Invasive Alien Species in Germany and in International Conventions and the Role of Botanic GardensFrank Klingenstein

Nature conservation and phytosanitary measures: The German federal perspective and activities on IAS1) Biological globalisation: a) global situation b) situation in Germany2) Categories of alien species and criteria for invasiveness 3) Botanic Gardens and alien species4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardens5) Options for co-operation6) National activities in Germany

Geographical Isolation asBasis for Evolution = Diversityvarieties of Great Tit (Parus major)

Reasons for Extinction of Animals since 1600source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Biodiversity (1992)alien species39%hunting23%others2%destruction of habitats36%

Reasons for Threat to the German Flora

Spread of Agriculture in Europe[Benecke 1994]

59 (~10%) of 653 threatened species in Germany are aliens (archaeophytes~ 20 % of all archaeophytes are threatened archaeophytic alien species are often of special concern for conservation

It disturbs me that I do not know all these herbs, bushes and plants, which may be very valuable for use as dyes, medicine or spices. I will take home samples of most of them. (18.10.1492) Beginning of Biological Globalisationintended introductions

(un)intended introductions50 % unintended introductions trade and traffic50 % intended introductions30% ornamental plants 20 % usful plants for forestry and agriculture

Biological Globalisation: the Case of Hawaiisource: Davis et al. 1995, WWF & IUCNSilversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense) The biomass of alien species exceeds that of indigenous speciesnatural migration: 1 species in 50.000 years = 1.200 speciesPolynesian settlers 1.400 years ago: 1 species in 30 years = 45 new speciessince the discovery by Cook in 1778: 1 species in 2 months = 1.000 new species

Neophytes in Germany 3.383 988

Diagramm2

Tabelle1

STATUS_NEUGUELTTAXNAMEAUTORNAMNRSIPNRAGGNRHERKUNFTWUCHSHHEWUCHSFORMAUSBREITAgriophytKLONALANZLISTRLVERBREITKONKSCHADERADAnmerkungen

in cm1-annuel1-berw. GenerativA-Agriophyt1-nein

2-Staude2-berw. Vegetativ2-ja, Bildung von Rameten

3-Strauch

alien bad need for criteria

Invasiveness = Ecological Threatincreased consumption by predatorscompetition for habitats or resourceschange of ecological conditionsgenetic pollution

Economic DamageGalinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora)escaped from BG Paris in 1800e.g. alien weedsGalinsoga ciliataescaped from BG Breslau ~ 1850

Threat to Human Healthe.g. toxic plants

Nature conservation and phytosanitary measures: The German federal perspective and activities on IAS1) Biological globalisation: a) global situation b) situation in Germany2) Categories of alien species and criteria for invasiveness 3) Botanic Gardens and alien species4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardens5) Options for co-operation6) National activities in Germany

Common Field Speedwell (Veronica persica) escaped from BG Karlsruhe in 1805

Botanic Garden and Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM)Most important garden in Germany and one of the largest in the world

Ecologic-Botanic Garden of Bayreuth:build since 1978 24 ha due to decreasing budget huge +/- wild areas

like 17 other species assessed in 2001:Cephalaria alpina Cephalaria gigantea Echinops exaltatus Cerinthe minor Doronicum pardalianches Euphorbia polychroma Geum coccineum Geum japonicum Scabiosa banatica Eryngium giganteum Inula magnifica Lychnis coronaria Verbascum olympicum Collomia linearis Oenothera spp. Solidago flexicaulis Solidago graminifolia

Insects etc. for biological pest control:Nowadays only reproducing in greenhousesBut what will happen with climatic change?

Nature conservation and phytosanitary measures: The German federal perspective and activities on IAS1) Biological globalisation: a) global situation b) situation in Germany2) Categories of alien species and criteria for invasiveness 3) Botanic Gardens and alien species4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardens5) Options for co-operation6) National activities in Germany

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES; 1973)Implementation in the European Union (EC 338/97): 3 (2) d: Export and trade of species may be limited, if they endanger biodiversity in the importing country

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)International standard for phytosanitary measures 11 (2003): Risk assessment for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks

Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD; Rio 1992)8h: Contracting parties shall ... prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or speciesGuiding Principles for invasive alien species (2002)precautionary, three-stage approach (prevention, control, management)

Guiding Principles on IASDecision VI/23Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management). 2. Lack of scientific certainty should not prevent an authority to prevent the [introduction]

"intentional introduction" refers to the movement and/or release by humans outside of its natural range

Guiding Principles on IASDecision VI/23Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management). 2. Lack of scientific certainty should not prevent an authority to prevent the [introduction]

"intentional introduction" refers to the movement and/or release by humans outside of its natural range

Guiding Principles on IASDecision VI/23Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management). 2. Lack of scientific certainty should not prevent an authority to prevent the [introduction]

"intentional introduction" refers to the movement and/or release by humans outside of its natural range

Dimension of seed exchange

. seed exchange is the main source for BGs

Contribution of Botanic Gardens to IAS-activities scientific knowledge on ecology and distribution of plants as basis for conservation measures (e.g. black lists, eradication etc.) building public awareness as reliable multipliers voluntary measures concerning the exchange or cultivation of invasive alien plants PRACTICAL experience with the cultivation = attitude of alien plants in new countries (e.g. for risk assessments)

Activities in Germany National Strategy on IAS to implement the Guiding Principles of the CBD by suggesting harmonization of legislation and measures cooperation / responsibilities of stakeholders Information networking with regional conservation authorities and all other interested stakeholders by mailing lists

www.neophyten.de basic information on alien plants in Germany handbook with data sheets for 30 invasive species discussion forum for these species

up to 55 characteristics on taxonomy, morphology, ecology, threat, etc. including degree of naturalisation distribution maps on the basis of the national floristic mapping program photos for all 3.500 wild growing vascular plants in Germany www.floraweb.de

Early Warning Systemintended extension of the existing forum and floristic mapping activitiesvor 195019802003

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