Introduction towards the World of Disabilities and Solutionsmja.gov.in/Site/Upload/GR/Day1-1 Challenges and Solutions.pdf · Agenda for this session Define Disability What is WCAG

Day 1 : First Half

Presentation By: DIT/CDAC Team

Introduction towards the World of Disabilities and Solutions

Date: Disabilities and Solutions 1

Agenda for this session Define Disability What is WCAG Identify the types of Disability Identify the E-learning challenges Changes in WCAG Examples Define AT Identify the types of AT Define Accessibility Myths about Accessibility Need for Accessibility Easy First Step WCAG 2.0 Basic

2 / NN Disabilities and Solutions

Disability is … the consequence of an impairment that may be

physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these. A disability may be present from birth, or occur during a person's lifetime.

Lack of physical, mental, or social fitness

Physical or mental handicap

Interpreted by different individuals differently

Date: 3 / NN Disabilities and Solutions

Definition of Disability As per Disability Discrimination Act of UK 1995

A person has a disability for the purposes of this act if he/she has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities


Definition of Disability (2)

As per American with Disabilities Act

The term "disability" means, with respect to an individual—

(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual;

(B) a record of such an impairment; or

(C) being regarded as having such an impairment.


Definition of Disability (3)

As per IMS Global Learning Consortium

A mismatch between the needs of the learner and the education offered


Disability simply means

Inability to do day-to-day tasks due to physical or mental impairment


Country Laws

Australia

Canada

Denmark

European Union

Finland

France

Germany

Hong Kong

India

Ireland

Israel

• Italy

• Japan

• New Zealand

• Portugal

• Spain

• Switzerland

• United Kingdom

• United States of America

8 / NN Disabilities and Solutions Date:

USA Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act

Rehabilitation Act, Section 504

Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, Section 508

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

New Freedom Initiative

+ State Laws

http://www.webaim.org/articles/laws/usa/




Example: Kentucky

Additional Kentucky state laws regarding accessibility of digital content AIT – Accessible Information Technology

Statute stating state information, technology, equipment and software must be accessible to employees and the general public.

Textbook Act – publishers must provide an accessible digital version within 15 days of request.


What is WCAG?

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/

Other WAI Guidelines ATAG - Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines

EARL - Evaluation and Report Language

UAAG - User Agent Accessibility Guidelines

WAI ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite

Disabilities and Solutions 11 / NN Date:

http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international consortium where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. W3C's mission is: To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.

WAI, in coordination with organizations around the world, pursues accessibility of the Web through four primary areas of work: technology, tools, education and outreach, and research and development.

Who develops WCAG?


The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) develops... guidelines widely regarded as the international standard for Web

accessibility

support materials to help understand and implement Web accessibility

resources, through international collaboration

WAI welcomes... participation from around the world (price prohibitive)

volunteers to review, implement, and promote guidelines

dedicated participants in working groups

Who develops WCAG?


Disabilities and Solutions 14 / NN

The WCAG guidelines are widely regarded as the voluntary

international standard for web accessibility

Date:

Technology Changes

In 1999… HTML, PDF,

Javascript

Static, information pages

Desktop, laptop

IE, Netscape

In 2009… XHTML, CSS, Flash,

PDF, Javascript, AJAX

Dynamic, interactive, social networking

+ phones, pdas, gps, car, tv, fridge…

+ Opera, Safari, Firefox…

Disabilities and Solutions 15 / NN Date

Types of Disabilities

Date: Disabilities and Solutions 16 / NN

Type Example Description

Functional Disabilities caused due to some sort of- physical, mental or sensory disability

Situational Inability to perform an action, in a given situation, or under certain circumstances

Age Related As we grow older we might encounter low vision or mobility impairment and need assistance

Functional Disabilities

Date: 17 / NN

Type Example Description

Visual Can not see clearly

Hearing Can not hear clearly

Mobility Can not move / Difficulty in movement

Learning Difficulty in learning concepts

Disabilities and Solutions

Visual Disabilities


It affects Concept Development

Mobility/Movement

Types of Visual Disabilities Low vision

Color blindness

Tunnel vision

Distorted vision Cataract

Macular Degeneration

Near and far sightedness

80% of Learning happens through

Vision!

Challenges faced..


Information conveyed through color alone

Use of small size font

Use of images for conveying important information

Lack of keyboard support

Hearing Disabilities


Problem with one or more parts of the ear

Types of Hearing Disability:

Total deafness (deaf)

Partial deafness (hard-of-hearing)

Challenges faced..


Lack of alternate for audio information

Important information conveyed using audio alone

Unable to adjust the audio output

Learning Disabilities


Affects people's ability to interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain

Types of Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia

Dysgraphia

Dyscalculia

Challenges faced..


Too much of text

Use of flashing and blinking elements

Inconsistent navigation

Auto-refreshing screens

Situational Disabilities


Inability to perform an action, in a given situation, or under certain circumstances

Examples of Situational Disabilities

Can not listen audio information due to noisy environnent

Inability to use a calculator as the numbers are rubbed off

Forgot glasses at home, so finding it difficult to work

Age Related Disabilities


Due to age, people face problems with

Vision

Mobility

Hearing

Memory

Changes in WCAG 2.0

Adding testable criteria, principles, and understanding


What WCAG 2 gives you


International standard, developed cooperatively

Applies to more advanced Web technologies

current, future, non-W3C

Clearer criteria, more precisely testable

Adaptable, flexible for different situations, and developing technologies and techniques

Extensive supporting materials, practical implementation guidance

WCAG 1.0 – WCAG 2.0


WCAG 1.0 WCAG 2.0

Principles: P-O-U-R

Guidelines Guidelines

Checkpoints Priority 1, 2, 3

Success Criteria Level A, AA, AAA

Support Support

Techniques Techniques

Understanding

Scripting allowed

• Back in 1999, screen readers and other assistive technology did not support scripting.

• Scripted websites were inaccessible under Perceivable and Operable Principles.

• Now major browsers and assistive technologies support scripting and it can be used to enhance accessibility if the proper techniques are used.


Examples

CAPTCHAs, Animation, etc.


More design flexibility

WCAG 1.0 7.1 Until user agents allow users to control

flickering, avoid causing the screen to flicker.

WCAG 2.0 allows more movement within defined parameters (for instance)

Three Flashes or Below Threshold: 2.3.1 Web pages do not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds. (Level A)


Example: Contrast

WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint

• 2.2 Ensure that foreground and background color combinations provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having color deficits or when viewed on a black and white screen.


Example: Contrast

WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual

presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 5:1, except for the following: Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text

have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1; Incidental: Text or images of text that are part of an inactive

user interface component, that are pure decoration, that are not visible to anyone, or that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content, have no contrast requirement.

Logotypes: Text that is part of a logo or brand name has no minimum contrast requirement. (from the Dec 2008 Draft)


Example: Navigation

WCAG 1 - Provide clear and consistent navigation mechanisms -- orientation information, navigation bars, a site map, etc. -- to increase the likelihood that a person will find what they are looking for at a site.

WCAG 2 - Provide ways to help users navigate, find content and determine where they are. 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks

2.4.2 Page Titled

2.4.3 Focus Order

2.4.4 Link Purpose


Exception Example

Text Alternatives: Provide text alternatives for any non-text content so that it can be changed into other forms people need, such as large print, braille, speech, symbols or simpler language. Non-text Content: All non-text content that is presented

to the user has a text alternative that serves the equivalent purpose, except for the situations listed below. Controls, Input (function rather than description) Time-Based Media (streams of live events) Test (art history test) Sensory (no alternative text exists, however, it can be

described) CAPTCHA (security) Decoration, Formatting, Invisible (not content)


Assistive Technology (AT) ISO Definition:

Hardware or software products used by people with disabilities to accomplish their tasks

AT Tools in Operating System:

Microsoft Windows - Narrator, SoundSentry

iOS - VoiceOver, IChat

Linux - Gnopernicus, GOK

Third-party AT Tools:

Screen reader – JAWS, HPR


AT for Visual Disabilities Screen readers

JAWS

Home Page reader

Window-Eyes

Screen magnifiers

Braille embossers

Refreshable Braille displays

Speech Synthesizers


AT for Hearing Disabilities

Signers

TTY/TDD conversion modems


AT for Mobility Disabilities On-screen keyboard programs

Joysticks

Trackballs

Sip and puff devices

Alternative Keyboards

Electronic pointing Devices

Touch screens

Keyboard filters


AT for Learning Disabilities Word prediction programs

Reading comprehension programs

Talking & large print word processors

Speech synthesizers

Speech recognition programs

Spell checkers

Touch screens

Keyboard filters


What is Accessibility The ease with which one can reach a certain place,

person or thing

Civil right - Right to participate within a society on an equal footing with everyone else

The ability of the learning environment to adjust to the needs of all learners


Myths about Accessibility

Why should I bother about Accessibility?

“Its only for the disabled”

I don’t deal with the federal agencies

Implementing accessibility is time consuming

Expensive

Target customers do not include the disabled


Need for Accessibility

Information required by all

Reach widest range of potential customers

Increase target market

Right to Knowledge is Universal

Leads to more revenue

Caters to social requirements

Laws require conformance with guidelines


Easy First Steps

You have already begun!


Fix the easy stuff first Alt text

Alternative formats

Correctly labeled links

Best practices for web development (Usability) Simplify pages (language, design, navigation)

Resizable, clear font face

Reduce links, and link throughs (three click rule)

Consistent navigation

Contact info

Quick loading pages

Verify code, hyperlinks, spelling, CSS


Other Commons Sense Ideas

Use templates

Policy to respond quickly to complaints

Give contact info for complaints

Disability statements

Use checklists or automated checkers


WGAC 2.0 Basics

Digging in to the Guidelines


WCAG 2.0 Quick Ref


Guidance Hypertext

Principles - POUR

Guidelines - Under the POUR principles are twelve basic goals to make content more accessible.

Success Criteria - For each Guideline, testable success criteria are provided. Conformance is defined by A (lowest), AA, and AAA (highest).

Sufficient and Advisory Techniques - For each of the Guidelines and Success Criteria, documentation includes techniques and explanations on why the guideline is necessary.


POUR Principles

Perceivable

Operable

Understandable

Robust


POUR Principles

Perceivable Provide text alternatives for any non-

text content

Provide alternatives for time-based media

Separate content from style

Make it easier for users to see and hear content


POUR Principles

Operable

Make all functionality available from a keyboard

Provide users enough time to read and use content

Do not design content known to cause seizures

Provide ways to help users navigate, find content and determine where they are


POUR Principles

Understandable Simplify text content

Web pages operate in predictable ways

Help users avoid and correct mistakes


POUR Principles

Robust Maximize compatibility with other

products, including assistive technologies.


12 Guidelines Under POUR


1. Text Alternatives

2. Time Based Media

3. Adaptable

4. Distinguishable

5. Keyboard Accessible

6. Enough Time

7. Seizures

8. Navigable

9. Readable

10.Predictable

11.Input Assistance

12.Compatible

Thank You!


Documents

Introduction towards the World of Disabilities and Solutionsmja.gov.in/Site/Upload/GR/Day1-1 Challenges and Solutions.pdf · Agenda for this session Define Disability What is WCAG