianus Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Chilean bird's-foot trefoil

Fabaceae herb annual yes Lau & Strauss 2005; terHorst and Lau 2015

2" 4"

159 Lupinus arboreus Sims yellow bush lupine

Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Molina-Montenegro et al. 2008

4" "

160 Luzula lutea (All.) DC. Juncaceae grass perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

161 Manulea altissima L. f. Scrophulariaceae

herb perennial no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

162 Marrubium vulgare L. horehound Lamiaceae shrub perennial no Prieto et al. 2011 " 3"163 Medicago polymorpha L. burclover Fabaceae herb annual yes Lau & Strauss 2005;

terHorst and Lau 2015

4" 2"

164 Medicago sativa L. alfalfa Fabaceae herb annual yes Baude et al. 2001 4" 3"165 Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. molassessgras

s Poaceae grass perennial no D'Antonio et al.

2011, D'Antonio et al. 2001

8" 6"

166 Melinis repens (Willd.) rose Natal Poaceae grass perennial no Stevens & Fehmi 2" 2"





Zizka grass 2009 167 Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.

Br. weeping grass Poaceae grass perennial no Badgery et al. 2005 " 6"

168 Microstegium vimineum

(Trin.) A. Camus

Nepalese browntop

Poaceae grass annual no Marshall et al. 2009; Flory and Bauer 2014; Belote & Weltzin 2006; Johnson et al. 2015

59" 11"

169 Mikania micrantha Kunth mile-a-minute Asteraceae herb perennial no Li et al. 2013 " 4"170 Mimulus guttatus Greene shieldbract

monkeyflower Schrophulariaceae

herb annual no Baude et al. 2001 4" 4"

171 Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench

purple moorgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Millet et al. 2005 2" "

172 Myriophyllum sibiricum

Kom. shortspike watermilfoil

Haloragaceae herb perennial no Valley and Newman 1998

2" 2"

173 Myriophyllum spicatum

L. Eurasian watermilfoil

Haloragaceae herb perennial no Valley and Newman 1998

2" 2"

174 Nardus stricta L. matgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Marty et al. 2009 2" 2"175 Nassella clarazii (Ball)

Barkworth Poaceae grass perennial no Moretto and Distell

1997 10" 10"

176 Nassella pulchra (Hitchc.) Barkworth

purple needlegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Malmstrom et al. 2006

" 4"

177 Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack.

serrated tussock

Poaceae grass perennial no Badgery et al. 2005; Moretto and Distell 1997

29" 2"

178 Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov Nitraiaceae shrub perennial no Zhang et al. 2011 2" "179 Olea europaea L. olive Oleaceae tree perennial no Aerts et al. 2006 " 4"180 Oncosiphon

grandiflorum (Thunb.) Källersjö

Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

181 Osteospermum pinnatum

(Thunb.) Norl.

Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

182 Panicum hemitomon Schult. maidencane Poaceae grass perennial no Boughton et al. 2011 " 2"183 Panicum repens L. torpedo grass Poaceae grass perennial no Boughton et al. 2011 " 2"184 Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á.

Löve western wheatgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no LaFantasie and Enloe 2011

2" 1"

185 Pedicularis canadensis

L. Canadian lousewort

Scrophulariaceae

herb perennial no Hedberg et al. 2005 6" "

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 186 Pedicularis

monbeigiana Bonati Orobanchaceae herb perennial no Liao et al. 2011 " 6"

187 Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link buffelgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Stevens & Fehmi 2009

2" 2"

188 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.

crimson fountaingrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Carino & Daehler 2002

1" "

189 Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag.

Polygonaceae herb annual no Suzuki and Suzuki 2011

" 8"

190 Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Fiegiel et al. 1995 8" 8"

191 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

common reed Poaceae grass perennial no Ba et al. 2006; Lennssen et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2013

12" 14"

192 Phyteuma hemisphaericum

L. Campanulaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

193 Picea abies (L.) Karst Norway spruce

Pinaceae tree perennial no Ritter et al. 2015 4" 4"

194 Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb.

black spruce Pinaceae tree perennial no Cranston 2013; Boyden et al. 2009

4" 6"

195 Pilosella officinarum Vaill. mouseear hawkweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Semchenko et al. 2013

4" 4"

196 Pinus edulis Engelm. twoneedle pinyon

Pinaceae tree perennial no Sthulz et al. 2006 " 4"

197 Pinus halepensis Mill. aleppo pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Sardans et al. 2004; Vila and Lloret 2000

8" 9"

198 Pinus massoniana Lamb. Chinese red pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Li et al. 2010 14" "

199 Pinus pinaster Aiton maritime pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Rodriguez-Echeverria et al. 2013

1" 1"

200 Pinus pinea L. Italian stone pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Werner et al. 2010 4" 4"

201 Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Boyden et al. 2009 4" 4"

202 Pinus sylvestris L. Scots pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Brooker et al. 2006 " 2"203 Pistia stratiotes

L. water lettuce Araceae herb Perennial

no Wundrow et al. 2012 2" "




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 186 Pedicularis

monbeigiana Bonati Orobanchaceae herb perennial no Liao et al. 2011 " 6"

187 Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link buffelgrass Poaceae grass perennial no Stevens & Fehmi 2009

2" 2"

188 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.

crimson fountaingrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Carino & Daehler 2002

1" "

189 Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag.

Polygonaceae herb annual no Suzuki and Suzuki 2011

" 8"

190 Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Fiegiel et al. 1995 8" 8"

191 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

common reed Poaceae grass perennial no Ba et al. 2006; Lennssen et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2013

12" 14"

192 Phyteuma hemisphaericum

L. Campanulaceae herb perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

" 4"

193 Picea abies (L.) Karst Norway spruce

Pinaceae tree perennial no Ritter et al. 2015 4" 4"

194 Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb.

black spruce Pinaceae tree perennial no Cranston 2013; Boyden et al. 2009

4" 6"

195 Pilosella officinarum Vaill. mouseear hawkweed

Asteraceae herb perennial no Semchenko et al. 2013

4" 4"

196 Pinus edulis Engelm. twoneedle pinyon

Pinaceae tree perennial no Sthulz et al. 2006 " 4"

197 Pinus halepensis Mill. aleppo pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Sardans et al. 2004; Vila and Lloret 2000

8" 9"

198 Pinus massoniana Lamb. Chinese red pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Li et al. 2010 14" "

199 Pinus pinaster Aiton maritime pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Rodriguez-Echeverria et al. 2013

1" 1"

200 Pinus pinea L. Italian stone pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Werner et al. 2010 4" 4"

201 Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine

Pinaceae tree perennial no Boyden et al. 2009 4" 4"

202 Pinus sylvestris L. Scots pine Pinaceae tree perennial no Brooker et al. 2006 " 2"203 Pistia stratiotes

L. water lettuce Araceae herb Perennial

no Wundrow et al. 2012 2" "





204 Plantago lanceolata L. narrowleaf plantain

Plantaginaceae herb perennial no Engel and Weltzin 2008; Scheublin et al. 2007; Stevens and Gowing et al. 2014; Van den Berge et al. 2014; Fortner & Weltzin 2007

21" 21"

205 Plantago media L. hoary plantain Plantaginaceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012 14" 14"206 Poa annua L. annual

bluegrass Poaceae grass annual no Garbuzov et al. 2011;

Puliafico et al. 2011 3" 2"

207 Poa compressa L. Canada bluegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Puliafico et al. 2011 1" "

208 Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Kluse and Diaz 2005; Bossuty et al. 2005; Bahm et al. 2011; Puliafico et al. 2011

4" 3"

209 Poa secunda J. Presl Sandberg bluegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no LaFantasie and Enloe 2011

2" 1"

210 Prosopis velutina Wooton velvet mesquite

Fabaceae shrub perennial yes de Dios et al. 2012 " 12"

211 Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal

Lamiaceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Stevens and Gowing et al. 2014; Bossuty et al. 2005

18" 18"

212 Pseudoroegneria spicata

(Pursh) Á Löve

bluebunch wheatgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Perkins and Nowak 2012; Carlyle et al. 2010; Ortega et al. 2012

20" 20"

213 Pyracantha angustifolia

(Franch.) C.K. Schneid

narrowleaf firethorn

Rosaceae shrub perennial no Tecco et al. 2007 2" "

214 Quercus acutissima Carruthers sawtooth oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Yuan et al. 2013 9" 9"215 Quercus alba L. white oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Johnson et al. 2015 " 8"216 Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill northern pin

oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Dickie et al. 2007 1" 1"

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 217 Quercus glandulifera Blume Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"218 Quercus humilis Mill. Fagaceae tree perennial no Rousset and Lepart

2000 " 6"

219 Quercus ilex L. holly oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Cuesta et al. 2010 " 1"220 Quercus petraea (Mattuschk

a) Liebl. durmast oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Collet et al. 1995 " 8"

221 Quercus rotundifolia

Lam. Fagaceae tree perennial no Sardans et al. 2004 8" 8"

222 Quercus rubra L. northern red oak

Fagaceae tree perennial no Marshall et al. 2009; Gorchov and Trisel 2003; Johnson et al. 2015; Waller and Maas 2013

3" 19"

223 Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard's oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Johnson et al. 2015 " 8"224 Quercus variabilis Blume Chinese cork

oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

225 Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim

Tamaricaceae shrub perennial no Zhang et al. 2011 " 2"

226 Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Cuesta et al. 2010; Prieto et al. 2011

4" "

227 Rhus chinensis Mill. Chinese sumac

Anacardiaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

228 Rhus typhina L. staghorn sumac

Anacardiaceae shrub perennial no Yuan et al. 2013 9" 9"

229 Rosmarinus officinalis L. rosemary Lamiaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 1"230 Rumex acetosella L. common

sheep sorrel Polygonaceae herb perennial no del-Val and Crawley

2004 " 2"

231 Salvia farinacae Benth. Lamiaceae herb perennial no Lazaro and Totland 2010

2" "

232 Schedonorus arundinaceus

(Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons. (formerly Festuca eliator, Festuca arundiancea, and Schedonor

tall fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Fortner & Weltzin 2007; Pfeifer-Meister et al. 2008; Puliafico et al. 2011; Thomsen et al. 2006

6" 6"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 217 Quercus glandulifera Blume Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"218 Quercus humilis Mill. Fagaceae tree perennial no Rousset and Lepart

2000 " 6"

219 Quercus ilex L. holly oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Cuesta et al. 2010 " 1"220 Quercus petraea (Mattuschk

a) Liebl. durmast oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Collet et al. 1995 " 8"

221 Quercus rotundifolia

Lam. Fagaceae tree perennial no Sardans et al. 2004 8" 8"

222 Quercus rubra L. northern red oak

Fagaceae tree perennial no Marshall et al. 2009; Gorchov and Trisel 2003; Johnson et al. 2015; Waller and Maas 2013

3" 19"

223 Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard's oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Johnson et al. 2015 " 8"224 Quercus variabilis Blume Chinese cork

oak Fagaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

225 Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim

Tamaricaceae shrub perennial no Zhang et al. 2011 " 2"

226 Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. Fabaceae shrub perennial yes Cuesta et al. 2010; Prieto et al. 2011

4" "

227 Rhus chinensis Mill. Chinese sumac

Anacardiaceae tree perennial no Li et al 2010 " 2"

228 Rhus typhina L. staghorn sumac

Anacardiaceae shrub perennial no Yuan et al. 2013 9" 9"

229 Rosmarinus officinalis L. rosemary Lamiaceae shrub perennial no Vila and Lloret 2000 " 1"230 Rumex acetosella L. common

sheep sorrel Polygonaceae herb perennial no del-Val and Crawley

2004 " 2"

231 Salvia farinacae Benth. Lamiaceae herb perennial no Lazaro and Totland 2010

2" "

232 Schedonorus arundinaceus

(Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons. (formerly Festuca eliator, Festuca arundiancea, and Schedonor

tall fescue Poaceae grass perennial no Fortner & Weltzin 2007; Pfeifer-Meister et al. 2008; Puliafico et al. 2011; Thomsen et al. 2006

6" 6"





us phoenix) 233 Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P.

Beauv. meadow fescue

Poaceae grass perennial no Engel and Weltzin 2008

6" 6"

234 Schinus molle L. Peruvian peppertree

Anacardiaceae tree perennial no Iponga et al. 2009 " 8"

235 Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell.

common Mediterranean grass

Poaceae grass annual no Rodriguez-Buritica and Miriti 2009

4" 4"

236 Schizachyrium condensatum

(Kunth) Nees

Columbian bluestem

Poaceae grass perennial no D'Antonio et al. 2011, D'Antonio et al. 2001

6" 8"

237 Schotia brachypetala Sond. Fabaceae tree perennial yes Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

238 Scirpus mariqueter Tang & F.T.Wang

Cyperaceae grass perennial no Zhang et al. 2013 6" 6"

239 Senecio arenarius Thunb. Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "240 Senecio inaequidens DC. South African

ragwort Asteraceae shrub perennial no Garcia-Serrana et al.

2007 2" 2"

241 Senecio jacobaea L. stinking willie Asteraceae herb perennial no del-Val and Crawley 2004

" 2"

242 Senecio pterophorus DC. South African daisy

Asteraceae shrub perennial no Garcia-Serrana et al. 2007

2" 2"

243 Sesleria caerulea (L.) Ard. moor grass Poaceae grass perennial no Semchenko et al. 2013

4" 4"

244 Setaria faberi Herrm. Japanese bristlegrass

Poaceae grass annual no Facelli 1994 2" "

245 Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. ex M.B. Moss

African bristlegrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Anthelme et al. 2014 3" "

246 Sisymbrium altissimum

L. tall tumblemustard

Brassicaceae herb annual no Besaw et al. 2011; Kulmatiski 2006

4" 4"

247 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod

Asteraceae herb perennial no Hedberg et al. 2005; Engel and Weltzin 2008; Zhang et al. 2008

14" 16"

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 248 Solidago flexicaulis L. zigzag

goldenrod Asteraceae herb perennial no Hahn & Dornbush

2012

" 2"

249 Spartina alterniflora Loisel. smooth cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Pennigns et al. 2005; Levine et al. 1998; Zhi et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2013

23" 19"

250 Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard

common cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Zhi et al. 2010 1" 1"

251 Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.

saltmeadow cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Levine et al. 1998 6" 6"

252 Spergula arvensis L. f. Caryophyllaceae

herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

253 Sporobolus kentrophyllus

(K. Schum.) Clayton

Poaceae grass perennial no Hartvigsen 2000 6" 6"

254 Stipa grandis P.A. Smirn needlegrass Poaceae grass perennial no Wang et al. 2005 6" 6"255 Stipa ichu (Ruiz &

Pav.) Kunth

Peruvian feathergrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Moretto and Distell 1997

5" 8"

256 Stipa tenacissima L. Poaceae grass perennial no Armas and Pugnaire 2005

" 6"

257 Strychnos spinosa Lam. Natal orange Loganiaceae shrub perennial no Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

258 Taeniatherum caput-medusae

(L.) Nevski medusahead Poaceae grass annual no Davies et al. 2010; Mangla et al. 2011

4" 4"

259 Tagetes patula L. French marigold

Asteraceae herb annual no Lazaro and Totland 2010

2" "

260 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. common dandelion

Asteraceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Lazaro and Totland 2010

14" 18"

261 Thalictrum alpinum L. alpine meadow-rue

Ranunculaceae herb perennial no Klanderud 2005 " 12"

262 Themeda australis Forssk. kangaroo grass


263 Trifolium pratense L. red clover Fabaceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Engel and Weltzin 2008; Zhang, J. et al.

30" 30"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives 248 Solidago flexicaulis L. zigzag

goldenrod Asteraceae herb perennial no Hahn & Dornbush

2012

" 2"

249 Spartina alterniflora Loisel. smooth cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Pennigns et al. 2005; Levine et al. 1998; Zhi et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2013

23" 19"

250 Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard

common cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Zhi et al. 2010 1" 1"

251 Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.

saltmeadow cordgrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Levine et al. 1998 6" 6"

252 Spergula arvensis L. f. Caryophyllaceae

herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

253 Sporobolus kentrophyllus

(K. Schum.) Clayton

Poaceae grass perennial no Hartvigsen 2000 6" 6"

254 Stipa grandis P.A. Smirn needlegrass Poaceae grass perennial no Wang et al. 2005 6" 6"255 Stipa ichu (Ruiz &

Pav.) Kunth

Peruvian feathergrass

Poaceae grass perennial no Moretto and Distell 1997

5" 8"

256 Stipa tenacissima L. Poaceae grass perennial no Armas and Pugnaire 2005

" 6"

257 Strychnos spinosa Lam. Natal orange Loganiaceae shrub perennial no Vadigi and Ward 2014

" 1"

258 Taeniatherum caput-medusae

(L.) Nevski medusahead Poaceae grass annual no Davies et al. 2010; Mangla et al. 2011

4" 4"

259 Tagetes patula L. French marigold

Asteraceae herb annual no Lazaro and Totland 2010

2" "

260 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. common dandelion

Asteraceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Lazaro and Totland 2010

14" 18"

261 Thalictrum alpinum L. alpine meadow-rue

Ranunculaceae herb perennial no Klanderud 2005 " 12"

262 Themeda australis Forssk. kangaroo grass


263 Trifolium pratense L. red clover Fabaceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Engel and Weltzin 2008; Zhang, J. et al.

30" 30"





2008; Fortner & Weltzin 2007

264 Trifolium repens L. white clover Fabaceae herb perennial no Mariotte et al. 2012; Bossuty et al. 2005; del-Val and Crawley 2004

14" 16"

265 Uniola paniculata L. seaoats Poaceae grass perennial no Franks 2003 4" 4"266 Ursinia calenduliflora (DC.) N.E.

Br. Asteraceae herb annual no Rosch et al. 1997 1" "

267 Urtica thunbergiana Siebold & Zucc.

Urticaceae herb perennial no Suzuki and Suzuki 2011

8" "

268 Vaccinium myrtillus L. whortleberry Ericaceae shrub perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

11" 3"

269 Vaccinium uliginosum L. bog blueberry Ericaceae shrub perennial no Brancaleoni and Renato 2006

22" 2"

270 Vallisneria americana Michx. American eelgrass

Hydrocharitaceae

herb perennial no Doyle et al. 2007 2" "

271 Vicia dichroantha Diels Fabaceae herb perennial yes Liao et al. 2011 6" "272 Vicia sativa subsp.

nigra (L.) Ehrh. garden vetch Fabaceae herb annual yes del-Val and Crawley

2004 " 2"

273 Xanthium strumarium L. var canadense

(Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray (formerly Xanthium italicum Moretti)

Canada cocklebur

Asteraceae herb annual no Takakura & Fujii 2010

1" 1"

274 Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum

(DC.) Cronquist (formerly Xanthium occidentale)

rough cocklebur

Asteraceae herb annual no Takakura & Fujii 2010

1" 1"

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 3 Mean effect size (Hedges’ d+), biased-corrected 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals (CI, in parentheses), and sample size (n, in brackets) of the impacts of a neighbor plant on a target plant for the following treatment groups: species pair, experimental design, habitat type, life stage (target plant), growth form (neighbor and target), life cycle (neighbor and target), and response variable. For each group, we measured the total heterogeneity among the group (QB) and compared total group heterogenetiy to a chi-square distribution to estimate P-value using random effect models. Bolded values are effect sizes with confidence intervals that do not overlap 0. When we found a significant QB statistic (P < 0.1) across all observations, we report the mean effect size, CI, sample size, QB statistic, and p-value for observations within each species pair category (i.e., native-native, native-nonnative, nonnative-native, nonnative-nonnative). Please see text for description of statistical analysis.

SPECIES PAIRS

All Observations Native on Native Native on Nonnative

Nonnative on Native

Nonnative on Nonnative

Species Pairs (all observations)

QB"="31.6,"df"="3"P$<"0.0001

-0.41 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n =654]

0.09 (-0.4 to 0.5) [n = 132]

-0.82 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 244]

-0.47 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n =185]

COMPETITION TREATMENT!

QB"="89.9,"df"="1"P$<"0.0001$

QB"="14.3,"df="1"P$<"0.0001$

QB"="19.3,"df"="1"P$"<"0.0001$

QB"="38.8,"df"="1"P$"<"0.001$

QB"="42.7"df"="1"P$"<"0.001$

Relative"Competitive"Effect"(RCE)"

40.14'(40.3'to''40.01)'[n'='810]'

40.22"(A0.5"to""0.001)"[n"="441]'

0.48'(0.04'to'1.0)''[n'='96]'

40.42'(40.6'to'40.3)'[n'='150]'

A0.002"(A0.2"to"0.2)"[n"="123]"

Relative"Neighbor"Effect"(RNE)"

41.03'(41.3'to'40.8)'[n'='405]'

40.75'(41.1'to'40.5)'[n'='213]'

A0.92'(41.5'to'40.4)'[n'='36]"

41.52'(42.0'to'41.2)'[n'='94]'

41.32'(41.8'to'40.9)'[n'='62]'

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

QB"="36.9,"df"="3"P$<"0.0001

QB"="0.92,"df="3"P$="0.82

QB"="14.7,"df"="2"P$"="0.001

QB"="75.5,"df"="3"P$"<"0.0001

QB"="28.8,"df"="2"P$"<"0.0001

Greenhouse -0.50 (-0.6 to-0.4) [n = 698]

-0.40 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n = 367]

0.06 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 75]

-0.89 (-1.2 to -0.6) [n = 116]

-0.65 (-0.9 to -0.4) [n = 140]

Common garden -1.34 (-1.8 to -0.8) [n = 74]

-0.62 (-1.4 to -0.1) [n = 24]

-1.0 (-1.7 to -0.5) [n = 22]

-2.23 (-3.0 to -1.3) [n = 28]

Field experiment -0.25 (-0.5 to -0.04) [n = 410]

-0.44 (-0.8 to -0.1) [n = 244]

0.77 (-0.2 to 1.9) [n = 35]

-0.25 (-0.4 to -0.1) [n = 91]

-0.13 (-0.5 to 0.2) [n = 40]




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 3 Mean effect size (Hedges’ d+), biased-corrected 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals (CI, in parentheses), and sample size (n, in brackets) of the impacts of a neighbor plant on a target plant for the following treatment groups: species pair, experimental design, habitat type, life stage (target plant), growth form (neighbor and target), life cycle (neighbor and target), and response variable. For each group, we measured the total heterogeneity among the group (QB) and compared total group heterogenetiy to a chi-square distribution to estimate P-value using random effect models. Bolded values are effect sizes with confidence intervals that do not overlap 0. When we found a significant QB statistic (P < 0.1) across all observations, we report the mean effect size, CI, sample size, QB statistic, and p-value for observations within each species pair category (i.e., native-native, native-nonnative, nonnative-native, nonnative-nonnative). Please see text for description of statistical analysis.

SPECIES PAIRS

All Observations Native on Native Native on Nonnative

Nonnative on Native

Nonnative on Nonnative

Species Pairs (all observations)

QB"="31.6,"df"="3"P$<"0.0001

-0.41 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n =654]

0.09 (-0.4 to 0.5) [n = 132]

-0.82 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 244]

-0.47 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n =185]

COMPETITION TREATMENT!

QB"="89.9,"df"="1"P$<"0.0001$

QB"="14.3,"df="1"P$<"0.0001$

QB"="19.3,"df"="1"P$"<"0.0001$

QB"="38.8,"df"="1"P$"<"0.001$

QB"="42.7"df"="1"P$"<"0.001$

Relative"Competitive"Effect"(RCE)"

40.14'(40.3'to''40.01)'[n'='810]'

40.22"(A0.5"to""0.001)"[n"="441]'

0.48'(0.04'to'1.0)''[n'='96]'

40.42'(40.6'to'40.3)'[n'='150]'

A0.002"(A0.2"to"0.2)"[n"="123]"

Relative"Neighbor"Effect"(RNE)"

41.03'(41.3'to'40.8)'[n'='405]'

40.75'(41.1'to'40.5)'[n'='213]'

A0.92'(41.5'to'40.4)'[n'='36]"

41.52'(42.0'to'41.2)'[n'='94]'

41.32'(41.8'to'40.9)'[n'='62]'

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

QB"="36.9,"df"="3"P$<"0.0001

QB"="0.92,"df="3"P$="0.82

QB"="14.7,"df"="2"P$"="0.001

QB"="75.5,"df"="3"P$"<"0.0001

QB"="28.8,"df"="2"P$"<"0.0001

Greenhouse -0.50 (-0.6 to-0.4) [n = 698]

-0.40 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n = 367]

0.06 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 75]

-0.89 (-1.2 to -0.6) [n = 116]

-0.65 (-0.9 to -0.4) [n = 140]

Common garden -1.34 (-1.8 to -0.8) [n = 74]

-0.62 (-1.4 to -0.1) [n = 24]

-1.0 (-1.7 to -0.5) [n = 22]

-2.23 (-3.0 to -1.3) [n = 28]

Field experiment -0.25 (-0.5 to -0.04) [n = 410]

-0.44 (-0.8 to -0.1) [n = 244]

0.77 (-0.2 to 1.9) [n = 35]

-0.25 (-0.4 to -0.1) [n = 91]

-0.13 (-0.5 to 0.2) [n = 40]




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Field observation 0.04 (-0.5 to 0.7)

[n = 33] -0.16 (-0.8 to 0.4)

[n = 19] -0.75 (-1.2 to -0.3)

[n = 9] 3.46 (-0.3 to 7.0)

[n = 5] HABITAT TYPE ** QB"="86.8,"df"="9"

P$<"0.0001 QB"="84.7,"df"="8"P$<"0.0001

QB"="38.7,"df"="7"P$<"0.0001

QB"="64.7,"df"="6"P$<"0.0001

QB"="13.5,"df"="7"P$="0.06

1) Forest -0.36 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 207]

-0.89 (-1.3 to -0.4) [n = 66]

0.53 (-0.2 to 1.2) [n = 23]

-0.24 (-0.4 to -0.1) [n = 91]

-0.32 (-0.8 to 0.2) [n = 27]

" 1.2) Subarctic 0.34 (-5.7 to 7.4) [n = 2]

0.34 (-5.7 to 7.4) [n = 2]

' 1.4) Temperate -0.37 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 180]

-0.99 (-1.4 to -0.6) [n =60]

0.94 (0.4 to 1.6) [n = 19]

-0.29 (-0.4 to -0.2) [n = 88]

-0.26 (-0.8 to 0.3) [n = 13]

" 1.5) Subtropical/ Tropical Dry

-0.56 (-1.5 to 0.1) [n = 22]

0.10 (-3.4 to 2.7) [n = 4]

-1.8 (-4.9 to 0.1) [n = 4]

-0.38 (-1.4 to 0.3) [n = 14]

' 1.9) Subtropical/ Tropical Moist Montane

1.07 (0.7 to 1.6) [n = 3]

1.07 (0.7 to 1.6) [n = 3]

2) Savanna [2.1) Dry] 0.17 (-0.5 to 0.8) [n = 29]

-0.74 (-1.3 to -0.1) [n = 21]

2.57 (1.7 to 3.4) [n = 8]

3) Shrubland -0.32 (-0.8 to 0.1) [n = 149]

-0.31 (-1.2 to 0.3) [n = 95]

A0.15"(A0.4"to"0.2)""""[n"="20]

-0.24 (-0.5 to 0.1) [n = 20]

-1.00 (-2.3 to 0.2) [n = 14]

' 3.1) Subarctic 0.08 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 20]

0.08 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 20]

" 3.4) Temperate -0.71 (-1.8 to 0.1) [n = 76]

-0.64 (-2.0 to 0.5) [n = 64]

-1.29 (-2.9 to 0.07) [n = 12]


-0.22 (-0.5 to 0.01) [n = 8]

-0.42 (-0.8 to -0.01) [n = 4]

-0.02 (-0.2 to 0.1) [n = 4]

" 3.7) Subtropical/ Tropical High Altitude

0.64 (0.3 to 1.0) [n = 2]

0.64 (0.3 to 1.0) [n = 2]

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives ' 3.8)

Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation

-0.02 (-0.2 to 0.3) [n = 43]

0.39 (-0.04 to 0.9) [n = 11]

-0.09 (-0.4 to 0.3) [n = 16]

-0.31 (-0.6 to 0.2) [n = 16]

4) Grassland -0.58 (-0.8 to -0.4) [n = 551]

-0.41 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n = 370]

-0.07 (-0.5 to 0.2) [n = 39]

-1.23 (-1.6 to -0.9) [n = 89]

-0.88 (-1.4 to -0.4) [n = 53]

" 4.2) Subarctic/Alpine

0.21 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 16]

0.27 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 16]

" 4.4) Temperate -0.62 (-0.8 to -0.5) [n = 506]

-0.46 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 336]

-0.07 (-0.41 to 0.29) [n = 39]

-1.27 (-1.6 to -1.0) [n = 83]

-0.90 (-1.5 to-0.4) [n = 48]

" 4.5) Subtropical/ Tropical Dry Lowland

-0.32 (-0.6 to 0.03) [n = 29]

-0.18 (-0.7 to 0.3) [n = 18]

-0.35 (-1.0 to 0.2) [n = 6]

-0.66 (-1.3 to 0.0002) [n = 5]

5) Wetland -0.53 (-1.5 to 0.3) [n = 56]

-2.50 (-6.3 to 0.8) [n=8]

-0.98 (-7.2 to 6.2) [n = 8]

-1.23 (-1.3 to -1.2) [n = 2]

-0.04 (-0.3 to 0.2) [n = 38]

' 5.1) Permanent Rivers, Streams, Creeks

-0.51 (-1.0 to -0.1) [n = 32]

-0.27 (-1.4 to 0.8) [n = 4]

-3.35 (-6.7 to -1.6) [n = 4]

-1.23 (-1.3 to -1.2) [n = 2]

-0.19 (-0.7 to 0.1) [n = 22]

" ' 5.2)"Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular"Rivers,"Streams,"Creeks"

A0.56"(A2.7"to"1.5)"[n"="24]"

A5.1"(A10.4"to"2.7)"[n"=4]"

1.13"(A9.7"to"13.4)"[n"="4]"

' 0.22'(0.1'to'0.4)'[n'='16]'

" 8)"Desert"[8.1)"Temperate]'

3.44'(2.6'to'4.5)'[n'='14]'

3.44'(2.6'to'4.5)''[n'='14]'

' ' '

" 12)"Marine"Intertidal"[12.5)"Salt"Marsh]'

41.01'(41.3'to'40.7)'[n'='54]'

41.08'(41.5'to'40.7)'[n=28]'

41.03'(41.4'to'40.6)'[n'='12]'

40.71'(41.3'to'40.2)'[n'='12]'

A1.01"(A2.5"to"0.3)"[n"="2]"

" 13)"Marine"Coastal/Supratidal"

40.51'(41.1'to''40.01)'[n'='36]'

A0.01"(A0.4"to"0.3)"[n=17]'

A1.16"(A3.3"to"0.65)"[n"="8]'

A1.16"(A2.3"to"0.003)"[n"="8]"

A0.0001"(A0.8"to"0.5)"[n"="3]"




Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Field observation 0.04 (-0.5 to 0.7)

[n = 33] -0.16 (-0.8 to 0.4)

[n = 19] -0.75 (-1.2 to -0.3)

[n = 9] 3.46 (-0.3 to 7.0)

[n = 5] HABITAT TYPE ** QB"="86.8,"df"="9"

P$<"0.0001 QB"="84.7,"df"="8"P$<"0.0001

QB"="38.7,"df"="7"P$<"0.0001

QB"="64.7,"df"="6"P$<"0.0001

QB"="13.5,"df"="7"P$="0.06

1) Forest -0.36 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 207]

-0.89 (-1.3 to -0.4) [n = 66]

0.53 (-0.2 to 1.2) [n = 23]

-0.24 (-0.4 to -0.1) [n = 91]

-0.32 (-0.8 to 0.2) [n = 27]

" 1.2) Subarctic 0.34 (-5.7 to 7.4) [n = 2]

0.34 (-5.7 to 7.4) [n = 2]

' 1.4) Temperate -0.37 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 180]

-0.99 (-1.4 to -0.6) [n =60]

0.94 (0.4 to 1.6) [n = 19]

-0.29 (-0.4 to -0.2) [n = 88]

-0.26 (-0.8 to 0.3) [n = 13]


-0.56 (-1.5 to 0.1) [n = 22]

0.10 (-3.4 to 2.7) [n = 4]

-1.8 (-4.9 to 0.1) [n = 4]

-0.38 (-1.4 to 0.3) [n = 14]

' 1.9) Subtropical/ Tropical Moist Montane

1.07 (0.7 to 1.6) [n = 3]

1.07 (0.7 to 1.6) [n = 3]

2) Savanna [2.1) Dry] 0.17 (-0.5 to 0.8) [n = 29]

-0.74 (-1.3 to -0.1) [n = 21]

2.57 (1.7 to 3.4) [n = 8]

3) Shrubland -0.32 (-0.8 to 0.1) [n = 149]

-0.31 (-1.2 to 0.3) [n = 95]

A0.15"(A0.4"to"0.2)""""[n"="20]

-0.24 (-0.5 to 0.1) [n = 20]

-1.00 (-2.3 to 0.2) [n = 14]

' 3.1) Subarctic 0.08 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 20]

0.08 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 20]

" 3.4) Temperate -0.71 (-1.8 to 0.1) [n = 76]

-0.64 (-2.0 to 0.5) [n = 64]

-1.29 (-2.9 to 0.07) [n = 12]


-0.22 (-0.5 to 0.01) [n = 8]

-0.42 (-0.8 to -0.01) [n = 4]

-0.02 (-0.2 to 0.1) [n = 4]

" 3.7) Subtropical/ Tropical High Altitude

0.64 (0.3 to 1.0) [n = 2]

0.64 (0.3 to 1.0) [n = 2]

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives ' 3.8)

Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation

-0.02 (-0.2 to 0.3) [n = 43]

0.39 (-0.04 to 0.9) [n = 11]

-0.09 (-0.4 to 0.3) [n = 16]

-0.31 (-0.6 to 0.2) [n = 16]

4) Grassland -0.58 (-0.8 to -0.4) [n = 551]

-0.41 (-0.6 to -0.2) [n = 370]

-0.07 (-0.5 to 0.2) [n = 39]

-1.23 (-1.6 to -0.9) [n = 89]

-0.88 (-1.4 to -0.4) [n = 53]

" 4.2) Subarctic/Alpine

0.21 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 16]

0.27 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 16]

" 4.4) Temperate -0.62 (-0.8 to -0.5) [n = 506]

-0.46 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 336]

-0.07 (-0.41 to 0.29) [n = 39]

-1.27 (-1.6 to -1.0) [n = 83]

-0.90 (-1.5 to-0.4) [n = 48]

" 4.5) Subtropical/ Tropical Dry Lowland

-0.32 (-0.6 to 0.03) [n = 29]

-0.18 (-0.7 to 0.3) [n = 18]

-0.35 (-1.0 to 0.2) [n = 6]

-0.66 (-1.3 to 0.0002) [n = 5]

5) Wetland -0.53 (-1.5 to 0.3) [n = 56]

-2.50 (-6.3 to 0.8) [n=8]

-0.98 (-7.2 to 6.2) [n = 8]

-1.23 (-1.3 to -1.2) [n = 2]

-0.04 (-0.3 to 0.2) [n = 38]

' 5.1) Permanent Rivers, Streams, Creeks

-0.51 (-1.0 to -0.1) [n = 32]

-0.27 (-1.4 to 0.8) [n = 4]

-3.35 (-6.7 to -1.6) [n = 4]

-1.23 (-1.3 to -1.2) [n = 2]

-0.19 (-0.7 to 0.1) [n = 22]

" ' 5.2)"Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular"Rivers,"Streams,"Creeks"

A0.56"(A2.7"to"1.5)"[n"="24]"

A5.1"(A10.4"to"2.7)"[n"=4]"

1.13"(A9.7"to"13.4)"[n"="4]"

' 0.22'(0.1'to'0.4)'[n'='16]'

" 8)"Desert"[8.1)"Temperate]'

3.44'(2.6'to'4.5)'[n'='14]'

3.44'(2.6'to'4.5)''[n'='14]'

' ' '

" 12)"Marine"Intertidal"[12.5)"Salt"Marsh]'

41.01'(41.3'to'40.7)'[n'='54]'

41.08'(41.5'to'40.7)'[n=28]'

41.03'(41.4'to'40.6)'[n'='12]'

40.71'(41.3'to'40.2)'[n'='12]'

A1.01"(A2.5"to"0.3)"[n"="2]"

" 13)"Marine"Coastal/Supratidal"

40.51'(41.1'to''40.01)'[n'='36]'

A0.01"(A0.4"to"0.3)"[n=17]'

A1.16"(A3.3"to"0.65)"[n"="8]'

A1.16"(A2.3"to"0.003)"[n"="8]"

A0.0001"(A0.8"to"0.5)"[n"="3]"





[13.3)"Coastal"Sand"Dune]'

" 14)"Artificial"Terrestrial'

40.35'(40.7'to'40.1)'[n'='117]'

A0.03"(A0.3"to"0.2)"[n=35]'

0.90'(0.1'to'2.0)'''''[n'='14]'

41.81'(42.9'to'40.7)'[n'='22]'

40.26'(40.6'to'0.03)'[n'='46]'

" ' 14.2)"OldAfield' 40.62'(41.1'to'40.2)'[n'='76]'

0.59"(0.0"to"1.2)""[n"="2]"

A0.04"(A0.4"to"0.3)"[n"="10]"

42.16'(43.4'to''40.79)'[n'='18]'

A0.26"(A0.6"to"0.02)"[n"="46]"

" ' 14.5)"Urban' 0.62'(0.2'to'1.3)'[n'='26]'

0.27"(A0.2"to"0.7)"[n"="18]'

5.3'(2.9'to'9.0)''[n'='4]'

40.30'(40.48'to''40.11)'[n'='4]'

'

" ' 14.6)"Subtropical/"Tropical"Heavily"Degraded"Former"Forest'

40.39'(40.6'to'40.1)'[n'='14]'

40.39'(40.6'to'40.1)'[n'='14]'

' ' '

" 15)"Artificial"Aquatic"[15.9)"Canals"and"Drainage"Channels,"Ditches]"

A0.96"(A2.2"to"0.2)"[n"="2]"

" ' ' A0.96"(A2.2"to"0.2)"[n"="2]'

LIFE STAGE (target) QB"="11.1,"df"=2,"P$="0.004

QB"="48.3,""df"=1,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="15.2,""df"=2,"P$="0.001

QB"="15.8,""df"=2,"P$="0.0004

QB"="0.14,""df"=1,"P$="0.71

Seed 0.17 (-0.8 to 2.0) [n = 9]

NA [n = 1]

-0.84 (-1.4 to -0.5) [n = 4]

-0.17 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 4]

Juvenile -0.66 (-0.9 to -0.5) [n = 377]

-1.3 (-2.0 to -0.9) [n = 131]

1.06 (0.2 to 1.7) [n = 33]

-0.51 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n = 132]

-0.43 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 81]

Adult -0.36 (-0.4 to -0.2) [n = 829]

-0.19 (-0.4 to -0.01) [n = 522]

-0.21 (-0.7 to 0.2) [n = 95]

-1.09 (-1.4 to -0.8) [n = 108]

-0.50 (-0.9 to -0.2) [n = 104]

GROWTH HABIT (neighbor)

QB"="64.9,"df"="4"P$<"0.0001

QB"="31.4,"df"="3,"P"<"0.0001

QB"="23.0,"df"="3,"P"="0.0004

QB"="16.7,"df"="2,"P"="0.0002

QB"="15.5,"df"="3,"P"="0.002

Grass -0.80 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 588]

-0.83 (-1.1 to -0.6) [n = 285]

-0.29 (-0.9 to 0.3) [n = 62]

-1.03 (-1.31 to -0.8) [n = 138]

-0.66 (-1.0 to -0.4) [n = 103]

Herb -0.22 (-0.4 to -0.02 (-0.3 to 0.3) 0.23 (-1.1 to 1.7) -0.58 (-0.9 to -0.3) -0.44 (-0.7 to -0.2)


-0.04) [n = 354] [n = 207] [n = 15] [n = 70] [n = 62] Shrub -0.06 (-0.5 to 0.3)

[n = 179] -0.04 (-0.8 to 0.6)

[n = 102] -0.53 (-1.3 to -0.1)

[n = 24] -0.21 (-0.6 to 0.1)

[n = 36] 0.85 (-0.2 to 2.1)

[n = 17] Tree 0.19 (-0.1 to 0.5)

[n = 92] -0.39 (-0.7 to

-0.06) [n = 60] 1.29 (0.7 to 1.8)

[n = 31] NA

[n = 1] Vine -0.66 (-0.7 to -0.6)

[n = 2] -0.66 (-0.7 to -0.6)

[n = 2] GROWTH HABIT (target)

QB"="36.7,"df"="4""P$<"0.0001

QB"="18.6,"df"="3""P$="0.0003

QB"="25.5,"df"="3""P$="0.0001

QB"="68.3,"df"="3""P$<"0.0001

QB"="5.7,"df"="4""P$="0.22

Grass -0.75 (-0.9 to -0.6) [n = 490]

-0.50 (-0.8 to -0.2) [n = 269]

-0.40 (-1.3 to 0.4) [n = 34]

-1.56 (-2.0 to -1.2) [n = 96]

-0.65 (-1.1 to -0.3) [n = 91]

Herb -0.15 (-0.3 to 0.04) [n = 435]

-0.09 (-0.4 to 0.2) [n = 250]

-0.09 (-0.5 to 0.4) [n = 70]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.03) [n = 37]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.01) [n = 78]

Shrub -0.26 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 89]

-0.85 (-2.2 to 0.1) [n = 30]

0.52 (-0.7 to 1.5) [n = 20]

-0.32 (-0.7 to 0.01) [n = 30]

-0.44 (-1.7 to 0.8) [n = 9]

Tree -0.45 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 199]

-0.86 (-1.4 to -0.5) [n = 105]

2.57 (1.7 to 3.4) [n = 8]

-0.34 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 81]

0.35 (0.1 to 0.7) [n = 5]

Vine -1.48 (-1.48 to -1.47) [n = 2]

-1.48 (-1.48 to -1.47) [n =2]

LIFE CYCLE (neighbor) QB"="7.9,"df"="2"P$="0.02

QB"="5.8,"df"="1"P$="0.02

QB"="1.1,"df"="1"P$="0.30

QB"="4.1,"df"="2"P$="0.13

QB"="15.0,"df"="2"P$="0.0006

Annual -0.69 (-0.9 to -0.4) [n = 214]

0.27 (-0.7 to 1.4) [n = 37]

0.72 (-1.2 to 2.9) [n = 10]

-0.88 (-1.2 to -0.6) [n = 97]

-0.94 (-1.4 to -0.6) [n = 70]

Biennial -0.03 (-0.5 to 0.3) [n = 19]

-0.16 (-0.6 to 0.1) [n = 12]

0.19 (-0.7 to 1.0) [n = 7]

Perennial -0.40 (-0.5 to -0.3) [n = 982]

-0.46 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n = 617]

0.05 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 122]

-0.73 (-1.0 to -0.5) [n = 135]

-0.20 (-0.5 to 0.04) [n = 108]





[13.3)"Coastal"Sand"Dune]'

" 14)"Artificial"Terrestrial'

40.35'(40.7'to'40.1)'[n'='117]'

A0.03"(A0.3"to"0.2)"[n=35]'

0.90'(0.1'to'2.0)'''''[n'='14]'

41.81'(42.9'to'40.7)'[n'='22]'

40.26'(40.6'to'0.03)'[n'='46]'

" ' 14.2)"OldAfield' 40.62'(41.1'to'40.2)'[n'='76]'

0.59"(0.0"to"1.2)""[n"="2]"

A0.04"(A0.4"to"0.3)"[n"="10]"

42.16'(43.4'to''40.79)'[n'='18]'

A0.26"(A0.6"to"0.02)"[n"="46]"

" ' 14.5)"Urban' 0.62'(0.2'to'1.3)'[n'='26]'

0.27"(A0.2"to"0.7)"[n"="18]'

5.3'(2.9'to'9.0)''[n'='4]'

40.30'(40.48'to''40.11)'[n'='4]'

'

" ' 14.6)"Subtropical/"Tropical"Heavily"Degraded"Former"Forest'

40.39'(40.6'to'40.1)'[n'='14]'

40.39'(40.6'to'40.1)'[n'='14]'

' ' '

" 15)"Artificial"Aquatic"[15.9)"Canals"and"Drainage"Channels,"Ditches]"

A0.96"(A2.2"to"0.2)"[n"="2]"

" ' ' A0.96"(A2.2"to"0.2)"[n"="2]'

LIFE STAGE (target) QB"="11.1,"df"=2,"P$="0.004

QB"="48.3,""df"=1,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="15.2,""df"=2,"P$="0.001

QB"="15.8,""df"=2,"P$="0.0004

QB"="0.14,""df"=1,"P$="0.71

Seed 0.17 (-0.8 to 2.0) [n = 9]

NA [n = 1]

-0.84 (-1.4 to -0.5) [n = 4]

-0.17 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 4]

Juvenile -0.66 (-0.9 to -0.5) [n = 377]

-1.3 (-2.0 to -0.9) [n = 131]

1.06 (0.2 to 1.7) [n = 33]

-0.51 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n = 132]

-0.43 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 81]

Adult -0.36 (-0.4 to -0.2) [n = 829]

-0.19 (-0.4 to -0.01) [n = 522]

-0.21 (-0.7 to 0.2) [n = 95]

-1.09 (-1.4 to -0.8) [n = 108]

-0.50 (-0.9 to -0.2) [n = 104]

GROWTH HABIT (neighbor)

QB"="64.9,"df"="4"P$<"0.0001

QB"="31.4,"df"="3,"P"<"0.0001

QB"="23.0,"df"="3,"P"="0.0004

QB"="16.7,"df"="2,"P"="0.0002

QB"="15.5,"df"="3,"P"="0.002

Grass -0.80 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 588]

-0.83 (-1.1 to -0.6) [n = 285]

-0.29 (-0.9 to 0.3) [n = 62]

-1.03 (-1.31 to -0.8) [n = 138]

-0.66 (-1.0 to -0.4) [n = 103]

Herb -0.22 (-0.4 to -0.02 (-0.3 to 0.3) 0.23 (-1.1 to 1.7) -0.58 (-0.9 to -0.3) -0.44 (-0.7 to -0.2)


-0.04) [n = 354] [n = 207] [n = 15] [n = 70] [n = 62] Shrub -0.06 (-0.5 to 0.3)

[n = 179] -0.04 (-0.8 to 0.6)

[n = 102] -0.53 (-1.3 to -0.1)

[n = 24] -0.21 (-0.6 to 0.1)

[n = 36] 0.85 (-0.2 to 2.1)

[n = 17] Tree 0.19 (-0.1 to 0.5)

[n = 92] -0.39 (-0.7 to

-0.06) [n = 60] 1.29 (0.7 to 1.8)

[n = 31] NA

[n = 1] Vine -0.66 (-0.7 to -0.6)

[n = 2] -0.66 (-0.7 to -0.6)

[n = 2] GROWTH HABIT (target)

QB"="36.7,"df"="4""P$<"0.0001

QB"="18.6,"df"="3""P$="0.0003

QB"="25.5,"df"="3""P$="0.0001

QB"="68.3,"df"="3""P$<"0.0001

QB"="5.7,"df"="4""P$="0.22

Grass -0.75 (-0.9 to -0.6) [n = 490]

-0.50 (-0.8 to -0.2) [n = 269]

-0.40 (-1.3 to 0.4) [n = 34]

-1.56 (-2.0 to -1.2) [n = 96]

-0.65 (-1.1 to -0.3) [n = 91]

Herb -0.15 (-0.3 to 0.04) [n = 435]

-0.09 (-0.4 to 0.2) [n = 250]

-0.09 (-0.5 to 0.4) [n = 70]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.03) [n = 37]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.01) [n = 78]

Shrub -0.26 (-0.7 to 1.2) [n = 89]

-0.85 (-2.2 to 0.1) [n = 30]

0.52 (-0.7 to 1.5) [n = 20]

-0.32 (-0.7 to 0.01) [n = 30]

-0.44 (-1.7 to 0.8) [n = 9]

Tree -0.45 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 199]

-0.86 (-1.4 to -0.5) [n = 105]

2.57 (1.7 to 3.4) [n = 8]

-0.34 (-0.5 to -0.2) [n = 81]

0.35 (0.1 to 0.7) [n = 5]

Vine -1.48 (-1.48 to -1.47) [n = 2]

-1.48 (-1.48 to -1.47) [n =2]

LIFE CYCLE (neighbor) QB"="7.9,"df"="2"P$="0.02

QB"="5.8,"df"="1"P$="0.02

QB"="1.1,"df"="1"P$="0.30

QB"="4.1,"df"="2"P$="0.13

QB"="15.0,"df"="2"P$="0.0006

Annual -0.69 (-0.9 to -0.4) [n = 214]

0.27 (-0.7 to 1.4) [n = 37]

0.72 (-1.2 to 2.9) [n = 10]

-0.88 (-1.2 to -0.6) [n = 97]

-0.94 (-1.4 to -0.6) [n = 70]

Biennial -0.03 (-0.5 to 0.3) [n = 19]

-0.16 (-0.6 to 0.1) [n = 12]

0.19 (-0.7 to 1.0) [n = 7]

Perennial -0.40 (-0.5 to -0.3) [n = 982]

-0.46 (-0.7 to -0.3) [n = 617]

0.05 (-0.3 to 0.5) [n = 122]

-0.73 (-1.0 to -0.5) [n = 135]

-0.20 (-0.5 to 0.04) [n = 108]





LIFE CYCLE (target) QB"="4.0,"df"="2,"P$="0.14

Annual -0.26 (-0.7 to 0.1) [n = 161]

Biennial 0.19 (-0.8 to 0.9) [n = 7]

Perennial -0.48 (-0.6 to -0.4) [n = 1047]

RESPONSE QB"="330.9,"df"="41,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="86.7,"df"="27,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="35.5,"df"="14,"P$="0.001

QB"="202.1,"df"="20,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="55.3,"df"="12,"P$<"0.0001

Biomass (aboveground/shoot)

-0.80 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 379]

-0.85 (-1.2 to -0.5) [n = 234]

-0.08 (-1.5 to 1.3) [n = 31]

-0.80 (-1.1 to -0.6) [n = 65]

-1.06 (-1.7 to -0.5) [n = 49]

Biomass (total) -0.58 (-0.8 to -0.3) [n = 276]

-0.44 (-1.0 to -0.5) [n = 108]

-0.38 (-1.0 to 0.3) [n = 33]

-1.02 (-1.5 to -0.6) [n = 56]

-0.43 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 79]

" Biomass (belowground/root)

-0.36 (-0.8 to -0.06) [n = 108]

-0.44 (-0.9 to -0.1) [n = 91]

0.29"(A1.6"to"1.7)"[n"="8]"

40.57'(40.8'to'40.2)'[n'=9]"

"

Height -0.13 (-0.5 to 0.3) [n = 81]

0.07 (-0.8 to 0.9) [n = 38]

0.09 (-0.6 to 0.9) [n = 9]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.02) [n = 18]

-0.33 (-1.0 to 0.1) [n = 16]

Cover 0.51 (-0.2 to 1.1) [n = 55]

0.51 (-0.2 to 1.1) [n = 55]

Survival -0.005 (-0.2 to 0.2) [n = 46]

-0.49 (-0.8 to 1.5) [n = 7]

-0.28 (-0.8 to 0.2) [n = 4]

-0.21 (-0.4 to 0.04) [n = 26]

0.41 (0.1 to 0.7) [n = 9]

Number of Seeds -0.10 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 25]

-0.61 (-2.0 to 0.4) [n = 11]

0.19 (-0.1 to 0.5) [n = 7]

0.04 (-0.4 to 0.8) [n = 4]

0.67 (-1.1 to 3.0) [n = 3]

Number of Leaves -0.74 (-1.1 to -0.3) [n = 22]

-0.66 (-1.0 to -0.1) [n = 18]

-0.87 (-2.3 to 0.2) [n = 4]

Germination 0.20 (-0.4 to 0.8) [n = 20]

2.57 (2.3 to 2.9) [n = 2]

-0.09 (-0.8 to 0.6) [n = 8]

0.26 (-0.3 to 0.9) [n = 8]

-0.95 (-2.2 to 0.2) [n = 2]

Emergence 0.26 (-0.3 to 1.1) 1.07 (-0.1 to 3.2) -0.35 (-1.0 to 0.2) 0.04 (-0.5 to 0.3)


[n = 18] [n = 7] [n = 6] [n = 5] " Number of Tillers -3.36 (-4.4 to -2.1)

[n = 13] -0.60 (-1.1 to 0.2)

[n = 5] " 44.81'(45.2'to'44.4)'

[n'='8]""

" Photosynthesis -0.11 (-0.3 to 0.2) [n = 12]

40.22'(40.4'to''40.02)'[n'='8]'

0.10"(A0.4"to"0.7)"[n"="4]"

"

" Leaf Area 0.09 (-0.4 to 0.5) [n = 11]

0.63 (0.4 to 1.1) [n = 4]

" 0.14"(A0.1"to"0.3)"[n"="7]"

"

" Nectar Sugar Content 0.99 (-2.1 to 3.7) [n = 11]

0.99 (-2.1 to 3.7) [n = 11]

"

Number of Flowers -0.35 (-1.0 to 0.3) [n = 9]

-0.25 (-0.7 to 0.2) [n = 4]

-0.40 (-1.6 to 0.6) [n = 5]

Number of Stems -0.37 (-0.2 to 0.8) [n = 9]

0.85 (0.5 to 1.1) [n = 4]

-0.02 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 5]

" Biomass (reproductive)

-0.34 (-1.1 to 0.4) [n = 8]

-0.34 (-1.1 to 0.4) [n = 8]

" " "

" Density -1.93 (-2.8 to -1.3) [n = 8]

41.6'(42.4'to'40.9)'[n'='4]"

42.14'(43.9'to'41.1)'[n'='4]"

"

" Abundance -0.22 (-1.0 to 0.4) [n = 7]

NA [n = 1]

" " A0.32"(A1.2"to"0.4)"[n"="6]"

" Biomass (flower) -0.96 (-3.5 to 0.1) [n = 7]

0.96 (-3.5 to 0.1) [n = 7]

" " "

" Crown Area 1.58 (0.7 to 2.6) [n = 6]

2.61'(2.0'to'3.9)'[n'='3]"

0.67"(A0.1"to"1.3)"[n"="3]"

"

" Pollinator Visit Rate 0.51 (-0.2 to 1.6) [n = 6]

0.51 (-0.2 to 1.6) [n = 6]

" " "

Stem diameter -2.32 (-3.5 to -0.8) [n = 6]

-3.4 (-4.0 to -3.0) [n = 4]

-0.16 (-0.8 to 0.5) [n = 2]

" Biomass (leaf)' 0.26 (-0.9 to 2.0) [n = 6]'

1.49"(A0.2"to"4.8)"[n"="3]'

' A0.76"(A1.7"to"0.3)"[n"="3]"

"

Leaf Length 1.29 (0.4 to 3.6) [n = 5]

1.29 (0.4 to 3.6) [n = 5]

" Biomass (seed) -0.17 (-0.4 to A0.25"(A0.4"to"0.01)" A0.05"(A0.1"to"0.04)" "





LIFE CYCLE (target) QB"="4.0,"df"="2,"P$="0.14

Annual -0.26 (-0.7 to 0.1) [n = 161]

Biennial 0.19 (-0.8 to 0.9) [n = 7]

Perennial -0.48 (-0.6 to -0.4) [n = 1047]

RESPONSE QB"="330.9,"df"="41,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="86.7,"df"="27,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="35.5,"df"="14,"P$="0.001

QB"="202.1,"df"="20,"P$<"0.0001

QB"="55.3,"df"="12,"P$<"0.0001

Biomass (aboveground/shoot)

-0.80 (-1.0 to -0.6) [n = 379]

-0.85 (-1.2 to -0.5) [n = 234]

-0.08 (-1.5 to 1.3) [n = 31]

-0.80 (-1.1 to -0.6) [n = 65]

-1.06 (-1.7 to -0.5) [n = 49]

Biomass (total) -0.58 (-0.8 to -0.3) [n = 276]

-0.44 (-1.0 to -0.5) [n = 108]

-0.38 (-1.0 to 0.3) [n = 33]

-1.02 (-1.5 to -0.6) [n = 56]

-0.43 (-0.7 to -0.2) [n = 79]

" Biomass (belowground/root)

-0.36 (-0.8 to -0.06) [n = 108]

-0.44 (-0.9 to -0.1) [n = 91]

0.29"(A1.6"to"1.7)"[n"="8]"

40.57'(40.8'to'40.2)'[n'=9]"

"

Height -0.13 (-0.5 to 0.3) [n = 81]

0.07 (-0.8 to 0.9) [n = 38]

0.09 (-0.6 to 0.9) [n = 9]

-0.30 (-0.6 to -0.02) [n = 18]

-0.33 (-1.0 to 0.1) [n = 16]

Cover 0.51 (-0.2 to 1.1) [n = 55]

0.51 (-0.2 to 1.1) [n = 55]

Survival -0.005 (-0.2 to 0.2) [n = 46]

-0.49 (-0.8 to 1.5) [n = 7]

-0.28 (-0.8 to 0.2) [n = 4]

-0.21 (-0.4 to 0.04) [n = 26]

0.41 (0.1 to 0.7) [n = 9]

Number of Seeds -0.10 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 25]

-0.61 (-2.0 to 0.4) [n = 11]

0.19 (-0.1 to 0.5) [n = 7]

0.04 (-0.4 to 0.8) [n = 4]

0.67 (-1.1 to 3.0) [n = 3]

Number of Leaves -0.74 (-1.1 to -0.3) [n = 22]

-0.66 (-1.0 to -0.1) [n = 18]

-0.87 (-2.3 to 0.2) [n = 4]

Germination 0.20 (-0.4 to 0.8) [n = 20]

2.57 (2.3 to 2.9) [n = 2]

-0.09 (-0.8 to 0.6) [n = 8]

0.26 (-0.3 to 0.9) [n = 8]

-0.95 (-2.2 to 0.2) [n = 2]

Emergence 0.26 (-0.3 to 1.1) 1.07 (-0.1 to 3.2) -0.35 (-1.0 to 0.2) 0.04 (-0.5 to 0.3)


[n = 18] [n = 7] [n = 6] [n = 5] " Number of Tillers -3.36 (-4.4 to -2.1)

[n = 13] -0.60 (-1.1 to 0.2)

[n = 5] " 44.81'(45.2'to'44.4)'

[n'='8]""

" Photosynthesis -0.11 (-0.3 to 0.2) [n = 12]

40.22'(40.4'to''40.02)'[n'='8]'

0.10"(A0.4"to"0.7)"[n"="4]"

"

" Leaf Area 0.09 (-0.4 to 0.5) [n = 11]

0.63 (0.4 to 1.1) [n = 4]

" 0.14"(A0.1"to"0.3)"[n"="7]"

"

" Nectar Sugar Content 0.99 (-2.1 to 3.7) [n = 11]

0.99 (-2.1 to 3.7) [n = 11]

"

Number of Flowers -0.35 (-1.0 to 0.3) [n = 9]

-0.25 (-0.7 to 0.2) [n = 4]

-0.40 (-1.6 to 0.6) [n = 5]

Number of Stems -0.37 (-0.2 to 0.8) [n = 9]

0.85 (0.5 to 1.1) [n = 4]

-0.02 (-0.6 to 0.5) [n = 5]

" Biomass (reproductive)

-0.34 (-1.1 to 0.4) [n = 8]

-0.34 (-1.1 to 0.4) [n = 8]

" " "

" Density -1.93 (-2.8 to -1.3) [n = 8]

41.6'(42.4'to'40.9)'[n'='4]"

42.14'(43.9'to'41.1)'[n'='4]"

"

" Abundance -0.22 (-1.0 to 0.4) [n = 7]

NA [n = 1]

" " A0.32"(A1.2"to"0.4)"[n"="6]"

" Biomass (flower) -0.96 (-3.5 to 0.1) [n = 7]

0.96 (-3.5 to 0.1) [n = 7]

" " "

" Crown Area 1.58 (0.7 to 2.6) [n = 6]

2.61'(2.0'to'3.9)'[n'='3]"

0.67"(A0.1"to"1.3)"[n"="3]"

"

" Pollinator Visit Rate 0.51 (-0.2 to 1.6) [n = 6]

0.51 (-0.2 to 1.6) [n = 6]

" " "

Stem diameter -2.32 (-3.5 to -0.8) [n = 6]

-3.4 (-4.0 to -3.0) [n = 4]

-0.16 (-0.8 to 0.5) [n = 2]

" Biomass (leaf)' 0.26 (-0.9 to 2.0) [n = 6]'

1.49"(A0.2"to"4.8)"[n"="3]'

' A0.76"(A1.7"to"0.3)"[n"="3]"

"

Leaf Length 1.29 (0.4 to 3.6) [n = 5]

1.29 (0.4 to 3.6) [n = 5]

" Biomass (seed) -0.17 (-0.4 to A0.25"(A0.4"to"0.01)" A0.05"(A0.1"to"0.04)" "





** Habitat Type numbers and classifications follow the IUCN’s habitat classification (available online at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3) scheme that

-0.03) [n = 5] [n"="3]" [n"="2]"" Number of Pollinator

Visits 2.75 (0.1 to 7.5)

[n = 5] " 0.17"(A1.2"to"1.6)"

[n"="2]"7.09"(5.0"to"9.8)"

[n"="3]"" Number of shoots -1.12 (-1.5 to -0.8)

[n = 5] -1.36 (-1.8 to -0.9)

[n = 2] " " A0.94"(A1.3"to"A0.6)"

[n"="3]"" Canopy Area

(change) 1.95 (1.0 to 3.2)

[n = 4] 1.95 (1.0 to 3.2)

[n = 4]"" "

" Height (change) 3.20 (2.5 to 4.4) [n = 4]

3.20 (2.5 to 4.4) [n = 4]"

" "

" Stem Growth 0.26 (-0.8 to 1.7) [n = 4]

0.26 (-0.8 to 1.7) [n = 4]

" " "

" Volume 0.44 (0.3 to 0.6) [n = 4]

0.44 (0.3 to 0.6) [n = 4]

" " "

Mortality -0.44 (-4.4 to 2.8) [n = 3]

-0.44 (-4.4 to 2.8) [n = 3]

" Stem Length -0.48 (-1.3 to 0.8) [n = 3]

NA [n = 1]

A0.46"(A1.8"to"0.8)"[n"="2]"

" Establishment 0.01 (-0.5 to 0.5) [n = 2]

" " 0.01"(A0.4"to"0.5)""[n"="2]"

" Number of Fruit 3.31 (3.2 to 3.4) [n = 2]

3.31 (3.2 to 3.4) [n = 2]

' " "

" Number of Fruit and Flower

0.06 (-1.3 to 1.4) [n = 2]

0.06 (-1.3 to 1.4) [n = 2]'

" "

" Number of Sprouts 0.30 (0.1 to 0.5) [n = 2]

0.30 (0.1 to 0.5) [n = 2]

' " "

" Relative Growth Rate -0.08 (-0.7 to 0.5) [n = 2]

-0.08 (-0.7 to 0.5) [n = 2]

' " "

" Size -0.18 (-0.7 to 0.4) [n = 2]

-0.18 (-0.7 to 0.4) [n = 2]

' " "

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives designates primary and secondary habitat types. Statistical test values are for comparisons across the 10 primary habitat types recorded in this study.





** Habitat Type numbers and classifications follow the IUCN’s habitat classification (available online at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3) scheme that

-0.03) [n = 5] [n"="3]" [n"="2]"" Number of Pollinator

Visits 2.75 (0.1 to 7.5)

[n = 5] " 0.17"(A1.2"to"1.6)"

[n"="2]"7.09"(5.0"to"9.8)"

[n"="3]"" Number of shoots -1.12 (-1.5 to -0.8)

[n = 5] -1.36 (-1.8 to -0.9)

[n = 2] " " A0.94"(A1.3"to"A0.6)"

[n"="3]"" Canopy Area

(change) 1.95 (1.0 to 3.2)

[n = 4] 1.95 (1.0 to 3.2)

[n = 4]"" "

" Height (change) 3.20 (2.5 to 4.4) [n = 4]

3.20 (2.5 to 4.4) [n = 4]"

" "

" Stem Growth 0.26 (-0.8 to 1.7) [n = 4]

0.26 (-0.8 to 1.7) [n = 4]

" " "

" Volume 0.44 (0.3 to 0.6) [n = 4]

0.44 (0.3 to 0.6) [n = 4]

" " "

Mortality -0.44 (-4.4 to 2.8) [n = 3]

-0.44 (-4.4 to 2.8) [n = 3]

" Stem Length -0.48 (-1.3 to 0.8) [n = 3]

NA [n = 1]

A0.46"(A1.8"to"0.8)"[n"="2]"

" Establishment 0.01 (-0.5 to 0.5) [n = 2]

" " 0.01"(A0.4"to"0.5)""[n"="2]"

" Number of Fruit 3.31 (3.2 to 3.4) [n = 2]

3.31 (3.2 to 3.4) [n = 2]

' " "

" Number of Fruit and Flower

0.06 (-1.3 to 1.4) [n = 2]

0.06 (-1.3 to 1.4) [n = 2]'

" "

" Number of Sprouts 0.30 (0.1 to 0.5) [n = 2]

0.30 (0.1 to 0.5) [n = 2]

' " "

" Relative Growth Rate -0.08 (-0.7 to 0.5) [n = 2]

-0.08 (-0.7 to 0.5) [n = 2]

' " "

" Size -0.18 (-0.7 to 0.4) [n = 2]

-0.18 (-0.7 to 0.4) [n = 2]

' " "

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives designates primary and secondary habitat types. Statistical test values are for comparisons across the 10 primary habitat types recorded in this study.



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 1 Naturalized nonnative target plants had a higher performance than invasive nonnative target plants with neighboring plants (QB = 4.23, d.f. = 1, P = 0.04), regardless of whether then native was a native (QB = 11.97, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001) or a nonnative (QB = 5.44, d.f. = 1, P = 0.02). Positive mean effect sizes indicate that target plant species have higher performance in the presence of a heterospecific neighbor relative to a conspecific neighbor or no neighbor. Error bars represent 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals of the mean, and effect size is significant when the confidence intervals do not cross zero. Sample sizes for each mean effect are found below the point.

-1

0

1

2

n = 65n = 252

n = 22 n = 110n = 43

n = 142

naturalized nonnativeinvasive nonnative

effe

ct s

ize

(Hed

ges'

d+)

all native on nonnative onnonnative nonnnative

pairwise interaction

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 2 The presence or absence of herbivores influenced the direction of the mean effect size (Hedges’ d+) of neighboring native plant species on the performance or fitness of a target nonnative plant species. This effect was significant for observations testing for the relative strength of interspecific and intraspecific interactions (a; relative competitive experiments; QB = 6.55, d.f. = 1, P = 0.01), but not when the observations were testing for the total competition intensity between two species (b; relative neighbor experiments: QB = 0.66, d.f. = 2, P = 0.42). We do not present data for species pairs when the number of observations was less than two. Values are mean effect sizes (Hedges’ d+), and negative values indicate that target plant species have lower performance in the presence of a heterospecific neighbor relative to a conspecific neighbor (a) or no neighbor (b). Error bars represent 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals of the mean, and effect size is significant when the confidence intervals do not cross zero. Sample sizes for each mean effect are found below the point. Statistical tests are described in detail in the Methods.

-4

-2

0

2

n = 59

n = 59n = 34

n = 34

n = 22

n = 22

effe

ct s

ize

(Hed

ges'

d+)

all native on nonnative on native on nonnative onnative native nonnative nonnnative

herbivores absentherbivores present

data data

deficient deficient*

* a

-4

-2

0

2

n = 37

n = 33

n = 26

n = 22n = 9

n = 8



data data

deficient deficient

b



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 1 Naturalized nonnative target plants had a higher performance than invasive nonnative target plants with neighboring plants (QB = 4.23, d.f. = 1, P = 0.04), regardless of whether then native was a native (QB = 11.97, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001) or a nonnative (QB = 5.44, d.f. = 1, P = 0.02). Positive mean effect sizes indicate that target plant species have higher performance in the presence of a heterospecific neighbor relative to a conspecific neighbor or no neighbor. Error bars represent 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals of the mean, and effect size is significant when the confidence intervals do not cross zero. Sample sizes for each mean effect are found below the point.

-1

0

1

2

n = 65n = 252

n = 22 n = 110n = 43

n = 142

naturalized nonnativeinvasive nonnative

effe

ct s

ize

(Hed

ges'

d+)

all native on nonnative onnonnative nonnnative


Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 2 The presence or absence of herbivores influenced the direction of the mean effect size (Hedges’ d+) of neighboring native plant species on the performance or fitness of a target nonnative plant species. This effect was significant for observations testing for the relative strength of interspecific and intraspecific interactions (a; relative competitive experiments; QB = 6.55, d.f. = 1, P = 0.01), but not when the observations were testing for the total competition intensity between two species (b; relative neighbor experiments: QB = 0.66, d.f. = 2, P = 0.42). We do not present data for species pairs when the number of observations was less than two. Values are mean effect sizes (Hedges’ d+), and negative values indicate that target plant species have lower performance in the presence of a heterospecific neighbor relative to a conspecific neighbor (a) or no neighbor (b). Error bars represent 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals of the mean, and effect size is significant when the confidence intervals do not cross zero. Sample sizes for each mean effect are found below the point. Statistical tests are described in detail in the Methods.

-4

-2

0

2

n = 59

n = 59n = 34

n = 34

n = 22

n = 22

effe

ct s

ize

(Hed

ges'

d+)


herbivores absentherbivores present

data data

deficient deficient*

* a

-4

-2

0

2

n = 37

n = 33

n = 26

n = 22n = 9

n = 8



data data

deficient deficient

b



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 3 Comparisons of the effect size (Hedges’ d) and sample size of the raw data to assess potential publication bias. MetaWin output of a (a) funnel plot (b) normal quantile plot. (a)

(b)

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Equations 1 We calculated the effect size (Hedges’ d+) for each observation of the mean performance of a target plant grown with a neighbor plant (Xn) or the mean performance of a target plant grown without a neighbor plant (Xa). This metric is weighted by the sample size (Nn) and standard deviation (sn) for the target plant grown with a neighbor and the sample size (Na) and standard deviation (sa) for the target plant grown without a neighbor. Hedges’ d for each observation is calculated as the following:

! = ! (!! − !!!)! !!

where S is the pooled standard deviation

! = !! (!! − 1)(!!)! + (!! − 1)(!!)!!! + !!! − 2 !

and J is a weighting factor that corrects for bias due to small sample size

! = !1− 34 !! + !!! − 2 − 1

The variance (v) for each observation is calculated as the following:

! = !!! + !!!

!!!! !+ !!!2 !! + !!!

The combined mean effect size (dc) across studies for the fixed-effect model is weighted by the following weighting factor (w = 1/v) and calculated as follows:

!! = !!"!

!!!!!

To estimate the variance (v*) for the random-effects model for a given number of observations (k), we calculate the following constant (c) and pooled within-class variance component (!2pooled):



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.134Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Extended Data Figure 3 Comparisons of the effect size (Hedges’ d) and sample size of the raw data to assess potential publication bias. MetaWin output of a (a) funnel plot (b) normal quantile plot. (a)

(b)

Kuebbing & Nuñez, Nature Plants Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Equations 1 We calculated the effect size (Hedges’ d+) for each observation of the mean performance of a target plant grown with a neighbor plant (Xn) or the mean performance of a target plant grown without a neighbor plant (Xa). This metric is weighted by the sample size (Nn) and standard deviation (sn) for the target plant grown with a neighbor and the sample size (Na) and standard deviation (sa) for the target plant grown without a neighbor. Hedges’ d for each observation is calculated as the following:

! = ! (!! − !!!)! !!

where S is the pooled standard deviation

! = !! (!! − 1)(!!)! + (!! − 1)(!!)!!! + !!! − 2 !

and J is a weighting factor that corrects for bias due to small sample size

! = !1− 34 !! + !!! − 2 − 1

The variance (v) for each observation is calculated as the following:

! = !!! + !!!

!!!! !+ !!!2 !! + !!!

The combined mean effect size (dc) across studies for the fixed-effect model is weighted by the following weighting factor (w = 1/v) and calculated as follows:

!! = !!"!

!!!!!

To estimate the variance (v*) for the random-effects model for a given number of observations (k), we calculate the following constant (c) and pooled within-class variance component (!2pooled):





! = ! !!

!− ! !!!

!!!!

Where

!!""#$%! = !! − ! (! − 1)!!!!

!

And Qw is the within-class homogeneity, calculated as follows:

!! = ! !!(!! − !!)!!

!

!

!

To test the between-class homogeneity (QB):

!!! = ! !!(!!! − !!")!!

!

!

!

Where dgm is the grand mean effect size, calculated as follows:

!!" = ! !!!!!

!!

!!!!

!!

!


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Invasive non-native plants have a greater effect on ... · Invasive nonnative plants have a greater effect on neighboring natives than other nonnatives Supplementary Table 1 List