Introductory Chapter

Asian Concrete Model Code 2014, Introductory Chapter

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................................3

1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 8

1.1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 DOCUMENT ORGANISATION .......................................................................................... 8

1.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................................... 8

1.3.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 8

1.3.2 Design Procedures ........................................................................................................ 8

1.3.3 Dimensioning and Detailing ......................................................................................... 9

1.3.4 Quality Control and Assurance ..................................................................................... 9

1.3.5 Environmental Consideration ....................................................................................... 9

1.4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................... 9

1.4.1 Safety ............................................................................................................................ 9

1.4.2 Serviceability ................................................................................................................ 9

1.4.3 Restorability .................................................................................................................. 9

1.5 MATERIALS ......................................................................................................................... 9

1.5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 9

1.5.2 Properties .................................................................................................................... 10

1.5.3 Models ........................................................................................................................ 10

2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGN ................................................................................ 10

2.1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 10

2.2 ACTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 10

2.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 10

2.2.2 Actions in Normal Use................................................................................................ 10

2.2.3 Wind Actions .............................................................................................................. 10

2.2.4 Seismic Actions .......................................................................................................... 11

2.2.5 Environmental Actions ............................................................................................... 11

2.2.6 Fire Actions ................................................................................................................. 11

2.3 ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................... 11

2.3.3 Models for Analysis .................................................................................................... 11

2.4 VERIFICATION and evaluation .......................................................................................... 11

2.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 11

2.4.2 Performance Indices and Examination of Performance .............................................. 12

2.4.3 Evaluation of Performance ......................................................................................... 12

2.5 RECORDS ........................................................................................................................... 12

3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION................................................................ 12

3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 12

3.2 WORKMANSHIP ................................................................................................................ 12

3.3 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE ...................................................................... 13

Asian Concrete Model Code 2014, Introductory Chapter

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3.4 RECORDS ........................................................................................................................... 13

4 GENERAL PRNCIPLES FOR MAINTENANCE .................................................................. 13

4.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 13

4.2 BASIS FOR MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................ 13

4.3 INSPECTION ....................................................................................................................... 13

4.4 DETERIORATION MECHANISMS AND PREDICTION ................................................ 13

4.5 EVALUATION AND DECISION MAKING...................................................................... 13

4.6 REMEDIAL ACTION ......................................................................................................... 14

4.7 RECORDS ........................................................................................................................... 14

Part I – Design

Asian Concrete Model Code 2014, Part I - Design

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 DESIGN FOR ACTIONS IN NORMAL USE ........................................................................ 18

1.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 18

1.1.1 Design Procedures ...................................................................................................... 18

1.1.2 Dimensioning and Detailing ....................................................................................... 18

1.1.3 Quality Control and Assurance ................................................................................... 18

1.1.4 Environmental Consideration ..................................................................................... 18

1.2 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 18

1.2.1 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 18

1.2.2 Serviceability .............................................................................................................. 19

1.2.3 Restorability ................................................................................................................ 19

1.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 19

1.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 19

1.3.2 Material Properties...................................................................................................... 19

1.3.3 Material Models .......................................................................................................... 19

1.4 ACTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 20

1.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 21

1.4.2 Actions in Normal Use ............................................................................................... 21

1.4.3 Wind Actions .............................................................................................................. 21

1.4.4 Seismic Actions .......................................................................................................... 21

1.4.5 Environmental Actions ............................................................................................... 21

1.4.6 Fire Actions................................................................................................................. 21

1.5 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 21

1.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 21

1.5.2 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................... 22

1.5.3 Models for Analysis of Structural Components ......................................................... 22

1.6 VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................... 22

1.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 22

1.6.2 Serviceability .............................................................................................................. 22

1.6.3 Restorability ................................................................................................................ 23

1.6.4 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 24

1.7 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................. 25

1.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 25

1.7.2 Evaluation Method ...................................................................................................... 25

2 DESIGN FOR WIND ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 26

2.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 26

2.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 26

2.1.2 Determination of Wind Actions .................................................................................. 26

2.2 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 26

2.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 26

2.4 ACTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 26

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2.5 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 27

2.5.1 Wind Load Evaluation ................................................................................................ 27

2.5.2 Wind Pressures and Loads .......................................................................................... 27

2.5.3 Load Combinations ..................................................................................................... 27

2.6 VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................... 27

2.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 27

2.6.2 Serviceability .............................................................................................................. 27

2.6.3 Restorability ................................................................................................................ 28

2.6.4 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 28

2.7 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................. 28

2.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 28

2.7.2 Evaluation Method ...................................................................................................... 28

3 DESIGN FOR SEISMIC ACTIONS ........................................................................................ 28

3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 28

3.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 28

3.1.2 Basis of Design ........................................................................................................... 28

3.2 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 29

3.2.1 Performance Index ...................................................................................................... 29

3.2.2 Inherent or Possessed Performance Index .................................................................. 29

3.2.3 Required Performance Index ...................................................................................... 29

3.2.4 Verification of Seismic Performance .......................................................................... 29

3.2.5 Evaluation of Seismic Performance Level .................................................................. 29

3.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 29

3.4 ACTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 29

3.4.1 Levels of Earthquake .................................................................................................. 29

3.5 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 30

3.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 30

3.5.2 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................... 30

3.6 VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................... 31

3.6.1 Serviceability .............................................................................................................. 31

3.6.2 Restorability ................................................................................................................ 31

3.6.3 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 32

3.7 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................. 32

3.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 32

3.7.2 Evaluation Method ...................................................................................................... 32

4 DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS ..................................................................... 32

4.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 32

4.2 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 32

4.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 32

4.2.2 Durability Grade ......................................................................................................... 33

4.2.3 Design Service Life .................................................................................................... 33

4.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 33

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4.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 33

4.3.2 Material Models .......................................................................................................... 33

4.4 ACTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 34

4.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 34

4.4.2 Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion ............................................................... 34

4.4.3 Carbonation ................................................................................................................. 34

4.4.4 Frost Damage .............................................................................................................. 34

4.4.5 Concrete Corrosion Due to Chemical Attack ............................................................. 34

4.4.6 Other Considerations .................................................................................................. 34

4.5 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 34

4.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 34

4.5.2 Deterioration Process .................................................................................................. 34

4.5.3 Long-Term Performance ............................................................................................. 35

4.6 VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................... 35

4.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 35

4.6.2 Long-Term Performance ............................................................................................. 36

4.6.3 Performance under Multiple Actions from the Environment ..................................... 36

4.7 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................. 36

5 DESIGN FOR FIRE ACTIONS ............................................................................................... 36

5.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 36

5.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 36

5.1.2 Determination of Fire Actions .................................................................................... 36

5.2 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 37

5.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 37

5.4 ACTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 37

5.4.1 Small Fires .................................................................................................................. 37

5.4.2 Moderate Fires ............................................................................................................ 38

5.4.3 Severe Fires ................................................................................................................. 38

5.5 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 38

5.5.1 Fire Load Evaluation .................................................................................................. 38

5.5.2 Factors for Burning Behavior ..................................................................................... 39

5.5.3 Combination with Other Design Actions .................................................................... 39

5.6 VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................... 39

5.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 39

5.6.2 Serviceability .............................................................................................................. 39

5.6.3 Restorability ................................................................................................................ 39

5.6.4 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 40

5.7 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................. 40

5.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 40

5.7.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 40

Part II – Materials and Construction

Asian Concrete Model Code 2014, Part II - Materials and Construction

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................... 43

2 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 43

2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 43

2.2 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................ 43

2.3 WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 43

2.4 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE .......................................................................... 43

2.5 RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................... 43

3 FORMWORK .......................................................................................................................... 43

3.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 43

3.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 44

3.3 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................ 44

3.4 DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 44

3.4.1 Loads ....................................................................................................................................... 45

3.4.2 Deformations ......................................................................................................................... 46

3.5 WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 46

3.5.1 Erection of Formwork .......................................................................................................... 46

3.5.2 Formwork Removal .............................................................................................................. 46

3.6 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE .......................................................................... 46

3.7 RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................... 47

4 REINFORCEMENT ................................................................................................................ 47

4.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 47

4.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 47

4.3 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................ 47

4.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 47

4.3.2 Material Properties ................................................................................................................ 47

4.4 WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 47

4.4.1 Transportation and Storage .................................................................................................. 47

4.4.2 Fabrication ............................................................................................................................. 48

4.4.3 Bar Development ................................................................................................................... 48

4.4.4 Laps and Joints ...................................................................................................................... 48

4.4.5 Placing .................................................................................................................................... 49

4.5 SURFACE CONDITION ............................................................................................................ 49

4.6 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE .......................................................................... 49

4.7 RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................... 50

5 CONCRETE ............................................................................................................................ 50

5.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 50

5.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 50

5.2.1 Quality .................................................................................................................................... 50

5.2.2 Workmanship ......................................................................................................................... 53

5.3 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................ 53

5.3.1 Cement .................................................................................................................................... 53

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5.3.2 Aggregates .............................................................................................................................. 54

5.3.3 Admixtures ............................................................................................................................. 54

5.3.4 Mixing Water ......................................................................................................................... 55

5.3.5 Mix Proportions ..................................................................................................................... 55

5.4 WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 56

5.4.1 Batching and Mixing ............................................................................................................ 56

5.4.2 Delivery .................................................................................................................................. 56

5.4.3 Transporting ........................................................................................................................... 56

5.4.4 Placing .................................................................................................................................... 56

5.4.5 Compaction ............................................................................................................................ 57

5.4.6 Surface Finishing .................................................................................................................. 57

5.4.7 Curing ..................................................................................................................................... 57

5.5 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE .......................................................................... 58

5.5.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 58

5.5.2 At Batching and Mixing Plant ............................................................................................. 58

5.5.3 On Construction Site ............................................................................................................ 58

5.5.4 Inspection of Hardened Concrete ....................................................................................... 58

5.6 RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................... 59

6 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ................................................................................................. 59

6.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 59

6.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 59

6.3 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................ 59

6.3.1 Concrete .................................................................................................................................. 60

6.3.2 Prestressing Steel .................................................................................................................. 60

6.3.3 Anchorages and Coupling .................................................................................................... 60

6.3.4 Reinforcement ....................................................................................................................... 61

6.3.5 Sheaths .................................................................................................................................... 61

6.3.6 Grout ....................................................................................................................................... 61

6.3.7 Coating Materials for Uubonded Tendons ........................................................................ 61

6.4 WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 61

6.4.1 Tendon Placing ...................................................................................................................... 61

6.4.2 Formwork and Shoring ......................................................................................................... 62

6.4.3 Concrete Placing ................................................................................................................... 62

6.4.4 Curing of Concrete ................................................................................................................ 62

6.4.5 Stressing Operation ............................................................................................................... 62

6.4.6 Formwork Removal .............................................................................................................. 63

6.4.7 Grouting .................................................................................................................................. 63

6.5 QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION ........................................................................... 63

6.5.1 During Concrete Placing ...................................................................................................... 64

6.5.2 During Transfer of Prestress ................................................................................................ 64

6.6 RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................... 64

Part III – Maintenance

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................... 67

2 BASIS FOR MAINTENANCE................................................................................................ 67

2.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 67

2.2 OVERALL STRATEGY ................................................................................................... 68

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE ACTIONS ..................................................... 68

2.4 MAINTENANCE RECORD ............................................................................................. 70

3 ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................ 70

3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 70

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 70

3.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 70

3.2.2 Level of Assessment.................................................................................................... 70

3.2.3 Initial Assessment ....................................................................................................... 71

3.2.4 Periodic Assessment .................................................................................................... 71

3.2.5 Extraordinary Assessment ........................................................................................... 72

3.3 INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................. 73

3.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 73

3.3.2 Items and Tools for Investigation ................................................................................ 73

3.3.3 Locations of Investigation ........................................................................................... 73

3.3.4 Frequency of Investigation .......................................................................................... 73

3.3.5 Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 73

3.4 DETERIORATION MECHANISMS AND PREDICTION .............................................. 74

3.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 74

3.4.2 Identification of Deterioration Mechanism ................................................................. 74

3.4.3 Deterioration Factors................................................................................................... 74

3.4.4 Determination of Deterioration Level and Rate .......................................................... 74

3.5 EVALUATION AND DECISION MAKING .................................................................... 75

3.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 75

3.5.2 Threshold Level .......................................................................................................... 75

3.5.3 Evaluation of Assessment Results ............................................................................... 75

3.5.4 Comparison and Final Decision .................................................................................. 75

4 REMEDIAL ACTION ............................................................................................................. 76

4.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 76

4.2 SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ACTION .......................................................................... 76

4.3 REPAIR ............................................................................................................................. 77

4.3.1 Definition .................................................................................................................... 77

4.3.2 Preparation .................................................................................................................. 77

4.3.3 Execution .................................................................................................................... 77

4.3.4 Methods and Materials ................................................................................................ 77

4.4 STRENGTHENING .......................................................................................................... 78

4.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 78

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4.4.2 Preparation .................................................................................................................. 78

4.4.3 Execution .................................................................................................................... 78

4.4.4 Methods and Materials ................................................................................................ 78

4.4.3 Beautification .............................................................................................................. 79

5 RECORD .................................................................................................................................. 79

5.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 79

5.2 PRESERVATION .............................................................................................................. 79

5.3 METHOD AND ITEM OF RECORDING ....................................................................... 79