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St. Augustine: OnSt. Augustine: On

Christian DoctrineChristian DoctrineBetty HairstonBetty Hairston (Submitted separately)(Submitted separately)

Gretchen lynnGretchen lynnBen!amin CastonBen!amin Caston


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Week 5 PresentationWeek 5 Presentation

Group 5 Analyzed a work on ChristianGroup 5 Analyzed a work on ChristianDoctrine by St. AugustineDoctrine by St. Augustine

We will be looking at exaples o!"We will be looking at exaples o!"

#$thos#$thos #%ogos#%ogos

#Pathos#Pathos #&n'ention#&n'ention

#Style#Style #Arrangeent#Arrangeent

#Deli'ery#Deli'ery


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$thos ()$thos () *+uote,*+uote,

-When all these things are taught by-When all these things are taught by

asters they are greatly esteeed boughtasters they are greatly esteeed bought

!or a great price and sold with boasting. &!or a great price and sold with boasting. &

a ashaed to be tainted by this boastinga ashaed to be tainted by this boasting

when & discuss these things in this way.-when & discuss these things in this way.-

St. Augustine ()/St. Augustine ()/


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$thos ()$thos () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

0e is speaking o! !igures o! speech and0e is speaking o! !igures o! speech and

says that they are taught by soeone whosays that they are taught by soeone who

is knowledgeable on the topic and becauseis knowledgeable on the topic and because

o! this we !ind the to be highly regarded.o! this we !ind the to be highly regarded.

1hen they are uch in deand and sold !or1hen they are uch in deand and sold !or

a huge price and talked about witha huge price and talked about with

uch regard. 1he speaker adits that he isuch regard. 1he speaker adits that he is'ulnerable and was taken in by this.'ulnerable and was taken in by this.


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$thos (2$thos (2 *+uote,*+uote,

33Soeties when the truth is deonstratedSoeties when the truth is deonstrated

in speaking4the atter itsel! is pleasingin speaking4the atter itsel! is pleasing

when it is re'ealed siply because it iswhen it is re'ealed siply because it is

true.true.

St. Augustine (26St. Augustine (26


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$thos (2$thos (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

0ere St. Augustine is re'ealing his belie!0ere St. Augustine is re'ealing his belie!

that the truth is pleasing. 7egardless o!that the truth is pleasing. 7egardless o!

whether the words thesel'es werewhether the words thesel'es were

elo8uent or whether any action is taken theelo8uent or whether any action is taken the

speech is pleasing siply because it is true.speech is pleasing siply because it is true.


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$thos (9$thos (9 *+uote,*+uote,

33So uch care has been la'ished on4So uch care has been la'ished on4

sua'ity by en that writings are read thatsua'ity by en that writings are read that

not only should not be put in practice butnot only should not be put in practice but

rather should be a'oided and detestedrather should be a'oided and detested

since they contain only copletely e'il andsince they contain only copletely e'il and

wicked things4wicked things4

St. Augustine (9:St. Augustine (9:


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$thos (9$thos (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

0ere St. Augustine speaks o! writings that0ere St. Augustine speaks o! writings that

are e'il but that are written well. 0e warnsare e'il but that are written well. 0e warns

us that though these works ay be writtenus that though these works ay be written

or spoken well to be wary o! 3e'il andor spoken well to be wary o! 3e'il and

wicked things.wicked things.


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$thos (/$thos (/ *+uote,*+uote,

-;or since by eans o! the art o! rhetoric-;or since by eans o! the art o! rhetoric

both truth and !alsehood are urged whoboth truth and !alsehood are urged who

would dare to say that truth should stand inwould dare to say that truth should stand in

the person o! its de!enders unared againstthe person o! its de!enders unared against

lying.........art


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$thos (/$thos (/ *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

Authors in their writing include true andAuthors in their writing include true and

untrue in!oration. 1he author needs tountrue in!oration. 1he author needs to

know how to de!end the truth in rhetoricknow how to de!end the truth in rhetoric

because the untrue in!oration isbecause the untrue in!oration is

easily deli'ered to the reader and the readereasily deli'ered to the reader and the reader

is easily decei'ed into belie'ing it. 1heis easily decei'ed into belie'ing it. 1he

author deli'ering the truth does not knowauthor deli'ering the truth does not knowhow to decei'e the reader in the sae way.how to decei'e the reader in the sae way.


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Pathos ()Pathos () *+uote,*+uote,

= 30owe'er an attenti'e crowd eager to

coprehend usually shows by its otion

whether it understands and until it

signi!ies coprehension the atter beingdiscussed should be considered and

discussed in a 'ariety o! ways.

St. Augustine (25


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Pathos ()Pathos () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

= An audience shows its eotions to the

speech in ways other than speaking. >on

'erbal cues need to be looked !or in order

to understand how the audience !eelstowards the rhetor and what is being said.


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Pathos (2Pathos (2 *+uote,*+uote,

= 3;or those things that are well written arenot only read with pleasure by thosebecoing ac8uainted with the !or the

!irst tie but they are also reread notwithout pleasure by those who know thewell4And by both o! these classes theyare willingly heard.

St. Augustine (25


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Pathos (2Pathos (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

= Whether soeone is reading or listening

i! the work is written or spoken well the

audience will happily read it or listen to it

again.


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Pathos (9Pathos (9 *+uote,*+uote,

= 3And ?ust as he is delighted i! you speak sweetly so is hepersuaded i! he lo'es what you proise !ears what youthreaten hates what you conden ebraces what youconden sorrows at what you aintain to be sorrow!ul@

re?oices when you announce soething delight!ul takespity on those who you place be!ore hi in speaking asbeing piti!ul4and is o'ed by whate'er else ay bedone through grand elo8uence toward o'ing the indso! the listeners4

St. Augustine (2


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Pathos (9Pathos (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

= An audience can be brought to eotion or

e'en action based on the words o! the

rhetor i! the work is written and deli'ered

in such a persuasi'e way as to incitestrong eotions in the reader or listener.


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Style #1Style #1 (Quote)(Quote)

"or one #ho #ishes to spea$ #isely%"or one #ho #ishes to spea$ #isely%there&ore% e'en though he cannotthere&ore% e'en though he cannotspea$ elouently% it is abo'e allspea$ elouently% it is abo'e all

necessary to remember the #ords o&necessary to remember the #ords o&Scripture. the poorer he sees himsel&Scripture. the poorer he sees himsel&to be in his o#n speech% the more heto be in his o#n speech% the more heshould ma$e use o& Scripture so thatshould ma$e use o& Scripture so that

#hat he says in his o#n #ords he#hat he says in his o#n #ords hemay support #ith the #ordsmay support #ith the #ordso& Scripture.*o& Scripture.*


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Style #1Style #1 (Interpretation)(Interpretation)

A spea$er should remember theA spea$er should remember the

Scripture since he may #ant to beScripture since he may #ant to be

a spea$er o& great $no#ledge% buta spea$er o& great $no#ledge% but

may not ha'e the s$ills to do this. -&may not ha'e the s$ills to do this. -&his s$ills are not per&ect behind% thenhis s$ills are not per&ect behind% then

he should use the Scripture e'enhe should use the Scripture e'en

more.more.


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or there are some things #hichor there are some things #hich#ith their &ull implications are not#ith their &ull implications are notunderstood or are hardly understood%understood or are hardly understood%

no matter ho# elouently they areno matter ho# elouently they arespo$en% or ho# o&ten% or ho# plainly.spo$en% or ho# o&ten% or ho# plainly.And these things should ne'er% orAnd these things should ne'er% oronly rarely on account o& someonly rarely on account o& some

necessity% be set be&ore a popularnecessity% be set be&ore a popularaudience.*audience.*

St. Augustine +/0St. Augustine +/0


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Some #or$s are so complicated thatSome #or$s are so complicated that

no matter ho# you present them%no matter ho# you present them%

they are ne'er &ully understood.they are ne'er &ully understood.

1or$s such as these should be1or$s such as these should bea'oided unless they must absolutelya'oided unless they must absolutely

be presented.be presented.


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2here&ore a certain elouent man2here&ore a certain elouent man

said% and said truly% that he #ho issaid% and said truly% that he #ho is

elouent should spea$ in such a #ayelouent should spea$ in such a #ay

that he teaches% delights% andthat he teaches% delights% andmo'es. 2hen he added% 32o teach ismo'es. 2hen he added% 32o teach is

a necessity% to please is a s#eetness%a necessity% to please is a s#eetness%

to persuade a 'ictory4*.to persuade a 'ictory4*.



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2he style that a rhetor uses should2he style that a rhetor uses should

be an elouent and pleasing one. -&be an elouent and pleasing one. -&

the correct #ords are used% thethe correct #ords are used% the

audience #ill not only en!oy #hataudience #ill not only en!oy #hatthey are listening to% but #ill also bethey are listening to% but #ill also be

mo'ed to action.mo'ed to action.


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Deli'ery ()Deli'ery () *+uote,*+uote,

-But in all their utterances they should !irst o! all-But in all their utterances they should !irst o! allseek to speak so that they ay be understoodseek to speak so that they ay be understoodspeaking in so !ar as they are able with suchspeaking in so !ar as they are able with suchclarity that either he who does not understand isclarity that either he who does not understand is'ery slow or that the di!!iculty and subtlety lie not'ery slow or that the di!!iculty and subtlety lie notin the anner o! speaking by in the things whichin the anner o! speaking by in the things whichwe wish to explain and show so that this is thewe wish to explain and show so that this is thereason why we are understood less or orereason why we are understood less or ore

slowly.-slowly.-



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Deli'ery ()Deli'ery () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

1he speaker or writer should speak 'ery1he speaker or writer should speak 'ery

clearly in order to be understood with noclearly in order to be understood with no

con!usion. 1he reader ay notcon!usion. 1he reader ay not

understand what is being said and i! theyunderstand what is being said and i! theydo not it is because they can notdo not it is because they can not

understand the content. 1he way in whichunderstand the content. 1he way in which

it is being deli'ered is not the proble.it is being deli'ered is not the proble.


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Deli'ery (2Deli'ery (2 *+uote,*+uote,

33But good teachers ha'e or should ha'eBut good teachers ha'e or should ha'e

such a desire to teach that i! a word insuch a desire to teach that i! a word in

good %atin is necessarily abiguous orgood %atin is necessarily abiguous or

obscure the 'ulgar anner o! speech isobscure the 'ulgar anner o! speech isused so that abiguity or obscurity ayused so that abiguity or obscurity ay

be a'oided.be a'oided.

St. Augustine (2/St. Augustine (2/


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Deli'ery (2Deli'ery (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

%a'ish words and elo8uent speaking has%a'ish words and elo8uent speaking has

its place as does ore siple ters. ouits place as does ore siple ters. ou

ust know your audience in order to beust know your audience in order to be

able to speak to the in a way that theyable to speak to the in a way that theycan understand.can understand.


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Deli'ery (9Deli'ery (9 *+uote,*+uote,

33&n a con'ersation anyone ay ask 8uestions .&n a con'ersation anyone ay ask 8uestions .

But where all are silent that one ay be heardBut where all are silent that one ay be heard

and all are intent upon hi it is neitherand all are intent upon hi it is neither

custoary nor proper that anyone in8uire aboutcustoary nor proper that anyone in8uire aboutwhat he does not understand. ;or this reasonwhat he does not understand. ;or this reason

the teacher should be especially care!ul to assistthe teacher should be especially care!ul to assist

the silent learner.the silent learner.



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Deli'ery (9Deli'ery (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

1his 8uote again relates to understanding1his 8uote again relates to understanding

the audiences non'erbal cues. &n athe audiences non'erbal cues. &n a

setting where there is no intercourse withsetting where there is no intercourse with

the audience the speaker ust deli'er histhe audience the speaker ust deli'er hisessage in such a way as to prooteessage in such a way as to proote

understanding.understanding.


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%ogos ()%ogos () *+uote,*+uote,

"But i& capacity o& this $ind to learn"But i& capacity o& this $ind to learn

elouence is lac$ing% the rules o&elouence is lac$ing% the rules o&

rhetoric #ill not be understood% norrhetoric #ill not be understood% nor

#ill it help any i& they are in some#ill it help any i& they are in somesmall measure understood a&tersmall measure understood a&ter

great labor.great labor.

St. Augustine +6St. Augustine +6


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%ogos ()%ogos () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

-& a reader or listener can not-& a reader or listener can not

understand the 'ocabulary that isunderstand the 'ocabulary that is

being said% i& they do not ha'e thebeing said% i& they do not ha'e the

ability to learn% the content o& theability to learn% the content o& themessage #ill not be understood. 2hemessage #ill not be understood. 2he

person may try to understand andperson may try to understand and

use great e&&ort% but this #ill notuse great e&&ort% but this #ill notma$e a di&&erence.ma$e a di&&erence.


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%ogos (2%ogos (2 *+uote,*+uote,

1hat pro&its correctness in a speech1hat pro&its correctness in a speech

#hich is not &ollo#ed by the listeners#hich is not &ollo#ed by the listeners

#hen there is no reason &or spea$ing#hen there is no reason &or spea$ing

i& #hat is said is not understood byi& #hat is said is not understood bythose on #hose account #e spea$7*those on #hose account #e spea$7*



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%ogos (2%ogos (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

-t #ould ma$e sense that i& #hat you-t #ould ma$e sense that i& #hat you

are saying is not understood by yourare saying is not understood by your

audience% there is no point in sayingaudience% there is no point in saying

it. 8ogically the rhetor needs to tailorit. 8ogically the rhetor needs to tailorthe speech to accommodate thosethe speech to accommodate those

#ho #ill be listening.#ho #ill be listening.


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%ogos (9%ogos (9 *+uote,*+uote,

2hus he #ho spea$s #hen he #ould2hus he #ho spea$s #hen he #ould

teach cannot thin$ that he has saidteach cannot thin$ that he has said

#hat he #ished to say to the person#hat he #ished to say to the person

he #ishes to teach so long as thathe #ishes to teach so long as thatperson does not understand him.*person does not understand him.*



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%ogos (9%ogos (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

2he goal o& a teacher is to re'eal2he goal o& a teacher is to re'eal

something to the audience that theysomething to the audience that they

don4t already $no#. 2here&ore% thedon4t already $no#. 2here&ore% the

teacher has not taught unless theteacher has not taught unless thelistener has understood #hat #aslistener has understood #hat #as

being taught.being taught.


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&n'ention ()&n'ention () *+uote,*+uote,

33;or e'en though he has said soething;or e'en though he has said soethingwhich he hisel! understands he is notwhich he hisel! understands he is notyet to be thought o! as ha'ing spoken toyet to be thought o! as ha'ing spoken to

the person who does not understand hi@the person who does not understand hi@on the other hand i! he is understood heon the other hand i! he is understood hehas spoken no atter how he hashas spoken no atter how he hasspoken.spoken.



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&n'ention ()&n'ention () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

Enowledge has not been created in theEnowledge has not been created in the

listener until the listener understands whatlistener until the listener understands what

is being said. Fnce the teacher has beenis being said. Fnce the teacher has been

understood the listener has learnedunderstood the listener has learnedsoething new.soething new.


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&n'ention (2&n'ention (2 *+uote,*+uote,

-And & adonish the not to expect such-And & adonish the not to expect such

rules !ro e not that they ha'e no utilityrules !ro e not that they ha'e no utility

but because i! they ha'e any it shouldbut because i! they ha'e any it should

be.......other.-be.......other.-



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&n'ention (2&n'ention (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

1he rhetor is telling we will not learn the1he rhetor is telling we will not learn the

rules !ro hi but !ro others who ha'erules !ro hi but !ro others who ha'e

ore knowledge. We should lookore knowledge. We should look

elsewhere !or his in!oration.elsewhere !or his in!oration.


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&n'ention (9&n'ention (9 *+uote,*+uote,

33And !or this reason he who would bothAnd !or this reason he who would both

know and teach should learn e'erythingknow and teach should learn e'erything

which should be taught and ac8uire a skillwhich should be taught and ac8uire a skill

in speaking4in speaking4



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&n'ention (9&n'ention (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

A rhetor ust be !ully knowledgeable inA rhetor ust be !ully knowledgeable in

what he is saying in order to be able towhat he is saying in order to be able to

pass that knowledge on to the audience.pass that knowledge on to the audience.

1o this end the rhetor should learn1o this end the rhetor should learne'erything there is to learn on his topice'erything there is to learn on his topic

be!ore he deli'ers the speech.be!ore he deli'ers the speech.


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Arrangeent ()Arrangeent () *+uote,*+uote,

"And I venture to say that all who"And I venture to say that all who

understand rightly what they sayunderstand rightly what they say

understand at the same time that itunderstand at the same time that it

should not have been said in anyshould not have been said in anyother way."other way."

St. Augustine #9St. Augustine #9


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Arrangeent ()Arrangeent () *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

The author should believe that ifThe author should believe that if

he understands and believes what hehe understands and believes what he

said than he can be sure he has donesaid than he can be sure he has done

it the correct way.it the correct way.


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Arrangeent (2Arrangeent (2 *+uote,*+uote,

But if they still do not now this!But if they still do not now this!

instruction should come beforeinstruction should come before

ersuasion.ersuasion.

St. Augustine #$%St. Augustine #$%


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Arrangeent (2Arrangeent (2 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

&hen resenting a wor to an&hen resenting a wor to an

audience! you must first maeaudience! you must first mae

identify your toic. The audienceidentify your toic. The audience

needs to understand the sub'ectneeds to understand the sub'ectbefore the rhetor will be able tobefore the rhetor will be able to

ersuade them to any tye ofersuade them to any tye of

emotion or action.emotion or action.


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Arrangeent (9Arrangeent (9 *+uote,*+uote,

As soon as it is clear that theAs soon as it is clear that the

audience has understood! theaudience has understood! the

discourse should be finished ordiscourse should be finished or

another toic should be taen u.another toic should be taen u.

St. Augustine #$(St. Augustine #$(


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Arrangeent (9Arrangeent (9 *&nterpretation,*&nterpretation,

&hen several toics are to be&hen several toics are to be

discussed! the rhetor should nowdiscussed! the rhetor should now

when to move on. )nce thewhen to move on. )nce the

audience has a gras on the currentaudience has a gras on the currenttoic! the rhetor should move on totoic! the rhetor should move on to

the ne*t issue of discussion.the ne*t issue of discussion.


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St. Augustine: On ChristianSt. Augustine: On Christian

DoctrineDoctrine

2han$ you2han$ you

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