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Introduction to UNSCR 1325 ++Chris Coulter, PhD
Historical Overview
”We the peoples of the United Nations
determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war
which twice in our lifetime has brought
untold sorrow to mankind, and to
reaffirm faith in fundamental human
rights, in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights of
men and women and of nations large
and small..”
“… we call on the Governments of the
world to encourage women
everywhere to take a more active
part in national and international
affairs, and on women who are
conscious of their opportunities to
come forward and share in the work
of peace and reconstruction as they
did in war and resistance.” Eleanor Roosevelt 1946
• The Cold War
• The Commission
on the Status of
Women (CSW)
1946
UN Decade for Women 1975-1985
“Equality, Development and Peace” (declared by UN General Assembly)
From: Development served to
advance women
To: Development
not possible without women
Women’s World Conferences
• Mexico City 1975:
International Women’s year• Copenhagen 1980• Nairobi 1985:
All issues women’s issues,
Peace & UNIFEM• Beijing 1995:
The Beijing Platform for Action.
”Women’s rights as human rights”
• Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(1967)
• Convention on the Elimination of all Discrimination Against
Women ‘CEDAW’ (1979)
• ’Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women’ (1993)
• Beijing Platform for Action (1995)
• From ”women” to ”gender”
• ”Gender mainstreaming” (ECOSOC)
1990s-• Activism & women’s organizations for
peace• Violence against women in conflict (Bosnia
& Rwanda) and “women’s rights as human rights”
• Prostitution and trafficking of women during UN Peace operations
1995-2000• Beijing 1995 PFA, Chapter E: women and
armed conflict• Gender mainstreaming of policy and peace
operations• 1st Gender Advisors in UN operations• Arria Formula meetings (2000)• Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan
of Action
UNSCR 1325 on ”Women, peace and security” October 31, 2000
• First time recognized as relevant in the context of international peace and security by the most powerful UN actor – the Security Council
UNSCR 1325• Relates to international law and ongoing developments
such as the UN Charter, Beijing conference, Geneva Conventions, Rome Statute & CEDAW
MAIN THEMES:• Participation (entire peace process)• Protection (incl. ‘prevention’ and ‘protection’)• Gender mainstreaming (both men and women’s needs have
to be addressed)
UNSCR 1325
• Peacekeeping • DDR
Broader security issues:• Transitional justice• Post-conflict governance • VAW
UNSCR 1325
• Participation in peace and security related decision making at all levels
• Protection addresses women's needs and the provision of assistance during and after conflicts
• Prevention is discussed broadly with regards to avoiding violence and transforming conflicts peacefully
PPP draws conceptually from and is also influenced by 4 key areas related to peace and security:
1. Human Security Framework
2. Conflict Transformation Discourse
3. Humanitarian Accountability
4. Women's Rights
Human Security:
Freedom from want and
Freedom from fearKofi Annan (2000)
Conflict Transformation
• includes traditional elements of conflict resolution: mediation, dialogue, negotiation.
• goes beyond tradition by drawing attention to issues of rights and justice, promoting inclusive decision-making and participation.
Humanitarian Accountability• Key element of the women, peace and security
discourse. • Arises from the basic protection needs in emergency
and civil war situations• Guidelines and codes of conduct• Increased understanding of the urgency and centrality
of women's basic needs
Women's RightsMany issues in Universal Declaration of Human Rights
remain unaddressed
During Cold War focus on civil and political issues
Public – private divide
Demand for specific attention to women’s rights in the 1970s
CEDAW: a bill of rights for women
Beijing 1995: Platform for Action
• Poverty• Education• Health care• Violence• Armed conflict• Unequal access to resources,
power and decisionmaking structures
• Lack of mechanisms to promote women effectively
• Inadequate respect for women’s human rights
• Stereotyping and inequality in media
• Environmental concerns• Discrimination against the
girl child
Beijing PFA – Chapter E: Women and Armed Conflict
Peace is inextricably linked with equality between women and men and development
UNSCR 1325 (2000) Then what?
• The role of women’s organizations
• UN system (gender advisers, gender mainstreaming and policy structures)
• Regional organizations - OSCE 2004, EU 2005, African Charter
• UNWOMEN: Violence against women campaign
• Start to address misbehavior, use and abuse by peace operations personnel of local women (SEA)
• 43 Action Plans
§ 1. Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women …
§ 8. Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements…
§13 Encourages all those involved in the planning for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration …
2008-2014• International debates on Protection of Civilians
• Increased understanding of the role of sexual violence in conflict (DRC, Timor-Leste, Kosovo) in combination with increased media attention
• New central players: France (EU presidency), the US (Rice and Clinton), Liberia etc, ‘Chatham house’, UK Initiative
• Sister resolutions: 1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122
• AU: African Union Gender Policy 2009 & NATO (SG, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, SHAPE): Bi SC Directive 40-1 (Sept 2009)
• CEDAW: General Recommendation no. 30
• Post MDGs 2015
”Women, Peace & Security Agenda” Resolutions:• 1325 (2000) Original resolution – participation, protection &
gender mainstreaming
• 1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violence
• 1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation)
Reaffirms the importance of 1325(2000) and 1820 (2008)
• 1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicators
• 1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity)
• 2106 (2013) – Accountability, focus on perpetrators of sexual violence, women’s economic and political empowerment
• 2122 (2013) – More systematic approach to the implementation of women, peace and security
Women as actors or as victims?Whose security?
Peace is not the absence of war. It is the presence of justice and the absence of fear.Dr. Ursula Franklin
Gender Responsive Demilitarisation,
Demobilisation and Reintegration programmes
Gender Responsive DDR
Appropriate Service Delivery
Gender Training
Gender Specialist
s
Gender Responsive
Needs Assessment
& Programme
Design
Gender Responsive
M&E
Gender Responsive
Budget
Donor Support
Coordina-tion
Mechanism with CSOsCommitme
nt to UNSCR 1325
Gender Responsive Intervention – 7 Key Steps
1. Gender Mainstreaming
2. Female-Specific Eligibility Criteria
3. Gender-Responsive Need Assessment
4. Programme Design
5. Gender Training
6. Gender Responsive Budget
7. Gender Responsive M&E
Gender Mainstreaming – A Holistic Approach1. Understand how and why women & girls’ needs are different from men & boys
2. Creating an isolated women’s subcomponent is not Gender Mainstreaming
3. Favoring women over men is not Gender Mainstreaming
4. Female-specific intervention may still be necessary to reach target group
5. Women are not a homogenous group
6. Gender Mainstreaming is also for Men & Boys
Gender responsive DDR1. Does she possess any type of weapon?
Eligible for disarmament
2. Was the use of weapons an important part of her job?
3. Does she have any experiences of using weapons? / Did she undergo any weapons training
Eligible for demobilisatio
n
4. Did she perform essential support functions during the conflict?
5. Is she socially and financially dependent on a male ex-combatant?
Eligible for Reintegration
YESNO
Gender Responsive Needs Assessment
1. Collaborate with women’s groups
2. Ensure that at least 30% are women in any decision making body & transitional government
3. Use participatory methods to increase women’s participation
What to Assess:
1. Gender composition of armed groups
2. Socio-economic/political status
3. Gendered Division of Labor
4. Capacities of Local Women’s Groups
5. Level of Gender-Based Violence
6. Specific needs of Male and Female Ex-combatants, Supporters, Dependents
Programme Design• Information
Campaign to reach women and women’s NGOs – community mobilization
• Female Staff at the weapon collection sites
• Collect women’s knowledge of trading routes & hidden SALW
Programme Design - cont• Separate accommodation
& ablution areas for women and men
• Counseling by female staff
• Reproductive health care• Separate transportation
facilities• Gender Training (both
men and women)
Programme Design – Economic Reintegration
• Vocational & Literacy Trainings with Childcare Services
• Women’s Access to land & credit
• Sensitization of community and potential employers
• Coordination with development agencies ex. livelihood programmes
Programme Design – Social Reintegration
• Understand changed and unchanged gender roles and relations in post conflict societies
• Long-term psychological rehabilitation • Support women to cope with sick, injured,
traumatized and HIV positive combatants, especially in contexts with high numbers of children associated with fighting forces