Introduction · Web viewIntroduction. The “Cosmological (or Copernican) Principle” Professor Richard Lewontin, a geneticist (and self-proclaimed Marxist), is a renowned champion

Mythology? Dragons

Introduction

The “Cosmological (or Copernican) Principle”

Professor Richard Lewontin, a geneticist (and self-proclaimed Marxist), is a renowned champion of neo-Darwinism, and certainly one of the world’s leaders in evolutionary biology. He wrote this very revealing comment (the italics were in the original). It illustrates the implicit philosophical bias against Genesis creation—regardless of whether or not the facts support it.

‘We take the side of science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health and life, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is an absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.’

Dr Scott Todd, an immunologist at Kansas State University:

‘Even if all the data point to an intelligent designer, such an hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic’

©2018 Paul Reid. May be used by any non-profit organization if not altered or sold.Page 1 of 59

Mythology? Dragons

The Limits of Scientific Inquiry

http://ambivablog.typepad.com/ambivablog/2005/08/intellectual_st.html

If anyone doubts that there is a totalitarian streak in some quarters of the scientific establishment, read this astonishing and appalling article in The Boston Globe. Let's say it again: science has ceased to be science when it turns theory into dogma and challenge into heresy. I can't help but think it betrays a deep insecurity, a fear that the very theory that is trumpeted as "fact" cannot withstand challenge.

As editor of the hitherto obscure Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, [evolutionary biologist Richard] Sternberg decided to publish a paper making the case for ''intelligent design," a controversial theory that holds that the machinery of life is so complex as to require the hand -- subtle or not -- of an intelligent creator.

Within hours of publication, senior scientists at the Smithsonian Institution -- which has helped fund and run the journal -- lashed out at Sternberg as a shoddy scientist and a closet Bible thumper.

"It's fascinating how the "creationist" label is falsely applied to anyone who raises any questions about neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. I'm a scientist, not a politician. I have a PhD in evolutionary biology and another PhD in theoretical biology, and have published more than 30 papers in peer-reviewed scientific publications (my vita is available on request).

I have always followed the principle that scientists should be open to pursue all scientific questions and not be shackled by convention and authority. The reaction to the paper by some extremists suggests that the thought police are alive and well in the scientific community.


http://ambivablog.typepad.com/ambivablog/2005/08/intellectual_st.html

Mythology? Dragons

The Scientific Method and Origins Science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry.

How much of Origins Science can be observed? Who observed the past? How do we find this out? Should we trust the eyewitnesses of the past?

Description (Repeatability). Information must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable) as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry).

How much of the evidence is reliable vs. interpreted? How much of Origins Science is repeatable? What do Creationists do to ensure data is reliable and repeatable?

Prediction (Predictability). Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat an experiment.

What happens when there are known one-shot past events such as the Flood? What happens if the earth was different in the past? Which group does better at performing experiments to “prove” past events without relying on circular reasoning?

Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best way to control or counterbalance the risk of empirical bias.

Does Origins Science include the full range of possible occurrences? Does Origins Science passively accept opportunistic data? If the answer to the first two questions is false, doesn’t it necessarily follow that they will suffer from empirical bias?

Falsifiability, or the elimination of plausible alternatives. This is a gradual process that requires repeated experiments by multiple researchers who must be able to replicate results in order to corroborate them. This requirement, one of the most frequently contended, leads to the following: All hypotheses and theories are in principle (emphasis mine) subject to disproof. Thus, there is a point at which there might be a consensus about a particular hypothesis or theory, yet it must in principle remain tentative. As a body of knowledge grows and a particular hypothesis or theory repeatedly brings predictable results, confidence in the hypothesis or theory increases.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

Mythology? Dragons

Does Origins Science allow for evidence that falsifies their theories? What happens to people who attempt to disprove evolutionary theories? Is Creationism falsifiable?


Mythology? Dragons

CreationOrder of Events in Genesis

Here in this article, I want to discuss another problem for the day-age view: the order of events of creation recorded in Genesis 1 contradicts (at very many points) the order of events according to the evolution story.

Evolution GenesisSun before earth Earth before sun Dry land before sea Sea before dry landAtmosphere before sea Sea before atmosphereSun before light on earth Light on earth before sunStars before earth Earth before starsEarth at same time as planets Earth before other planetsSea creatures before land plants Land plants before sea creaturesEarthworms before starfish Starfish before earthwormsLand animals before trees Trees before land animalsDeath before man Man before deathThorns and thistles before man Man before thorns and thistlesTB pathogens & cancer before man (dinosaurs had TB and cancer)

Man before TB pathogens and cancer

Reptiles before birds Birds before reptilesLand mammals before whales Whales before land animalsSimple plants before fruit trees Fruit trees before other plants*Insects before mammals Mammals (cattle) before “creeping

things”*Land mammals before bats Bats before land animalsDinosaurs before birds Birds before dinosaursInsects before flowering plants Flowering plants before insectsSun before plants Plants before sun Dinosaurs before dolphins Dolphins before dinosaursLand reptiles before pterosaurs Pterosaurs before land reptilesLand insects before flying insects Flying insects before land insects

* The order mentioned in Scripture suggests a slight difference in the timing of their appearance; i.e., they were created on the same day, possibly moments or hours apart.

For all these reasons and more, you cannot harmonize the Bible with millions of years, no matter where you try to wedge in the time into Genesis—unless you rearrange the text by moving verses and phrases around to radically change the order of events in Genesis 1. But that is not the way to treat the Bible. That is not Bible interpretation—rather it is Bible mutilation, to make it say what “evolutionized” Christians want it to say.


Mythology? Dragons

Yom

Hebrew word “yom”—what does it mean?

It is much like the English word “day” in that it usually means a 24-hour period but can mean (when surrounded by the appropriate context) 40 days, a year, a thousand years, forever, etc.

Genesis 43:9 – Judah says that he will be responsible for Benjamin’s fate for the rest of his days.

Pop Quiz: interpret this sentence:

One day, I am going to spend my days vacationing. I’ll just sit around and relax all day for the rest of my days (or until the day of the Lord’s coming). But before that day comes, I’d like to spend my days taking a cruise in the Caribbean. It’s a seven day, six night cruise. Someday…

Trick question: How long is the cruise?

But “day” can mean the rest of your life! It even means it in the preceding sentence!

Universe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

Curiously, some ancient observations of Sirius describe it as a red star. To the Romans this meant an angry god[???], and they are known to have sacrificed red dogs to this star. Today, Sirius A is bluish white.

The possibility that stellar evolution of either Sirius A or Sirius B could be responsible for this discrepancy is rejected by astronomers on the grounds that the timescale of thousands of years is too short and that there is no sign of the nebulosity in the system that would be expected had such a change taken place.

(In essence, evolutionists are saying: “Our theory, which has never been tested observationally, takes precedence over the very first observed example in the universe.”)

http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf043/sf043p07.htm

Many Greek, Roman, and Babylonian sources definitely label Sirius as being a red star. Some dispute these old accounts because today Sirius is white with a bluish tinge, and is classified as a white dwarf. W. Schlosser and W. Bergmann have now found a "new," and apparently independent reference to Sirius' red color. It is in a manuscript of Lombardic


http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf043/sf043p07.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

Mythology? Dragons

origin, which contains the otherwise lost "De Cursu Stellarum" by Gregory of Tours (who lived about 538-593 AD). This new source reiterates that Sirius was once a red star, leading Schlosser and Bergmann to speculate as follows:

"Thus, Sirius B might well have changed from a red giant to the white dwarf as it appears today. However, the rapidity and smoothness of this transformation are quite unexpected, and its timescale is surprisingly short. Furthermore, no traces of catastrophic effects connected with such an event have ever been found. The only indication that something has happened is the somewhat higher metallicity of Sirius A, believed to have resulted from contamination by the giant's blown-off shell."

Question: What is the term used for Babylonian in the Bible (Dan. 2:10)? What does that term mean? Were these people experts or primitives?http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v19/i4/focus.asp#speedy

Evolutionary astronomers claim that ‘normal stars like the sun evolve over millions or billions of years’.

Yet now there is direct observation that shows that stars can dramatically change in a very short time.

In only a few years, the star has changed from a white dwarf star about the size of earth to a bright yellow supergiant 80 times wider than the sun. This means the diameter has increased by a factor of 8,000, and the volume by a factor of over 500,000 million. The astronomers expressed great surprise at the rapidity at which this change had occurred.

(Now we have two [and only two] examples, both of which blow the current theory out of the water. So we have abandoned the obviously-wrong theory, right?)

Cometshttp://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v15/i2/oort.asp

For years, evolutionary astronomers have believed that long-period comets (those with orbital periods of more than 200 years) come from the so-called ‘Oort cloud’. The Oort cloud supposedly contains billions of comet nuclei orbiting the sun thousands of times further from it than the Earth. Astronomers think that the gravity of an occasional passing star or other object, or possibly a galactic tide, causes comets from the Oort cloud to fall into the inner solar system. This mechanism supposedly supplies the influx of comets needed to overcome the conclusion that the solar system is young.

There are problems with the Oort cloud, the greatest being that there is absolutely no evidence that it even exists!


http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v15/i2/oort.asp

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v19/i4/focus.asp#speedy

Mythology? Dragons

Of course, if the solar system is much younger than most astronomers think, then there is no need for the Oort comet cloud. Since it cannot be detected, the Oort cloud is not a scientific concept. This is not bad science, but non-science masquerading as science.

Moonhttp://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v14/i4/moon.asp

The rate at which the earth-moon distance is presently increasing is actually being measured at about 4 centimetres a year. It would have been even greater in the past.

This immediately raises the question as to whether the earth-moon system could be 4.5 billion years old, as most evolutionists insist. Would we not have lost our moon a long time ago? Using the appropriate differential equation (which takes into account the fact that the force of gravity varies with distance), Dr DeYoung shows that this gives an upper limit of 1.4 billion years.

That is, extrapolating backwards, the moon should have been in physical contact with the earth's surface 'just' 1.4 billion years ago. This is clearly not an age for the moon, but an absolute maximum, given the most favourable evolutionary assumptions.

SunFaint Sun Paradox

What is the evidence of the sun being 4.6 billion years old?

If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it would have been about 25% dimmer and cooler at the beginning. This causes problems:

Evolution requires that the temperature of the earth has not changed much, but the earth would have averaged about -3°C back then. Hard for life to start when everything is below freezing.

Planetshttp://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i4/mercury.asp

Over and over again in astronomy, cosmic collisions are invoked as a sort of magic wand to rescue evolutionary theories from the facts. The planet Uranus is tilted over, but evolution says it can’t be—therefore, long ago something hit it and knocked it over.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i4/mercury.asp

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v14/i4/moon.asp

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v14/i4/moon.asp

Mythology? Dragons

Venus’s rotation contradicts evolutionary predictions—therefore, long ago something hit it and spun it round the opposite way.

Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for evolutionist tastes—therefore, it used to be thicker, but long ago something hit Mars and stripped most of it away. Mercury is too dense for evolution—therefore, long ago something hit it and conveniently removed the lighter parts. Evolutionists wave their collision-wand at will, and yet mock as ‘unscientific’ the Christian belief in a one-off catastrophic global Flood, despite the abundant physical and historical evidence for it.

Consider the implications of this. Evolutionists have admitted that [all] the planets that we see today cannot be explained by gradual evolutionary processes! This is a stunning admission. Instead, they propose a long-ago catastrophic collision. What is the evidence for this collision? Only that [it] would otherwise disprove evolution!

Beyond Neptune: Voyager II Supports Creationby D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.

"Predictions have value," writes a prominent space scientist about planetary theories. "The classic test of a theory," he says, "is its ability to predict. Successful predictions are so rare that they are usually regarded as compelling evidence in favor of the underlying theory."1 If that is so, then the Voyager II space probe has provided "compelling evidence" in favor of the creationist's theory of the origin of planetary magnetic fields by confirming two of its predictions.

The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields

In 1984, when no space craft had yet reached Uranus and Neptune, I published a theory predicting the strength of the magnetic fields of those two planets in the Creation Research Society Quarterly, a peer-reviewed creationist scientific journal.2 I made the predictions on the basis of my hypotheses that

(A) the raw material of creation was water (based on II Peter 3:5, "the earth was formed out of water and by water"), and

(B) at the instant God created the water molecules, the spins of the hydrogen nuclei were all pointing in a particular direction.3

The tiny magnetic fields of so many nuclei would all add up to a large magnetic field. By the ordinary laws of physics, the spins of the nuclei would lose their alignment within seconds, but the large magnetic field would preserve itself by causing an electric current to circulate in the interior of each planet. By the same laws, the currents and fields would preserve themselves with only minor losses, as God rapidly transformed the water into other materials. After that, the currents and fields would decay due to electrical resistance over thousands of years.4 Not all creationists agree with my hypothesis that the original material was water, but all agree that once a magnetic field existed, it would decay over time.


Mythology? Dragons

Using accepted models (which are really only guesses) of the cores' and an age of 6,000 years,6 I estimated the present magnetic moments for the Sun, Moon, and all the planets for which we had magnetic data in 1984.2 The values I got agreed well with the measured values shown by the solid dots in Figure 1. In 1984 we had no magnetic data for Uranus and Neptune. I estimated magnetic moments of roughly 2 to 6 x 1024 Ampere-meters2 for both planets. Thus I proposed that the Voyager II measurements would be a good test of my hypothesis.

Voyager Tests the Theory

Two years later, on January 20, 1986, Voyager II passed by Uranus. It showed that Uranus has a magnetic moment of 3.0 x 1024 A m2, well within the bounds of my prediction. In contrast, many evolutionists had predicted that Uranus would have a much smaller field, or none at all.7 This prediction grew directly out of their "dynamo" theories, which assume that the fluid interior of a planet is like an electrical generator (dynamo) maintaining the magnetic field forever. The generator mechanism would be driven by heat in the interior, which would manifest itself by a significant heat outflow from the planet's surface. However, astronomic measurements had shown that Uranus has very little heat outflow. Hence, by their theories, Uranus should not have a strong magnetic field. But it does!

On August 25, 1989, Voyager II passed by Neptune and found that it has a magnetic moment of 1.5 x 1024 A m2, again about in the middle of my prediction. Neptune has a significant heat outflow, so dynamo theorists expected it to have a field as strong as the one I predicted. Thus for Neptune, the creationist and evolutionist theories did equally well, as far as predicting the strength of the field is concerned. However, in other aspects of the magnetic field, Neptune gave the dynamo theorists a rude surprise.

Surprise! Tilts and Offsets

The rotation axis of Uranus lies nearly in the plane of its orbit around the sun. Uranus is thus a planet "tipped on its side." On the other hand, Neptune's rotation axis is more or less perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, as is the case for the rest of the planets. But Voyager discovered that both Uranus and Neptune have two surprising magnetic features in common. First, the magnetic axis of each planet is tilted about 60° with respect to the rotation axis, so that the magnetic poles are near the equator (Figure 2). Second, the source of each planet's field is offset by about one-third of a planetary radius away from the center.

Figure 2. Magnetic fields of Uranus and


Mythology? Dragons

Neptune.

Neither the creation nor the dynamo theory predicted these features. However, it is much more difficult to explain the tilts and offsets with the dynamo theory than it is with the creation theory. According to the dynamo theory, the magnetic and rotation axes should nearly always be closely aligned, except for a very small fraction of the time when the direction of the field is reversing. Thus, when Voyager passed Uranus, pundits explained that the planet is in the rare act of flipping its magnetic field. However, that explanation became highly unlikely when Neptune's magnetic tilt was discovered. One comment was: "Two odd magnetic fields is one too many."8 A creationist explanation could involve the field's source being in the planet's solid core, which could be displaced by accreted material sinking through the vast outer planetary ocean of fluid. Such a displacement could influence both the magnetic and rotational tilt of the planet.9 Dynamo theories cannot consider this possibility because their postulated field-generating mechanism cannot work in a solid.

Significance of the Predictions

The key postulates of my theory come directly from the Bible, as I mentioned above. If the solar system were much older than the Biblical age, the predictions would not fit the observations. But the predictions do fit the observations, thus supporting the Bible and a straightforward creationist understanding of it. In contrast, dynamo theory predictions have fared poorly in the solar system, not only at Uranus and Neptune, but elsewhere, particularly at Mercury, the Moon, and Mars.10 One commentator says, you would have thought we would have given up guessing about planetary magnetic fields after being wrong at nearly every planet in the solar system. . . .”

Young Earth Evidences

LucyWe are always told that “all the evidence points to evolution,” but what does this evidence really look like? Can evidence for evolution actually be falsified?

Lucy, She’s No Lady 47:00

Humans Genetics

o Humans are only 95% the same as chimpanzees or any other animal: 150,000,000 different genes

Mitochondrial Eve (Jan. 26, 1987 Time Magazine) Genetics prove that all humans have a common female ancestor


Mythology? Dragons

Calculating modern-day mutation rates and the number of genetic errors in modern DNA would give “Eve” an age of ~ 6000-6500 years (originally set at 100,000-200,000 years based on evolutionary beliefs)

o Mutations are ALWAYS a corruptiono Mutation rates show an uncorrupted genome 6,000 years agoo To evolve a single gene would take on average 1x10147 years at 1 trillion

attempts per second

http://www.trueorigin.org/mitochondrialeve01.asp

One study found that mutation rates in mitochondrial DNA were eighteen times higher than previous estimates.

Regardless of the cause, evolutionists are most concerned about the effect of a faster mutation rate. For example, researchers have calculated that “mitochondrial Eve”—the woman whose mtDNA was ancestral to that in all living people—lived 100,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa. Using the new clock, she would be a mere 6,000 years old. Gibbons quickly went on to note, of course, that, “no one thinks that’s the case.”

Dating Methods Dating Methods

o Radiometric Dating…has problems Cannot be calibrated – Fails for known values! Researchers ask for a date – Not done for any other measurement

in science! Fossils dated by rocks, rocks dated by fossils

o Carbon-14 Half-life of 5,730±40 years EVERYTHING still has Carbon-14 in it (“background carbon”)

Conclusion: Everything on earth is less than 50,000 years old.

Heliumhttp://www.trueorigin.org/helium01.asp

RATE Experiments Show How Fast Helium Escapes from Zircon

Decades ago, Robert Gentry analyzed tiny zircon (zirconium silicate) crystals recovered from hot Precambrian (over 545 million years old according to the geologic timescale) “basement”


http://www.trueorigin.org/helium01.asp

http://www.trueorigin.org/mitochondrialeve01.asp

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rock in New Mexico.[8] Figure 1 shows some of the zircons he analyzed, between 50 and 75 microns (millionths of a meter) long.

Enough of the uranium in the zircons had decayed to lead to give them a radioisotope (radioactive element) age of “1.5 billion” years. But Gentry found that up to 58% of the helium that the nuclear decay would deposit in the zircons was still in them. This was surprising, because helium diffuses (leaks) rapidly out of most minerals.

Not knowing how fast helium leaks from zircon, I estimated what the leak rates would be when we measured them. In essence (of course the math is more complicated), all I did to get the estimates was to divide the amount of helium lost from the crystal by the time (assumed by each model) during which it had been lost. That gives us the leak rates for each of the two models. The “1.5 billion year” model has rates over 100,000 times slower than the “6,000 year” model, because the former has to retain the helium for a much longer time. Then in the year 2000, the RATE group published the estimates as numerical predictions for those two models.

In 2001 we commissioned one of the world’s most respected experimenters in this field to measure the diffusivity of helium in the same-size zircons from the same borehole in the same rock formation. We used an existing mining company as an intermediary, and we asked it to not tell the experimenter about us or our goals. The experimenter, being a uniformitarian (believer in long ages) and not having read our prediction, had no idea what results we were hoping for. It was a truly “blind” experiment, and we (the RATE team) were eagerly awaiting the data.

Figure 2 shows the experimental results as blue dots with blue “2-sigma error bars” going vertically through them. If we repeated the experiments hundreds of times, we estimate the data points would remain within the caps on the error bars over 95% of the time. Again, the RATE “results” book (which has now passed through extensive peer review and is being proofread) will have the details on the error estimates.

To our great delight, the data fell right on the “6,000 year” prediction! This alignment validates the young-age model even for readers who are not experts in this field, because the probability of such a lineup by accident is small. The data resoundingly reject the “1.5 billion year” model. The experimenter, whose name is in one of our articles, stands by his data, even though as a uniformitarian he does not like our interpretation of them. (Even after several years, he has not offered an alternative interpretation.)


http://www.trueorigin.org/helium01.asp#8

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This sequence of events places the burden of disproof on the critics, because they must explain how, if there is no truth to our model, the data “accidentally by sheer coincidence just happened by blind chance” to fall right on the predictions of our model.


Mythology? Dragons

GiantsGenesis 6:1-5

Sons of GodMost popular theories:

1. The “Sons of God” were fallen angels that came down and mated with human women.

2. The “Sons of God” were descendants of Seth and the “Daughters of Men” were descendants of Cain.

3. The “Sons of God” were totalitarian despots who claimed to be divine.

Other references to “Sons of God” in Scripture:

Job 1:6Job 2:1Job 38:4-7Psalm 82Daniel 3:25

Nephilim were “Giants”In the Septuagint the Greek word is “gigantes”, meaning Giants or Titans. The etymology of nephilim is uncertain; the following explanations have been advanced with mixed reception.

(A) First, it may derive from the niphal of the verb pala, meaning "extraordinary men." (B) Second, it may be derived from the verb napal, "fall," in one of the following senses:

(1) the "fallen" – from heaven, i.e., fallen angels; (2) morally "fallen men"; (3) "those who fall upon," in the sense of invaders or hostile, violent men; (4) "those who fell by" the sword (cf. Ezk. 32:20f.);

(C) "Unnaturally begotten men" or bastards (from cf. nepel, "abortion" or "miscarriage").

Noah was “perfect”?

Genesis 6:9

Tammim is rendered “without blemish” or “without defect”:

Ex. 12:5; 29:1Lev. 1:3, 10; 3:1, 6; 4:3, 23, 28, 32; 5:12, 18; 6:6; 9:2, 3; 14:10; 22:19; 23:12, 18Num. 6:14; 28:19, 31; 29:2, 8, 13, 20, 23, 29, 32, 36Ezek. 43:22, 23, 25; 45:18, 23; 46:4, 6, 13


Mythology? Dragons

Without spot:

Num. 19:2; 28:3, 9, 11; 29:17, 26

Undefiled:

Ps. 119:1

Extra-Biblical Literature1 Enoch 6:1-6

1 And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto 2 them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: 'Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men 3 and beget us children.' And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: 'I fear ye will not 4 indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.' And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations 5 not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.' Then sware they all together and bound themselves 6 by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon . . .

Book of Jubilees 5:1-3

1 And it came to pass when the children of men began to multiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unto them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year of this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; and they took themselves wives of all whom they 2 chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants. And lawlessness increased on the earth and all flesh corrupted its way, alike men and cattle and beasts and birds and everything that walks on the earth – all of them corrupted their ways and their orders, and they began to devour each other, and lawlessness increased on the earth and every imagination of the thoughts of all men 3 (was) thus evil continually . . .

Other Evils Taught by the Nephilim1 Enoch 8:1-3

1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all 2 colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they 3 were led astray, and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjaza taught enchantments, and root-cuttings, Armaros the resolving of enchantments, Baraqijal (taught) astrology, Kokabel the constellations, Ezeqeel the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiel the signs of the earth, Shamsiel the signs of the sun, and


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Sariel the course of the moon. And as men perished, they cried, and their cry went up to heaven . . .

What would Jesus think of 1 Enoch?Jesus’ cousin John the Baptist was most likely a member of the Qumran community (where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found). Scholars think this because of his food, dress, performing of baptisms, etc. and because Bethany-beyond-Jordan was the closest city to Qumran. They had many copies of 1 Enoch in several languages. Some scholars say it was their favorite book.

Jude 6-7; 14-15

Jesus’ brother Jude quotes from 1 Enoch in the book of Jude. This kept Jude from scriptural canon for many years, since 1 Enoch was not allowed in the canon due to its false authorship (i.e. if Enoch wrote it, why didn’t it appear until the 4th Century BC?).

2 Peter 2:4-5

Jesus’ best friend Peter was obviously familiar with the book. This probably happened after Jesus’ departure, since Peter was relatively uneducated when Jesus called him.

It is highly likely that Jesus read and was familiar with 1 Enoch and yet didn’t stop his cousin, brother or best friend from reading it and allowing it to influence their theology.

Rephaim (Rephaites) / AnakitesGenesis 14:5-6Deuteronomy 2:10-11, 20-23Deuteronomy 3:1-3, 11-13Numbers 13:22, 26-33Joshua 11:21-23Joshua 12:4Joshua 13:11-12Joshua 15:14Joshua 17:12-161 Samuel 17:4-71 Chronicles 20:4-8Amos 2:9


Mythology? Dragons

Question: Look at the “Table of Nations” in Genesis 10. When you find the person that started a tribe, call out the verse number:

a. Cushitesb. Greeks (sons of Javan)c. Egyptians (sons of Mizraim)d. Canaanitese. Hittitesf. Amoritesg. Anakitesh. Rephaites

http://www.s8int.com/giants2.html

OTHER GIANT EVIDENCES

A giant femur (thigh) bone found reportedly found in Turkey. Assuming this find is legitimate, the owner of this bone would have been close to 20 feet tall, comparable to some of the ancient reports of giant bones found in Mexico.

An extract and photograph from the British Strand magazine of December 1895, reprinted in W. G. Wood-Martin's Book, Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland, mentions a

fossilized giant that had been found during mining operations in County Antrim, Ireland:

Pre-eminent among the most extraordinary articles ever held by a railway company is the fossilized Irish giant, which is at this moment lying at the London and North-Western Railway Company's Broad street goods depot, and a photograph of which is reproduced here...

This monstrous figure is reputed to have been dug up by a Mr. Dyer whilst prospecting for iron ore in County Antrim.

The principal measurements are: entire length, 12 ft 2 in.; girth of chest, 6 ft 6 in.; and length of arms, 4 ft 6 in. There are six toes on the right foot. The gross weight is 2 tons 15 cwt.; so that it took half a dozen men and a powerful crane to place this article of lost

property in position for the Strand magazine artist.


http://www.s8int.com/giants2.html

Mythology? Dragons

This track was impressed into allegedly 110 million year old limestone rock and was found in Glen Rose Texas. Analysis suggests that it is a woman's bare footprint and would correspond to a size 22EEEE mens shoe today. Scientific analysis after cross sectioning the stone with a diamond saw proves that the print was made by pressure (genuine) and was not carved.

Peruvian government said that these unusual skulls could be found in many museums in Peru and excavations were uncovering them even now near the Nasca Plateau. These skulls are so numerous in the area of the Nasca desert that you can find small makeshift museums in the backyards of the locals.

They dug up their ancestors so you can view their remains for a small fee. In Mexico there are the same types of skulls in a museum in Merida, a city close to the ruins of Palenque.

So why hasn't anyone taken the photographs earlier and showed it to the rest of the world? According to the peruvian church leaders the skulls are a work of devil and the offspring of the fallen angels in the Bible. When President Fujimori took power in Peru. He had decided to allow the skulls to be photographed and has brought them to the attention of the world.

At White Sands, New Mexico, a prehistoric giant walked across a drying lakebed, leaving sandaled feet tracks, with each track approximately 22 inches [55.8 cm] in length.

"The remains of giants were found in Java, twice the size of gorillas, and later the petrified remains of a giant were found in South Africa and reported by the world-renowned anthropologist, Robert Broom. [Based on those finds] Dr. Franz Weidenreich (1946) propounded a new theory to the effect that man’s ancestors were actually giants.

Dr. Burdick also tells about one of the unsolved mysteries of the Great White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Here is an area of about 175 acres consisting of alabaster, white as snow. It is believed that this gypsum was precipitated as arid winds dried up an inland sea.

As this muddy sediment was beginning to harden, some prehistoric giant apparently walked across the drying lakebed, leaving a series of tracks made by sandaled feet. There are 13 human tracks, each track approximately 22 inches [55.8] long and from 8 to 10 inches [20.32-25.4 cm] wide. The stride is from four to five feet [121.9-152.4 cm]."


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Mysterious remains of giants have been found in America. Giants are usually classified as human-like remains that are 7'-5" or more in height. The book Forbidden Land by Robert Lyman (1971) recounts the following finds:

A decayed human skeleton claimed by eyewitnesses to measure around 3.28 metres (10 feet 9 inches tall), was unearthed by labourers while ploughing a vineyard in November 1856 in East Wheeling, now in West Virginia.

A human skeleton measuring 3.6 metres (12 foot) tall was unearthed at Lompock Rancho, California, in 1833 by soldiers digging in a pit for a powder magazine. The specimen had a double row of teeth and was surrounded by numerous stone axes, carved shells and porphyry blocks with abstruse symbols associated with it.

Several mummified remains of red haired humans ranging from 2-2.5 metres (6.5 feet to over 8 feet) tall were dug up at Lovelock Cave, (70 miles) north-east of Reno, Nevada, by a guano mining operation. These bones substantiated legends by the local Paiute Indians regarding giants which they called Si-Te-Cahs. For some reason scientists did not seem to want to investigate these finds further so many of the bones were lost. Fortunately one of the giant Lovelock skulls is still preserved today. It measures almost 30cm (1 foot) tall and resides along with other various Lovelock artefacts in the Humboldt Museum in Winnemucca, Nevada. Some of these artefacts can also be found in the Nevada State Historical Society's museum at Reno.

A 9' 11" skeleton was unearthed in 1928 by a farmer digging a pit to bury trash in Tensas Parish, Louisiana near Waterproof. In 1931 a 10' 2" skeleton was unearthed by a boy burying his dog in 1933 in Nearby Madison Parish.

9' 8" skeleton was excavated from a mound near Brewersville, Indiana (Indianapolis News, Nov 10, 1975).

In Clearwater Minnesota, the skeletons of seven giants were found in mounds. These had receding foreheads and complete double dentition (Childress 1992, p. 468).

A mound near Toledo, Ohio, held 20 skeletons, seated and facing east with jaws and teeth "twice as large as those of present day people," and besides each was a large bowl with "curiously wrought hieroglyphic figures." (Chicago Record, Oct. 24, 1895; cited by Ron G. Dobbins, NEARA Journal, v13, fall 1978).

Which of the following explorers that claimed to find giants in the Americas? Place a checkmark next to each one that claimed to find giants.

Captain John Byron Sir Thomas Cavendish Captain Cooke Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernando Cortes Charles Debrosses Sir Francis Drake Ferdinand Magellan Hernando de Soto

Ferdinand Magellan


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Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition, in a by now famous passage:

"...Leaving that place, we finally reached 49 and one-half degrees toward the Antarctic Pole. As it was winter, the ships entered a safe port to winter. We passed two months in that place without seeing anyone.

One day we suddenly saw a naked man of giant stature on the shore of the port, dancing, singing, and throwing dust on his head. The captain-general sent one of our men to the giant so that he might perform the same actions as a sign of peace. Having done that, the man led the giant to an islet where the captain-general was waiting. When the giant was in the captain-general’s and our presence he marveled greatly, and made signs with one finger raised upward, believing that we had come from the sky. He was so tall that we reached only to his waist, and he was well proportioned. His face was large and painted red all over, while about his eyes he was painted yellow; and he had two hearts painted on the middle of his cheeks. His scanty hair was painted white. He was dressed in the skins of animals skillfully sewn together. That animal has a head and ears as large as those of a mule, a neck and body like those of a camel, the legs of a deer, and the tail of a horse, like which it neighs, and that land has very many of them. His feet were shod with the same kind of skins which covered his feet in the manner of shoes. In his hand he carried a short, heavy bow, with a cord somewhat thicker than those of the lute, and made from the intestines of the same animal, and a bundle of rather short cane arrows feathered like ours, and with points of white and black flint stones in the manner of Turkish arrows, instead of iron. Those points were fashioned by means of another stone."

These giants are next mentioned in an account of a voyage round the world, by Sir Thomas Cavendish ...

"Sailing from Cape Frio, in the Brasils, they fell in upon the coast of America, in 47 d. 20 m. North (it should be South) latitude. They proceeded to Port Desire, in latitude 50. Here the Savages wounded two of the company with their arrows, which are made of cane, headed with flints. A wild and rude sort of creatures they were; and, as it seemed, of a gigantic race, the measure of one of their feet being 18 inches in length, which, reckoning by the usual proportion, will give about 7 feet and an half for their stature.


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Bernal Diaz, The Conquest of New Spain

When Hernando Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors arrived in Yucatan, Mexico, in 1519, chiefs of Tlascala in the Aztec Kingdom showed them gigantic bones. One of Cortes' men, Bernal Diaz, recorded the words of the elders. "They said that their ancestors had told them that the bones belonged to giant men and women who had once dwelled in Yucatan. These giants were evil with wicked habits and the ancestors had to fight and overcome them before settling in Tlascala. Any of the giants that remained all died out." Bernal Diaz measured himself next to one of the giant femurs: "To show us how big these giants had been the chiefs brought out a leg-bone, which was very thick. I stood next to it and it was as tall as I am and I am of reasonable height. They showed us other big bones, mostly rotten and eaten away by the soil." Diaz writes "We were all astonished by the sight of these bones and were certain that there must have once been giants in this land."

Hernando Cortes sent his men to find other giant bones around the Aztec capital.

http://www.burlingtonnews.net/giants2.html

In 1539, probably while the survivors of Narvaez' crew were making their way across the country, another Spanish explorer, Hernando De Soto, sailed nine ships into Tampa Bay. There he put ashore six hundred lancers, targeteers, cross-bowmen, and harque-busiers, along with two hundred and thirteen horses. As they ventured inland, the first Indians they encountered were friendly Timucuans. While some of their leaders were giants, most of these people stood, on average, only a foot taller than the explorers. Their vast territory extended from Tampa Bay north to the present Jacksonville area and west to the Aucilla River, which runs along the eastern border of modern Jefferson County and empties into the gulf.

http://www.stevequayle.com/Giants/N.Am/Giants.N.Am1.html

Pedro de Castaneda, who accompanied Coronado and later wrote the most complete and factual history of the expedition, records this unusual event as follows: "Don Rodrigo Maldonado, who was captain of those who went in search of the ships, did not find them, but he brought back with him an Indian so large and tall that the best man in the army reached only to his chest. It was said that other Indians were even taller on the coast." This giant evidently belonged to the Seri. This great Indian tribe occupied the island of Tiburon and the adjacent Sonora coast on the Gulf of California. Historians testify to their tall stature.

Soon after this, while still trying to establish contact with Alarcon, Captain Melchior Diaz came across another tribe of giants. Taking twenty-five of his "most efficient


http://www.stevequayle.com/Giants/N.Am/Giants.N.Am1.html

http://www.burlingtonnews.net/giants2.html

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men" and some guides, Diaz struck out toward the north and west in search of the seacoast and the ships. "After going about 150 leagues," reports Castaneda, "they came to a province of exceedingly tall and strong men--like giants" Evidently, these were the Cocopa, a Yuman tribe. According to Castaneda, these huge Indians went about mostly naked. "They . . . can take a load of more than three or four hundredweight on their heads. Once when our men wished to fetch a log for the fire, and six men were unable to carry it, one of these Indians is reported to have come and raised it in his arms, put it on his head alone, and carried it very easily."

About 1542, within months of De Soto's and Coronado's expeditions, five-year-old Fray Diego Duran moved with his family to Mexico. He thus grew up among the central Mexican Indians and later served as a missionary to them. While living here, he several times came in contact with giant Indians. Of these encounters, he later wrote: "It cannot be denied that there have been giants in this country. I can affirm this as an eyewitness, for I have met men of monstrous stature here. I believe that there are many in Mexico who will remember, as I do, a giant Indian who appeared in a procession of the feast of Corpus Christi. He appeared dressed in yellow silk and a halberd at his shoulder and a helmet on his head. And he was all of three feet taller than the others."

"These Giants lived no less bestially than the Chichimecs, as they had abominable customs and ate raw meat from the hunt. In certain places of that region enormous bones of the Giants have been found, which I myself have seen dug up at the foot of cliffs many times. These Giants flung themselves from precipices while fleeing from the Cholultecs and were killed. The Cholultecs had been extremely cruel to the Giants, harassing them, pursuing them from hill to hill, from valley to valley, until they were destroyed.

"Even if we detain the reader a little, I should like to tell the manner in which the people of Cholula and Tlaxcala annihilated that evil nation. This was done by treason and deceit. They pretended to want peace with the Giants, and after having assured them of their good will they invited them to a great banquet. An ambush was then prepared. Some men slyly robbed the guests of their shields, clubs, and swords. The Cholultecs then appeared and attacked. The Giants tried to defend themselves, and, as they could not find their weapons, it is said that they tore branches from the trees with the same ease as one cuts a turnip, and in this way defended themselves valiantly. But finally all were killed."

http://www.stevequayle.com/Giants/Ancient.Civ_Technol/060504.giants.fact.fic.html

Apparently Sir Francis Drake caught them on a bad day when he pulled into Bahía San Julián in 1578: his forces skirmished with the “large men” who lived there, and the British sea-dog lost two of his sailors to them. Fifteen years later, Anthony Knyvet passed through the Straits of Magellan and confirmed sightings of the Patagones, reporting that some of them stood a towering 12 feet tall.


http://www.stevequayle.com/Giants/Ancient.Civ_Technol/060504.giants.fact.fic.html

Mythology? Dragons

An excerpt from Charles Debrosses’ Historie des navigations aux terres australes, published in 1756, contributed to the giant saga:

"The coast of Port Desire is inhabited by giants fifteen to sixteen palms high. I have myself measured the footprint of one of them on the riverbank, which was four times longer than one of ours. I have also measured the corpses of two men recently buried by the river, which were fourteen spans long. Three of our men, who were later taken by the Spanish on the coast of Brazil, assured me that one day on the other side of the coast they had to sail out to sea because the giants started throwing great blocks of stone of astonishing size from the beach right at their boat. In Brazil I saw one of these giants which Alonso Díaz had captured at Port Saint Julien: he was just a boy but was already thirteen spans tall. These people go about naked and have long hair; the one I saw in Brazil was healthy-looking and well proportioned for his height. I can say nothing about his habits, not having spent any time with him, but the Portuguese tell me that he is no better than the other cannibals along the coast of La Plata."

Captain Cooke also wrote in his ship's logs of a race of giants that inhabited Patagonia. He even claimed to have captured one of the giants. Unfortunately, the giant escaped by breaking the ropes that bound him to the mast and jumped off the ship, overboard into the sea.

In an additional excerpt, Capt. Cooke wrote in his log that he himself was 6 feet 3 inches tall, which was unusual for a time when a mans average height was about 5 feet 4 inches, and that he could easily stand under the arm of one of these giants.

In 1767 Captain John Byron and the H.M.S. Dolphin returned to port and published "Voyage Round the World in His Majesty’s Ship the Dolphin" in his book he hailed the voyage as

"...putting an end to the dispute, which for two centuries and a half has subsisted between geographers, in relation to the reality of there being a nation of people of such an amazing stature, of which the concurrent testimony of all on board the Dolphin and Tamer can now leave no room for doubt. "

A subsequent publication under his name, Voyage, includes the following tale. Captain Byron is credited with having had the precaution to take ashore with him a number of trinkets, such as beads and ribbons, in order to convince the Patagonians of their peaceful and amicable disposition.

"...giving to each of them some, as far as they went. The method he made use of to facilitate the distribution of them, was by making the Indians sit down on the ground, that he might put the strings of beads &c. round their necks; and such was their


Mythology? Dragons

extraordinary size, that in this situation they were almost as high as the Commodore when standing."

The title page of the Voyage depicts an English sailor giving a biscuit to one of the nine-foot Patagonian women, and is included above. Later, Captain Byron was pressured by the English to alter his statements about the height of the giants to 6 feet 6 inches, but the cover picture, drawn by the crew’s official scientific artist while in the New World, was not changed.

A MUSEUM CONSPIRACY

In a 1995 interview with Alfonso Serra, Catalonian mystery writer Miguel Aracil mentioned that an article of his had caused an uproar among Spain’s intellectual community when he leveled the accusation that some of that country’s museums held in their collections bones that proved the existence of giant humans. The maverick writer had been aided in this effort by a physician, Ana Capella, and a cartographer, Fernando Ledesma.

Aracil’s work suggests that the entire region of the Pyrenées—the mountain range separating Spain from France—was the home of true giants who may still endure to this day, becoming the source of numerous Bigfoot accounts. A considerable number of giant skeletons, he argues, have been unearthed beside the megalithic dolmen of Oren in the Cerdanya region. They were in the custody of a man in the village of Prullans until they were turned over to the Barcelona Museum of Archaeology, where they vanished altogether or were perhaps even destroyed.

The remains of a three-meter-tall giant were found at Garós (Pirineo de Lleida) according to another Catalonian researcher, Joan Obiols. The town priest was among those who studied the impressive bones, which have since vanished, causing some to believe that these remains were absconded with in order to preserve the anthropological and paleonthological status quo.

“Both archaeology and history are ‘giants with feet of clay,’” writes Miguel Aracil in one of his magazine articles. “Whenever it rains, so to speak, and new archaeological finds take place, their feet weaken further.”


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Flood

Geologic Timetable


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Grand Canyon


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Mt. St. Helens video 12 min

www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v13/i2/worms.asp

Post-flood Creatures

There are two theories for the formation of coal. One is that it formed by the slow, gradual accumulation of dead matter in a swamp or peat bog; the other is that it is the product of transported vegetation that was rapidly buried in flood conditions.

Naturally, the second theory, supporting as it does the biblical model of creation and a worldwide Flood, sits too uncomfortably with the majority who prefer to believe that all things have gone on slowly and gradually.

This article describes only one of the many items of evidence that contradict this uniformitarian/evolutionary belief about the origin of coal. Its main purpose, however, is to show how such contrary evidence is handled, in the hope that it will give food for thought to those who tend naively to accept popular interpretations of evidence in this whole area of origins.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v13/i2/worms.asp

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Enter the tubeworm

A common fossil found in so-called ‘Carboniferous’ coal seams is the tubeworm, of the genus Spirorbis. This worm makes a hard tube to protect its body, and is widespread in modern oceans, where it may attach to corals, shells or floating clumps of seaweed. Most of us have probably seen its little tubes, usually less than two millimetres in diameter.

Now what have evolutionists done with the fact that coal seams have vast numbers of the fossil tubes of these marine creatures in them? It fits with the Flood model for coal formation, in which floating mats of vegetation have tubeworms attached to them before their final burial by sediment. But how can the evolutionary swamp theory cope with this evidence? (Remember that most of the peat swamps of the type proposed in evolutionary models are freshwater, not marine.)

Before we answer this, let’s look at the evidence that Spirorbis is in fact a marine creature.

Today, not only do we find no Spirorbis living in freshwater, but no member of the entire family Surpulidae, to which Spirorbis belongs. (The surface regions of the Black Sea, which have a 1.8 percent salt content as compared with around 3.5 percent for oceans, are the nearest approach to freshwater in which one finds these worms.)

A tiny seaworm gives evidence for Noah’s Flood, ‘trochophore’, as do some other marine invertebrates. There are simply no examples of any freshwater creatures with trochophore larvae.

Spirorbis fossils are also found outside of coal; in fact they are abundant throughout all the geological layers from the so-called ‘Ordovician’ period onwards. When they are found in these layers, they are very often associated with marine fossils.

In spite of evidence

How, then, is Spirorbis interpreted in the fossil record? Not surprisingly, as a marine tubeworm—just as it is without exception today … except when found in coal, when the same fossil has long been classified as a freshwater tubeworm. This is in spite of all the evidence above. It seems there is no reason for this change except to support existing theories of slow and gradual coal formation.

http://www.bbcrefuted.com/bbc_evolutionary_1.html

The origin of bacteria is a problem for the theory of evolution because the theory maintains that life on the primitive earth came about from random chemical reactions. Yet even the simplest bacterium contains such a complex organisation and "information" that these can never be accounted for by any chemical reaction.


http://www.bbcrefuted.com/bbc_evolutionary_1.html

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Let us examine this information: A bacterium has around 2,000 genes, each gene consisting of up to 1,000 letters (codes). This means that the information in its DNA must be at least 2 million letters long. That, in turn, means that the information contained in the DNA of just one bacterium is equivalent to 20 novels of 100,000 words each. (1) That being the case, it is quite impossible for a single bacterium to come about by chance or to evolve as the result of chance effects. Any chance intervention containing information on such a scale would damage the functioning of the bacterium's entire system. A deficiency in bacteria's genetic code would mean damage to the working system, and therefore death.

Robert Shapiro, a professor of chemistry at New York University calculated the probability that all 2,000 of the different types of proteins that it takes to make up even a simple bacterium could have come into being completely by chance. According to Shapiro, the probability is one in 1040.000. (2) (That number is "1" followed by forty thousand zeros and it has no equivalent in the universe.)

Chandra Wickramasinghe, a professor of applied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Cardiff commented on Shapiro's result:

… One to a number with 1040.000 noughts after it…It is big enough to bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution. There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet nor on any other, and if the beginnings of life were not random, they must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence. (3)

Sir Fred Hoyle, the British mathematician and astronomer, has this to say about these figures:

Indeed, such a theory (that life was assembled by an intelligence) is so obvious that one wonders why it is not widely accepted as being self- evident. The reasons are psychological rather than scientific. (4)

It is therefore impossible for even the simplest bacterium to have come about by chance, as evolutionists claim. In fact, the theory of evolution is even unable to account for the emergence of just one of the 2,000 kinds of protein that go to make up a simple bacterium.

www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v12/i1/fossil.asp

Finding fossil pollen grains in rock classed as ‘Precambrian’ (long before seed plants are thought to have evolved) is as devastating to the whole evolutionary framework as finding a human bone in a Carboniferous coal seam.

A research team of scientists from the Creation Research Society in the United States initiated a project to settle the question. They took several samples from the Hakatai Shale, and also from the so-called Supai Formation and Hermit Shale layers.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v12/i1/fossil.asp

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At each sample site, the first three to four inches (7.5 to 10 centimetres) of exposed rock was chipped off, to avoid any surface contamination (the pores in the rock are in any case too fine to allow pollen to penetrate to any significant depth). Then the rock beneath was sampled, taking care to avoid any cracks and fissures. The team opened previously sealed, sterile plastic bags just long enough to allow freshly flaked-off rock to drop in. They quickly resealed them. In addition, the collection was done in winter, with snow at the canyon top and all shrubs and trees dormant.

From the nine samples taken (three from each formation), 43 slides were made. Sixteen of these showed the pollen of seed plants and/or cells of cryptograms (spore-bearing plants; a fern, moss or fungus is a cryptogram).

Identification was assisted by the independent assessments of a professional palynologist (someone who studies pollen) who did not know that the specimens came from ‘Precambrian’ rock.

www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/re1/chapter2.asp

The alleged evidence for evolution in action

This section will deal with some of the examples used by [textbook] Teaching about Evolution, and show that they fit the creationist model better.

Antibiotic and pesticide resistance

Teaching about Evolution claims on pages 16–17:

The continual evolution of human pathogens has come to pose one of the most serious health problems facing human societies. Many strains of bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics as natural selection has amplified resistant strains that arose through naturally occurring genetic variation.

Similar episodes of rapid evolution are occurring in many different organisms. Rats have developed resistance to the poison warfarin. Many hundreds of insect species and other agricultural pests have evolved resistance to the pesticides used to combat them—even to chemical defenses genetically engineered into plants.

However, what has this to do with the evolution of new kinds with new genetic information? Precisely nothing. What has happened in many cases is that some bacteria already had the genes for resistance to the antibiotics. In fact, some bacteria obtained by thawing sources which had been frozen before man developed antibiotics have shown to be antibiotic-resistant. When antibiotics are applied to a population of bacteria, those lacking resistance are killed, and any genetic information they carry is eliminated. The survivors carry less information, but they are all resistant. The same principle applies to rats and insects ‘evolving’ resistance to pesticides. Again, the resistance was already there, and creatures without resistance are eliminated.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/re1/chapter2.asp

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In other cases, antibiotic resistance is the result of a mutation, but in all known cases, this mutation has destroyed information. It may seem surprising that destruction of information can sometimes help. But one example is resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. Bacteria normally produce an enzyme, penicillinase, which destroys penicillin. The amount of penicillinase is controlled by a gene. There is normally enough produced to handle any penicillin encountered in the wild, but the bacterium is overwhelmed by the amount given to patients. A mutation disabling this controlling gene results in much more penicillinase being produced. This enables the bacterium to resist the antibiotic. But normally, this mutant would be less fit, as it wastes resources by producing unnecessary penicillinase.

Darwin’s finches

On page 19, Teaching about Evolution claims:

A particularly interesting example of contemporary evolution involves the 13 species of finches studied by Darwin on the Galápagos Islands, now known as Darwin’s finches … . Drought diminishes supplies of easily cracked nuts but permits the survival of plants that produce larger, tougher nuts. Drought thus favors birds with strong, wide beaks that can break these tougher seeds, producing populations of birds with these traits. [Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University] have estimated that if droughts occur about every 10 years on the islands, then a new species of finch might arise in only about 200 years.

However, again, an original population of finches had a wide variety of beak sizes. When a drought occurs, the birds with insufficiently strong and wide beaks can’t crack the nuts, so they are eliminated, along with their genetic information. Again, no new information has arisen, so this does not support molecules-to-man evolution.

Breeding versus evolution

On pages 37–38, Teaching about Evolution compares the artificial breeding of pigeons and dogs with evolution. However, all the breeders do is select from the information already present. For example, Chihuahuas were bred by selecting the smallest dogs to breed from over many generations. But this process eliminates the genes for large size.

The opposite process would have bred Great Danes from the same ancestral dog population, by eliminating the genes for small size. So the breeding has sorted out the information mixture into separate lines. All the breeds have less information than the original dog/wolf kind.

Many breeds are also the victims of hereditary conditions due to mutations, for example the ‘squashed’ snout of the bulldog and pug. But their loss of genetic information and their inherited defects mean that purebred dogs are less ‘fit’ in the wild than mongrels, and veterinarians can confirm that purebreds suffer from more diseases.


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Trees

By far the tallest living things are redwood trees. Relatives of the sequoia, they can soar taller than a 36-storey building. Like all trees, redwoods and sequoias continue to grow as long as they are alive. Thus, the longer a tree lives, the taller and wider it becomes.

Except for men who cut them down for timber or earthquakes, fires and lightning—redwoods and sequoias have few enemies. Scientists have researched the redwoods carefully, and have not found even one that has died of old age, sickness, or insect attack. This latter is a common problem of trees. The Dutch elm disease killed and ruined thousands of the beautiful shade trees of many American small towns.

It is significant therefore that no redwood tree has been found older than about 4,000 years. There are, though, many sequoias and redwoods in the 3,000 year-old range. The most famous sequoia tree, ‘General Sherman’, located in the Sequoia National Park in California, is about as high as a 27-storey building. It has been around for something like 4,000 years. To support its height, its immense trunk is so large that 17 men stretching out their arms could just about reach around it. This single tree contains enough wood to construct 100 modern houses.

But as tall and old as many sequoias are, they are not the oldest tree. A bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California has this honour. It is more than 4,000 years old.

As trees such as the bristlecone pines and the redwoods are still living after 4,000 years or more, and seem impervious to the normal problems of trees, it is conceivable that they could live another 4,000 years or longer—a total of 8,000 years! Why then, are none found much older than 4,000 years?

It would seem that if these trees grew before this time, it would take something like a catastrophic natural disaster to wipe them out. This is seen as strong evidence for Noah’s Flood having occurred a little more than 4,000 years ago.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/thinking-outside-the-box

Good Design?

Noah’s Ark was the focus of a major 1993 scientific study headed by Dr. Seon Hong at the world-class ship research center KRISO, based in Daejeon, South Korea. Dr. Hong’s team compared twelve hulls of different proportions to discover which design was most practical. No hull shape was found to significantly outperform the 4,300-year-old biblical


http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/thinking-outside-the-box

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design. In fact, the Ark’s careful balance is easily lost if the proportions are modified, rendering the vessel either unstable, prone to fracture, or dangerously uncomfortable.

The research team found that the proportions of Noah’s Ark carefully balanced the conflicting demands of stability (resistance to capsizing), comfort (“seakeeping”), and strength. In fact, the Ark has the same proportions as a modern cargo ship.

The study also confirmed that the Ark could handle waves as high as 100 ft (30 m). Dr. Hong is now director general of the facility and claims “life came from the sea,” obviously not the words of a creationist on a mission to promote the worldwide Flood. Endorsing the seaworthiness of Noah’s Ark obviously did not damage Dr. Hong’s credibility.

All this makes nonsense of the claim that Genesis was written only a few centuries before Christ, as a mere retelling of earlier Babylonian flood legends such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh story describes a cube-shaped ark, which would have given a dangerously rough ride. This is neither accurate nor scientific. Noah’s Ark is the original, while the Gilgamesh Epic is a later distortion.

The box-like Ark is not entirely disqualified as a safe option, but sharp edges are more vulnerable to damage during launch and landing. Blunt ends would also produce a rougher ride and allow the vessel to be more easily thrown around (but, of course, God could have miraculously kept the ship’s precious cargo safe, regardless of the comfort factor). Since the Bible gives proportions consistent with those of a true cargo ship, it makes sense that it should look and act like a ship, too.

Coincidentally, certain aspects of this design appear in some of the earliest large ships depicted in pottery from Mesopotamia, which is not long after the Flood. It makes sense that shipwrights, who are conservative as a rule, would continue to include elements of the only ship to survive the global Flood—Noah’s Ark.


Mythology? Dragons

Scripture does not record direction-keeping features attached to the Ark. They might have been obvious to a 500-year-old, or perhaps they were common among ships in Noah’s day as they were afterwards. At the same time, the brief specifications in Genesis make no mention of other important details, such as storage of drinking water, disposal of excrement, or the way to get out of the Ark. Obviously Noah needed to know how many animals were coming, but this is not recorded either.

The Bible gives clear instruction for the construction of a number of things, but it does not specify many aspects of the Ark’s construction. Nothing in this newly depicted Ark contradicts Scripture, even though it may be different from more accepted designs. But this design, in fact, shows us just how reasonable Scripture is as it depicts a stable, comfortable, and seaworthy vessel that was capable of fulfilling all the requirements stated in Scripture.


Mythology? Dragons

Animals on the arkhttp://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/two-of-every-kind

When God warned Noah about the great Flood, He told him to build an enormous Ark to preserve Noah, his family, and at least two of every kind of land animal and flying creature. For centuries scoffers have mocked this account, claiming that it was impossible for the Ark to hold two of every kind.

Creationist pioneer Byron Nelson wrote in 1928, “It is ... unjust to the Sacred Record to insist that the ark carried two of every variety, e.g., two fox terriers, two coyotes, two wolves, two jackals, two collies, etc. It is better to say that the ark carried two animals we might call ‘dogs,’ from which, after the flood, all the above-mentioned varieties have come.”

For land animals and birds, the created kind most often corresponds to the conventional classification rank called “family.”

Based on my own biological research into created kinds, I would be even bolder than Nelson. Over the past decade, I have worked to develop new methods of studying created kinds using statistics. This research is still very new and preliminary, but a pattern is beginning to emerge. For land animals and birds, the created kind most often corresponds to the conventional classification rank called “family,” which includes many species. There is evidence that the camel, horse, cat, dog, penguin, and iguana families are each a created kind. Like Nelson, I would put the coyote, wolf, jackal, and dog in the same kind, and I would include the fox. I would put the lion and house cat in another kind, and the llama and camel in yet another kind. Today these species (i.e., llama and camel) look amazingly different, but they seem to have been generated after the Flood from information already present within their parent kind. Lions, coyotes, and dromedary camels were probably not on the Ark but were born to parents within the cat, dog, and camel kinds.

How many animals were on Noah’s Ark? If created kinds really are families, as few as 2,000 individual animals might have been on the Ark. There were probably a bit more


http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/two-of-every-kind

Mythology? Dragons

than that since the clean animals came in by sevens. Whatever the exact number, though, there would have been plenty of room to house these and their food, plus Noah and his family. Caring for these animals for a year would have been difficult but not impossible. God’s wisdom ensured that basic kinds of animals would survive the Flood by allowing individual species to change.


Answers Magazine, Vol. 2 No. 2 (Current Issue)“Caring for the Animals on the Ark”, by John Woodmorappe

Space

According to the Bible, the Ark had three decks. It is not difficult to show that there was plenty of room for 16,000 animals assuming they required approximately the same floor space as animals in typical farm enclosures and laboratories.

It is still necessary to take account of the floor spaces required by large animals, such as elephants and rhinos. But even these, collectively, do not require a large area because it is most likely that these animals were young, but not newborns. Even the largest dinosaurs were relatively small when only a few years old.

Food and Water

Dinosaurs could have eaten basically the same foods as the other animals. The large sauropods could have eaten compressed hay, other dried plant material, seeds and grains, and the like. Carnivorous dinosaurs could have eaten dried meat or slaughtered animals.

…Noah probably stored the food and water near each animal. Even better, drinking water could have been piped into troughs, just as the Chinese have used bamboo pipes for this purpose for thousands of years. The use of some sort of self-feeders, as is commonly done for birds, would have been relatively easy and probably essential.

Ventilation

The density of animals on the Ark, compared to the volume of enclosed space, was much less than we find in some modern, mass animal housing used to keep stock raised for food (such as chicken farms), which requires no special ventilation.



Mythology? Dragons

Flood Traditions

Answers Magazine, Vol. 2 No. 2 “Flood Legends: The Significance of a World of Stories Based on Truth”

Did you know that stories about a worldwide flood are found in historic records all over the world? According to Dr. Duane Gish in his popular book Dinosaurs by Design, there are more than 270 such stories, most of which share a common theme and similar characteristics.

http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/hm24.htm

(a) Fornander version. Nu‘u builds "a large vessel and a house on top of it" called Wa‘a-halau-ali‘i-o-ka-moku. In this he is saved from the flood and after its subsidence Kane, Ku, and Lono enter the house and send him outside, where he finds himself on the summit of Maunakea on Hawaii at a place where there is a cave named after his wife Lili-noe. He worships the moon with offerings of awa, pig, and coconuts, thinking this is the god who has saved him. Kane descends (some say on a rainbow) and explains his mistake and accepts his offerings. In this version, as told on the island of Hawaii, he has three sons and his wife is named Lilinoe. Others say her name is Nu‘umealani. Some think he lands in Kahiki-honua-kele, "a large and extensive country."


http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/hm24.htm

Mythology? Dragons

(b) Kepelino version. Nu‘u, called Nu‘u-pule (Praying Nu‘u) because he makes sacrifice to God, lives in the land Kahiki-honua-kele, in the mountains where Kumuhonua was made by God. This is after the flood, which came as a punishment for the sin of Kumuhonua. He built a Wa‘a-halau-ali‘i-o-ka-moku and survived the flood, in which his brother-in-law and those others who jeered at him perished.

White (Maori) version. Para-whenua-mea and his son Tupu-nui-a-uta build a raft and put a house upon it with food of fern-root, sweet potato, and dogs, and they pray for rain and all are drowned except those in the raft. After pitching about on the sea for eight moons they land on dry earth at Hawaiki and pay homage to the god.

Qat (Banks islands) version. Qat takes his departure from the world Gana. Here he builds a great canoe on the plain. His brothers laugh at him and ask how he will ever get it down to the sea: He takes into the canoe his own family and living creatures of the island, "even those so small as ants," and shuts himself inside while he prays for rain. A deluge follows which tears a channel to the sea and he makes off, taking with him the best things of the island and leaving a lake where the plain had been.

Native American (Yaqui). Here presented is what was adopted for the martyrology of the period of the universal flood. Out of this catastrophe were saved those from whom sprang the generations of Yaitowi, a just and perfect man.

Yaitowi, in his time, walked with Dios when came to pass the days when waters rose over the earth to destroy all living things, alike beneath the sky, on the earth, and living in the water--even the birds who fly over the earth in the open expanse of the sky. It so happened that on the seventh day of February the flood waters covered the earth. In this time of Yaitowi, in the year 614, the day of the 17th of that same month of February, it rained all over the world. This continued for fourteen days and fourteen nights. Since the blessed end, every thing that had been alive, and all life substance was thus finished. The waters increased hugely over all the earth, destroying all living things, after the days of men and women were terminated.

And on the seventeenth of the month of July the waters were receding until the first of October, when the tops of the hills showed. And the first day of November, the water retired from the world's surface. Yaitowi and thirteen others as well as eleven women were saved on the hill of Parbus, which today is called Maatale. And on the hill of Jonas, eleven souls and one woman called Emac Dolores were saved. The woman disappeared in the seventh year, turning into a statue of stone, now Mount Matuakame.

China. It records that Fuhi, his wife, three sons and three daughters escaped a great flood and were the only people alive on earth. After the great flood, they repopulated the world.


Mythology? Dragons

http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=341

The Translation of the Miao song-based legend

The Creation

On the day God created the heavens and earth.On that day He opened the gateway of light.In the earth then He made heaps of earth and of stone.In the sky He made bodies, the sun and the moon.In the earth He created the hawk and the kite.In the water created the lobster and fish.In the wilderness made He the tiger and bear,Made verdure to cover the mountains,Made forest extend with the ranges,Made the light green cane,Made the rank bamboo.

Man

On the earth He created a man from the dirt.Of the man thus created, a woman He formed.Then the Patriarch Dirt made a balance of stones.Estimated the weight of the earth to the bottom. Calculated the bulk of the heavenly bodies.And pondered the ways of the Deity, God.The Patriarch Dirt begat Patriarch Se-teh.The Patriarch Se-Teh begat a son Lusu.And Lusu had Gehlo and he begat Lama.The Patriarch Lama begat the man Nuah.His wife was the Matriarch Gaw Bo-lu-en.Their sons were Lo Han, Lo Shen and Jah-hu. So the earth began filling with tribes and with families.Creation was shared by the clans and the peoples.

The World Wicked

These did not God's will nor returned His affection.But fought with each other defying the Godhead.Their leaders shook fists in the face of the MightyThen the earth was convulsed to the depth of three strata.Rending the air to the uttermost heaven.God's anger arose till His Being was changed;His wrath flaring up filled His eyes and His face.Until He must come and demolish humanity.Come and destroy a whole world full of people.

The Flood


http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=341

Mythology? Dragons

So it poured forty days in sheets and in torrents.Then fifty-five days of misting and drizzle.The waters surmounted the mountains and ranges.The deluge ascending leapt valley and hollow.An earth with no earth upon which to take refuge!A world with no foothold where one might subsist!The people were baffled, impotent and ruined,Despairing, horror stricken, diminished and finished.But the Patriarch Nuah was righteous.The Matriarch Gaw Bo-lu-en upright.Built a boat very wide.Made a ship very vast.Their household entire got aboard and were floated,The family complete rode the deluge in safety.The animals with him were female and male.The birds went along and were mated in pairs.When the time was fulfilled, God commanded the waters.The day had arrived, the flood waters receded.Then Nuah liberated a dove from their refuge,Sent a bird to go forth and bring again tidings.The flood had gone down into lake and to ocean;The mud was confined to the pools and the hollows.There was land once again where a man might reside;There was a place in the earth now to rear habitations.Buffalo then were brought, an oblation to God,Fatter cattle became sacrifice to the Mighty.The Divine One then gave them His blessing;Their God then bestowed His good graces.

Babel

Lo-han then begat Cusah and Mesay. Lo-shan begat Elan and Nga-shur.Their offspring begotten became tribes and peoples;Their descendants established encampments and cities.Their singing was all with the same tunes and music;Their speaking was all with the same words and language.Then they said let us build us a very big city;Let us raise unto heaven a very high tower.This was wrong, but they reached this decision;Not right, but they rashly persisted.God struck at them then, changed their language and accent.Descending in wrath, He confused tones and voices.One's speech to the others who hear him has no meaning;He's speaking in words, but they can't understand him.So the city they builded was never completed;The tower they wrought has to stand thus unfinished.In despair then they separate under all heaven,They part from each other the globe to encircle. They arrive at six corners and speak the six languages.


Mythology? Dragons

One Plus One Equals Billions http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n2/billions-of-people

Creationists are often asked, “How is it possible for the earth’s population to reach 6.5 billion people if the world is only about 6,000 years old and if there were just two humans in the beginning?” Here is what a little bit of simple arithmetic shows us.

Let us start in the beginning with one male and one female. Now let us assume that they marry and have children and that their children marry and have children and so on. And let us assume that the population doubles every 150 years. Therefore, after 150 years there will be four people, after another 150 years there will be eight people, after another 150 years there will be sixteen people, and so on. It should be noted that this growth rate is actually very conservative. In reality, even with disease, famines, and natural disasters, the world population currently doubles every 40 years or so.1

After 32 doublings, which is only 4,800 years, the world population would have reached almost 8.6 billion. That’s 2 billion more than the current population of 6.5 billion people, which was recorded by the U.S. Bureau of Census on March 1, 2006.2 This simple calculation shows that starting with Adam and Eve and assuming the conservative growth rate previously mentioned, the current population can be reached well within 6,000 years.

Impact of the Flood

We know from the Bible, however, that around 2500 BC (4,500 years ago) the worldwide Flood reduced the world population to eight people.3 But if we assume that the population doubles every 150 years, we see, again, that starting with only Noah and his family in 2500 BC, 4,500 years is more than enough time for the present population to reach 6.5 billion.

From two people, created about 6,000 years ago, and then the eight people, preserved on the Ark about 4,500 years ago, the world’s population could easily have grown to the extent we now see it—over 6.5 billion.

Evolutionists are always telling us that humans have been around for hundreds of thousands of years. If we did assume that humans have been around for 50,000 years and if we were to use the calculations above, there would have been 332 doublings, and the world’s population would be a staggering figure—a one followed by 100 zeros; that is

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

This figure is truly unimaginable, for it is billons of times greater than the number of atoms that are in the entire universe! Such a calculation makes nonsense of the claim that humans have been on earth for tens of thousands of years.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n2/billions-of-people#fnList_1_3



http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n2/billions-of-people

Mythology? Dragons

Simple, conservative arithmetic reveals clear mathematical logic for a young age of the earth. From two people, created around 6,000 years ago, and then the eight people, preserved on the Ark about 4,500 years ago, the world’s population could have grown to the extent we now see it—over 6.5 billion.

With such a population clearly possible (and probable) in just a few thousand years, we could actually ask the question, “If humans were around millions of years ago, why is the population so small?” This is a question that evolution supporters must answer.

Dr. Monty White is now a young-earth creationist; however, as a young Christian, he believed in theistic evolution. Since 2000, he has been the CEO of Answers in Genesis—UK.

Citieshttp://metrocosm.com/history-of-cities/

Races


http://metrocosm.com/history-of-cities/

Mythology? Dragons

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v9/i4/stalactites.asp

Bat Cave

In October 1953, National Geographic published a photo of a bat that had fallen on a stalagmite in the famous Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, and had been cemented on to it. The stalagmite had grown so fast it was able to preserve the bat before the creature had time to decompose.2

Stalactites many centimetres long are sometimes seen under modern-day bridges and in tunnels. Some stalactites have formed quickly in a tunnel in Raccoon Mountain,

just west of Chattanooga, Tennessee. The tunnel was blasted through the mountain’s limestone rock to build a power plant in 1977. Water from the plant’s pump-turbines dissolves the limestone, and stalactites form rapidly.

At Australia’s Jenolan Caves in New South Wales, a lemonade bottle was placed below a continually active stalactite in the ‘Temple of Baal’ in 1954. In the following 33 years a coating of calcite about three millimetres thick has formed on the bottle. The same amount of deposit has formed since development in 1932 of the Ribbon Cave in the Jenolan system. At this time pathways were cut through areas of flowstone. Water flowing down the sides of these cuttings over the past 55 years has built up the current deposit.

A photograph taken in February, 1968, shows a curtain of stalactites growing from the foundation ceiling beneath the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC. Some of the stalactites had grown to five feet long (a metre and a half) in the 45 years since the memorial was built in 1923.3

Stalactites can, and do, grow quickly. A talking point at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the fact that stalactites are growing on the cement wall steps between the university’s Anderson Hall and Gladfelter Hall. Right below the stalactites, some stalagmites are forming. Although only several centimetres high, they have all formed since the concrete stairway of Gladfelter Hall was built in May, 1973.

There are a number of bridges in Philadelphia which have stalactites growing on them. Some are more than a foot long (30 cm), but many smaller examples have also formed. One bridge was built in 1931 by the City of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Railroad, so all these formations are less than 56 years old.


http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v9/i4/stalactites.asp

Mythology? Dragons

Dragons

Evolutionist Expectations

If evolution is true, we should expect that:

1. There would be fossil evidence indicating the ancestor of all the dinosaurs. 2. There would be fossil evidence of intermediate forms showing many stages in the

formation of such diverse characteristics as the plates and spikes of the armoured dinosaurs (stegosaurs), the one-to-seven horns of the horned dinosaurs (ceratopian), the distinctive beaks of the duckbilled dinosaurs (hadrosaurs), the thick skulls of the boneheaded dinosaurs (pachycephalosaurs), and also the wings of the flying reptiles (pterosaurs), the distinctive features of the various marine reptiles, and so on.

In fact, all dinosaurs appear fully formed in the fossil record, without trace of an ancestor, and there is not one single dinosaur fossil that can be called an intermediate form between any of the types known.

Creationist Expectations

On the other hand, if creation is true, and the dinosaurs were created on Day Six of Creation Week, we should expect that:

1. Dinosaur fossils would appear suddenly in the fossil record, that is, without ancestors and intermediate forms. In fact, this is what is observed.

2. If dinosaurs were created by God on Day Six of creation Week, it follows that two of every kind still living at the time of the Flood must have gone aboard Noah’s Ark. Could such large animals have been accommodated?

[I]f baby dinosaurs are football size, it is reasonable to suppose that God would have directed children-sized dinosaurs of the larger species to the Ark, or perhaps teenage-sized ones; it certainly was not necessary for Him to have sent grandfather-sized ones!

3. The third thing that we might reasonably expect, if God created the dinosaurs on Day Six of Creation Week, is that there should be stories of dinosaurs in the folklore of many nations, since people after the Flood would have co-existed with them until they became extinct. Such stories would not use the term ‘dinosaur’, of course, because as we have already noted, this term was not invented until 1841. We should expect such stories to use other terms like ‘monster’ or ‘dragon’.


Mythology? Dragons

Dragon Stories

In fact, there are many such stories, from all over the world. One of the oldest is of Gilgamesh, hero of an ancient Babylonian epic, who killed a huge reptile-like creature named Khumbaba, in a cedar forest.8 The early Britons provide the first European accounts of reptilian monsters, one of which killed and devoured King Morvidus of Wales, c. 336 BC. Another monarch, King Peredur, however, managed to slay his monster at a place called Llyn Llion, in Wales.9,10

The epic Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf tells how Beowulf (c. AD 495-583) of Scandinavia killed a monster named Grendel, and its supposed mother, as well as several sea-reptiles,11 but eventually lost his life at the age of 88 in the process of killing a flying reptile. The Saxon description of this creature fits that of a giant Pteranodon—it was ‘fifty feet in length (or possibly wingspan)’.12 The monster called Grendel, which Beowulf killed many years previously, is described as follows. He was apparently a youngster (having been known for only 12 years), man-like in stance (i.e. bipedal), and he had two small forelimbs that the Saxons call eorms (arms), one of which Beowulf tore off. He was a muthbona --one who slew with his mouth or jaws -and his skin was impervious to swordblows.13

Other well-known stories involving medieval heroes and dragons include Siegfried of the ancient Teutons (possibly the same person as Sigurd of Old Norse, who slew a monster named Fafnir),14 Tristan (or Tristram), King Arthur, and Sir Lancelot, of Britain,15 and perhaps the most famous of all, St George who became the patron saint of England. (The film and video The Great Dinosaur Mystery16 details many more of these accounts besides those listed here.)

The dragon ensign was used by many armies. Under the later eastern Roman emperors, the purple-dragon ensign became the ceremonial standard, called the drakonteion.17 In England, before the Norman Conquest in 1066, the dragon was chief among the royal ensigns in war, having been instituted by Uther Pendragon, father of King Arthur. Other kings who used the dragon ensign were Richard I, in 1191, when on crusade, and Henry III, in 1245, when he went to war against the Welsh.18

In China, the dragon appears as the national symbol and the badge of the royal family, and the dragon adorned the Chinese flag until the founding of the Republic of China, in 1911.

Although doubtless over the years many of these dragon stories and drawings have gained embellishments, the fact of their virtual worldwide existence, and the many items of similarity between the creatures slain and known dinosaur fossils, clearly point to an underlying reality. Modern children’s story books about dragons invariably have drawings of fairy-tale creatures, but according to Paul Taylor,19 who has done extensive research on this issue, many (perhaps most) of the historical dragon stories do not have this imaginative element; usually the more ancient stories are more matter-of-fact in quality, while the more recent ones tend to be more fantastic. One explanation of this


http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v14/i3/dinosaurs.asp#r19












Mythology? Dragons

could be that as the evidence in the form of the dinosaurs became extinct, the storytellers felt free to make their stories more marvellous and to combine the features of several dragons into one.

4. The fourth thing that we might reasonably expect, if God created the dinosaurs on Day Six of Creation Week, is that they would be mentioned elsewhere in the Bible.

Dinosaurs in the Bible

In fact, two such animals are described in the book of Job. The first is a giant vegetarian animal that may be either a Diplodocus or a Brachiosaurus: ‘Behold now behemoth which I made with thee; he eateth grass like an ox... He moveth his tail like a cedar... his bones are like bars of iron, he drinketh up a river’ (Job 40:15-24). The second appears to have been some sort of large fire-breathing animal. Just as the small bombardier beetle has an explosion-producing mechanism, so the great sea-dragon may have had an explosion-producing mechanism to enable it to be a real fire breathing dragon: ‘Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook.. his breath kindleth coals and a flame goeth out of his mouth... .’ (Job 41:1-34).

It is also interesting that in the King James version of the Bible the term ‘dragon(s)’ is used more than 20 times in the Old Testament,20 once metaphorically, referring to the Pharaoh King of Egypt as a dragon (Ezekiel 29:3), and the other times referring to animals; for example, ‘ ... the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under foot’ (Psalm 91:13), ‘And I will make Jerusalem heaps and a den of dragons ... ’ (Jeremiah 9:11).

This has special significance when it is realized that the KJV was published in the year AD 1611; that is to say, less then four centuries ago, the translators of the Bible were happy to use the term ‘dragon’, confident that its use would be meaningful and not mythical for the readers.

Dragons in the BibleFrom the King James Version (1611)1. Deuteronomy 32:33

Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.Deuteronomy 32:32-34 (in Context) Deuteronomy 32 (Whole Chapter)

2. Nehemiah 2:13 And I went out by night by the gate of the valley, even before the dragon well, and to the dung port, and viewed the walls of Jerusalem, which were broken down, and the gates thereof were consumed with fire.Nehemiah 2:12-14 (in Context) Nehemiah 2 (Whole Chapter)

3. Job 30:29 I am a brother to dragons, and a companion to owls.Job 30:28-30 (in Context) Job 30 (Whole Chapter)


http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=30&version=9&context=chapter

http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=30&verse=28&end_verse=30&version=9&context=context

http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=30&verse=29&version=9&context=verse








Mythology? Dragons

4. Psalm 44:19 Though thou hast sore broken us in the place of dragons, and covered us with the shadow of death.Psalm 44:18-20 (in Context) Psalm 44 (Whole Chapter)

5. Psalm 74:13 Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters.Psalm 74:12-14 (in Context) Psalm 74 (Whole Chapter)

6. Psalm 91:13 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet.Psalm 91:12-14 (in Context) Psalm 91 (Whole Chapter)

7. Psalm 148:7 Praise the LORD from the earth, ye dragons, and all deeps:Psalm 148:6-8 (in Context) Psalm 148 (Whole Chapter)

8. Isaiah 13:22 And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces: and her time is near to come, and her days shall not be prolonged.Isaiah 13:21-22 (in Context) Isaiah 13 (Whole Chapter)

9. Isaiah 27:1 In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.Isaiah 27:1-3 (in Context) Isaiah 27 (Whole Chapter)

10. Isaiah 34:13 And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof: and it shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls.Isaiah 34:12-14 (in Context) Isaiah 34 (Whole Chapter)

11. Isaiah 35:7 And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water: in the habitation of dragons, where each lay, shall be grass with reeds and rushes.Isaiah 35:6-8 (in Context) Isaiah 35 (Whole Chapter)

12. Isaiah 43:20 The beast of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls: because I give waters in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people, my chosen.Isaiah 43:19-21 (in Context) Isaiah 43 (Whole Chapter)

13. Isaiah 51:9 Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon?Isaiah 51:8-10 (in Context) Isaiah 51 (Whole Chapter)

14. Jeremiah 9:11 And I will make Jerusalem heaps, and a den of dragons; and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.Jeremiah 9:10-12 (in Context) Jeremiah 9 (Whole Chapter)



































Mythology? Dragons

15. Jeremiah 10:22 Behold, the noise of the bruit is come, and a great commotion out of the north country, to make the cities of Judah desolate, and a den of dragons.Jeremiah 10:21-23 (in Context) Jeremiah 10 (Whole Chapter)

16. Jeremiah 14:6 And the wild asses did stand in the high places, they snuffed up the wind like dragons; their eyes did fail, because there was no grass.Jeremiah 14:5-7 (in Context) Jeremiah 14 (Whole Chapter)

17. Jeremiah 49:33 And Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for ever: there shall no man abide there, nor any son of man dwell in it.Jeremiah 49:32-34 (in Context) Jeremiah 49 (Whole Chapter)

18. Jeremiah 51:34 Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon hath devoured me, he hath crushed me, he hath made me an empty vessel, he hath swallowed me up like a dragon, he hath filled his belly with my delicates, he hath cast me out.Jeremiah 51:33-35 (in Context) Jeremiah 51 (Whole Chapter)

19. Jeremiah 51:37 And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwellingplace for dragons, an astonishment, and an hissing, without an inhabitant.Jeremiah 51:36-38 (in Context) Jeremiah 51 (Whole Chapter)

20. Ezekiel 29:3 Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, My river is mine own, and I have made it for myself.Ezekiel 29:2-4 (in Context) Ezekiel 29 (Whole Chapter)

21. Micah 1:8 Therefore I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked: I will make a wailing like the dragons, and mourning as the owls.Micah 1:7-9 (in Context) Micah 1 (Whole Chapter)

22. Malachi 1:3 And I hated Esau, and laid his mountains and his heritage waste for the dragons of the wilderness.Malachi 1:2-4 (in Context) Malachi 1 (Whole Chapter)

23. Revelation 12:3 And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads.Revelation 12:2-4 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

24. Revelation 12:4 And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth: and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born.Revelation 12:3-5 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

25. Revelation 12:7 And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and

































Mythology? Dragons

the dragon fought and his angels,Revelation 12:6-8 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

26. Revelation 12:9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.Revelation 12:8-10 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

27. Revelation 12:13 And when the dragon saw that he was cast unto the earth, he persecuted the woman which brought forth the man child.Revelation 12:12-14 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

28. Revelation 12:16 And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth.Revelation 12:15-17 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

29. Revelation 12:17 And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ.Revelation 12:16-17 (in Context) Revelation 12 (Whole Chapter)

30. Revelation 13:2 And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority.Revelation 13:1-3 (in Context) Revelation 13 (Whole Chapter)

31. Revelation 13:4 And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him?Revelation 13:3-5 (in Context) Revelation 13 (Whole Chapter)

32. Revelation 13:11 And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.Revelation 13:10-12 (in Context) Revelation 13 (Whole Chapter)

33. Revelation 16:13 And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet.Revelation 16:12-14 (in Context) Revelation 16 (Whole Chapter)

34. Revelation 20:2 And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years,Revelation 20:1-3 (in Context) Revelation 20 (Whole Chapter)

http://www.enlightened.org.uk/ev08-truth.html


http://www.enlightened.org.uk/ev08-truth.html






























Mythology? Dragons

Any reference to the name "dinosaur" will only be from the 19th century onwards. Any reference to them before this we have to look to description or illustration. "Dinosaur" means "terrible lizard" and was the name given to these strange creatures on "discovery" at the end of the 18th century.

Maestricht in Holland is famous these days for turning the EC into the EU but in 1780 it was famous for the discovery of the skull of a Mosasaurus found in an underground cavern. In 1810 Mary Anning discovered a complete skeleton of an Ichthyosaurus in the cliffs at Lyme Regis. Again in 1824 she found the skeleton of a Plesiossaurus in the same place. In 1828 this same lady discovered the Pteradctyl again in these Dorset cliffs. Mary Ann Mantell also made similar discoveries. Thirty years later one was found in New Jersey. Since then many discoveries have been made.

What does this hard evidence tell us? That according to evolutionists, these huge monsters they named dinosaurs were not known to man before 1780. It is important to note that evolutionists claim this was the first known knowledge of dinosaurs. They claim that before this they died out 60 million years ago. To put it another way; Evolutionists claim no person living between 60 million years ago and 1780 AD could possibly have known they existed or what they looked like - agreed? Yet there is a wealth of evidence to show that dinosaurs coexisted with people (although they were not yet named dinosaurs, of course.)

Dinosaurs in the Cathedral

Put away all preconceived ideas. In 1994 I had written something for the local paper, "The Cumberland News" about dinosaurs. Shortly afterwards I received a telephone call from Mr Ray Hancock, a guide in Carlisle Cathedral. Would I come and look at some dinosaurs on Bishop Bell's tomb? They were puzzled by them. Bishop Bell's tomb is located in the central isle of the Carlisle Cathedral under a carpet square placed over it in 1992 for protection. The carpet is loose but now alas, they can only be viewed after obtaining permission from the Dean in writing. You will see around the edge on the brass engravings of dinosaurs.

In Canterbury Cathedral there is a chronicle which tells that on Friday, 16th September 1449 (when Bishop Bell was alive in Carlisle - remember?) a fight took place near the village of Little Conrad on the Suffolk-Essex border. It was between two giant reptiles in a field which is still called Sharpfight Meadow.

Now the important thing here is that no one disputes that Bishop Bell died in 1496 and that he was put down in his tomb and sealed with brass which was then engraved. No one


Mythology? Dragons

disputes the engravings were made in 1496, it is a matter of Carlisle Cathedral record. The engravings obviously represent things that were important to Bishop Bell during his lifetime, for example a hunting dog, foliage of various kinds and three different kinds of dinosaurs.

The obvious question evolutionists have to answer is: How can this be? No one knew about dinosaurs then - or did they?

There are many references to unnamed dinosaurs. The oldest as far as I know is in the Bible. The Book of Job tells of a period around 2,200 BC when people lived much longer than we do now as this was only 300 years after the flood of Noah's time. In chapter 40 verse 15 through to the end of chapter 41 various references are made to strange creatures.

The "Behemoth" is described as feeding on grass like an ox. It is obviously a very large creature because God here is describing its powerful muscles and strength. Its tail sways like a cedar! A cedar is a very big tree and when it sways in the wind it gives us a picture of what its tail must have been like. What size of animal could have supported a tail the size of a cedar tree?

They obviously lived in rivers to support their weight as some dinosaurs did. Obviously the River Jordan in full flood could not move it or make it feel insecure. God describes its power and size, then asks: Can anyone trap it and pierce it's nose (like a bull presumably)? Obviously is this context the idea is absurd!

The second reference is to the "Leviathan". In the context of this passage God is poking a little gentle fun at Job, together with a sense of the ridiculous. He is referring to this creature saying it is so big and strong and its hide so thick that harpoons and spears cannot pierce it. Its neck is so strong it dismays anyone in front of it. Its chest is as hard as a rock or a millstone. Its flesh is immovable. If you could get near it with a sword it would have no effect. It is so strong it treats iron like straw and bronze like rotten wood. Nothing on earth is its equal. It is totally without fear.

With a sense of the ridiculous God asks Job if he would pull it in with a fish hook or tie its tongue with a rope? Would he put a cord through its nose? Will it beg Job for mercy? Will it speak to him with gentle mercy? Will it become a slave for him? Can he make of


Mythology? Dragons

it a pet? Can he put it on a leash for his daughters to take for a walk? Can he put a bridle on it? The creature has got fearsome teeth and it's back topped with rows of shields. When it rises up the mighty are terrified as it is so big it looks down on everyone.

In chapter 41 verses 18 to 21 God says its snorting throws out flashes of light! Firebrands stream from its mouth! Sparks of fire shoot out! Smoke pours from its nostrils as a pot on the boil! If you're still in doubt He goes on; Its breath sets coals ablaze! Flames dart from its mouth!

Is it possible for a creature to breathe out fire or smoke from its nostrils? Let us see.

The Bombardier Beetle (Brachinus) is only a centimetre long and it can explode a jet of hot, noxious fumes at its enemies from it's back end. Now don't laugh - it is perfectly true and I'm quite serious. I am indebted to Doctor David Rosevear, Chairman of the Creation Science Movement for this information.

This is made possible by a mixture of chemicals that can be reacted at will. These are mainly substituted hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide which Doctor Rosevear says is probably made from quinone derivative by the beetle. The rate of reaction between these chemicals is increased to explosive speed by the addition of two enzymes which act as catalysts. He tells us these are incredibly complex molecules, whose shape and activity are such that they hold the hydroquinone and the peroxide together and encourage them to react.

For the chemists amongst you who want to know the exact details I quote Doctor Rosevear word for word: "One enzyme is a catalase, which decomposes the peroxide very rapidly without itself being decomposed. The other enzyme is a peroxidase, which oxidises the hydroquinones to noxious quinones. The beetle secretes hydroquinone, tolylhydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide solutions into a reservoir. When danger threatens a charge of chemicals is passed from the reservoir through a muscular valve a horny chamber at the back of the beetle. Enzymes cause the reaction to proceed at an explosive rate with a sharp sound like the crack of a pistol. The pressure of oxygen gas formed shoots a hot, smelly, bluish vapour of quinones out through two nozzles behind the insect."

There you have it - the Bombardier Beetle, alive today and doing what the Bible tells us dragon like creatures were doing long ago. If you got in the way of the beetle it would turn your skin white and burn you. Yet it does not burn the beetle itself. This is a creature that could not possibly have evolved when you think about it.

We now have to ask ourselves if there are any dinosaurs so far discovered that have suitable cavities in their skulls with a similar pattern to the Bombardier Beetle? If such cavities exist it shows dragon type creature could have existed in Job's time - agreed? I know you're not going to be surprised when I say this:


Mythology? Dragons

Yes there are dinosaurs that have this cavity. Corythosaurus, Lambbeosaurus and Parasaurolophus all have this cavity and could have been able to fire hot gases from their nostrils.

Doctor Dmitri Kouznetsov is an award winning Russian scientist who has three earned doctorates, founded the group called the Moscow Creation Science Fellowship. This is a body of 120 Russian scientists who believe in the Bible and that the earth was created no more than a few thousand years ago.

One scientist who became a member, Andrey A Ivanov, Ph.D., B.S., M.S., who is head of the laboratory of modern research methods in physicochemical environmental studies, at the Moscow City Station for Sanitation and Epidemiology, has a lot to say about dinosaur bone dating. He and his fellow scientists examined some dinosaur bones from Russia and America using their newly developed dating method - the laser mass-spectrometry method. This produced an age of not more than 28,500 years (as opposed to 60 million years).

To be sure he had the bones checked by Arizona State University who did not know they were dinosaur remains and they confirm not more than 25,000 years. Doctor Ivanov has got the dinosaur time scale down to very near the Biblical time scale. The result was that he became a Christian.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i3/dragons.asp

A most interesting essay by one of the last of the church fathers, titled ‘On Dragons and Ghosts’, was very recently translated for the first time (into Russian) and published in Moscow.1 The author is John of Damascus, also known as St John Damascene.

Like many ancient manuscripts, it refers to dragons, creatures which often resemble known dinosaur types or features, as real living creatures. Like most people who have been taught that dinosaurs died out millions of years before people appeared, Maxim Kozlov, the Russian Orthodox priest who produced the translation and commentary, does not accept that people actually encountered dragons/dinosaurs. Despite this, however, he praises the author of the essay for his ‘soberness of mind … in striking contrast to … boundless mysticism and search for the mysterious.’

In fact, John of Damascus was an author of great intellect, a stranger to any gullibility or fable-telling. Moreover, the whole purpose of the essay is the exposure of various fables and superstitions.

John admonishes those who make such claims about dragons, namely that we should ‘trust the teaching of Moses, and, more exactly, the Holy Spirit, having spoken through [Moses]. [This teaching] reads: “And God brought them to Adam to see what he would call them; and whatever [Adam] called every living creature, that was its name (cf. Gen. 2:19).” Hence, a dragon was one of the animals.’


http://bible.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=Gen+2:19&version=KJV&showfn=on

http://bible.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=Gen+2:19&version=KJV&showfn=on

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i3/dragons.asp

Mythology? Dragons

John of Damascus goes on to say, ‘I am not telling you, after all, that there are no dragons; dragons exist but they are serpents [reptiles] borne of other serpents. When just born and young, they are small; but when they grow up and mature, they become big and fat so that they exceed the other serpents in length and size. It is said they grow up more than thirty cubits [14 metres, 45 feet]; as for their thickness, they become as thick as a huge log.’

The Damascene patriarch appears to have been a reliable witness who, in addition, possessed much of the scientific knowledge of his time. A significant portion of his classical book An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith is devoted to purely scientific data.

The science of those times was descriptive by nature. It did not penetrate into the essence of things but generally recorded natural phenomena reasonably accurately. A report by such a well-educated scholar of that period should be carefully considered.

The essay continues: ‘Dio [Cassius] the Roman [ad 155–236], who wrote the history of the Roman empire and republic, reports the following: One day, when Regulus, a Roman consul [3rd C. bc], was fighting against Carthage, a dragon suddenly crept up and settled behind the wall of the Roman army. The Romans killed it by order of Regulus, skinned it and sent the hide to the Roman senate. When the dragon’s hide, as Dio says, was measured by order of the senate, it happened to be, amazingly, one hundred and twenty feet long, and the thickness was fitting to the length.’

John of Damascus is clearly describing the existence of real dragons, contrasting them with the fictional nonsense that was attributed to them. He writes further about another kind of dragon. These were given various mythical characteristics, such as the absence of a face. He says that in reality, ‘This dragon is a type of beast, like the rest of the animals, for it has a goat-like beard, and a horn at the back of its head. Its eyes are large and gold-coloured. These dragons can be either big or small. All serpent kinds are poisonous, except dragons, for they do not emit poison.’

https://answersingenesis.org/dinosaurs/dragon-legends/dragon-legends-truths-behind-the-tales/

Dragons appear again and again in the records of cultures around the world, as well as in their art and pottery. The similarities are hints that many accounts may be based on actual encounters with these creatures—dinosaurs and other reptiles which God created on Day Five and Six (Genesis 1:20–25) and which survived the Flood aboard Noah’s Ark (Genesis 6:19).Dragons may not be around today for the same reasons that other animals go extinct—changes in environment, food issues, hunting by man. Let’s face it, most legends end with a dragon’s death. But their memory lives on.


https://biblia.com/bible/esv/Gen%206.19

https://biblia.com/bible/esv/Gen%201.20%E2%80%9325



Mythology? Dragons

AustraliaIn the far north of Queensland, Australia, Aborigines from the Kuku Yalanji tribe described and painted a sea and lake monster that looked surprisingly like a plesiosaur.

BabylonBabylon is the heart of early civilization after the Flood. A famous entrance called the Ishtar Gate was built by Nebuchadnezzar II (a powerful ruler during the Israelites’ Babylonian exile). This gate displays a reptilian creature with four legs, standing upright on its hips like a dinosaur.

ChinaChinese dragons, well-known throughout the world, even appear on China’s twelve-year calendar cycle. Eleven of these animals are common today (dog, rat, monkey, etc.), so why assume that the twelfth (a dragon) was mythological? The Travels of Marco Polo describes some of these long and lanky “serpents,” which included short legs and claws. He claimed the Chinese would use special methods to kill these dragons. Some of the dragons’ body parts were used for medicinal purposes, and others were eaten as a delicacy.


Mythology? Dragons

EgyptHerodotus, an ancient Greek writer, records in The Histories, “There is a place in Arabia [modern Egypt], situated very near the city of Buto, to which I went, on hearing of some winged serpents; and when I arrived there, I saw bones and spines of serpents, in such quantities as it would be impossible to describe. The form of the serpent is like that of the water snake; but he has wings without feathers, and as like as possible to the wings of a bat.”

EnglandBishop Bell, who died in 1496, is buried in the foundation of the famous Carlisle Cathedral. The ornate brass engravings around the grave show several animals, some of which appear to be dinosaurs, like a long-neck sauropod and a horned ceratopsian.

North AfricaThe Roman historian Cassius Dio recounted how a Roman army once killed a dragon. The original fragment from Book 11 of his Roman History, now lost, was repeated by John of Damascus (AD ~676–749), in his book On Dragons and Ghosts: “One day, when Regulus, a Roman consul, was fighting against Carthage, a dragon suddenly crept up and settled behind the wall of the Roman army. The Romans killed it by order of Regulus, skinned it and sent the hide to the Roman senate. When the dragon’s hide, as Dio says, was measured by order of the senate, it happened to be, amazingly, one hundred and twenty feet long, and the thickness was fitting to the length.”

SwedenThe Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf describes three encounters Beowulf, king of the Geats (Gothenburg, Sweden, today), had with three creatures. The last one, encountered in Sweden, was a fiery flying serpent that lived underground and came out only at certain times. The injuries from this battle led to Beowulf’s death.

PeruPeru is known for dragon and dinosaur-like creatures in their pottery and other artifacts. For example, the Museum of the


Mythology? Dragons

Nation displays a dragon-like dinosaur on a piece of pottery attributed to the Moche culture (AD 400–1100).

UtahSeveral petroglyphs (etchings in stone) resemble air or land dragons. A pictograph in San Rafael Swell is of something similar to a Pteranodon or Pterodactyl. One in Natural Bridges National Monument looks rather similar to a sauropod.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v23/i4/tigerdinosaur.asp

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dinosaur?

The entry in A Chinese-English Dictionary (published in China in 1979) for dragon gives the meanings as:

1. dragon 2. imperial (as in imperial robe)

3. a huge extinct reptile: dinosaur

4. a surname.

Clearly, the dictionary recognizes that dragons were real animals and the language also connects dinosaurs to them. Indeed, the characters rendering 'dinosaur' in a paleontology context, ('konglong'), literally mean 'fearsome dragon'—remember that the English word 'dinosaur' was not invented until 1841.

Furthermore, of the twelve symbols used in the Chinese lunar calendar cycle, eleven are real animals (pig, rat, rabbit, tiger, etc.), suggesting that the remaining one, the dragon, is equally real.

The above evidence is consistent with identifying dinosaurs with the dragons of Chinese history as real animals that have lived not too long ago. This contradicts the whole idea of an 'age of dinosaurs' millions of years before people existed, and further supports the Biblical account of the real history of the world.


The traditional (complex) way of writing 'dragon'. Chinese people see the right part as reflecting the spiny back and tail of the dragon.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v23/i4/tigerdinosaur.asp

Documents

Introduction · Web viewIntroduction. The “Cosmological (or Copernican) Principle” Professor Richard Lewontin, a geneticist (and self-proclaimed Marxist), is a renowned champion