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Introduction to the Rhine River Basin
1st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors”8-9 May 2014, Koblenz, Germany Manfred Spreafico
University of Berne
Content
1. Brief overview
2. Information to the main uses/users water supply, navigation, water power production and fishery
3. Environmentally sound management of the Rhine River
4. Flood protection strategy
5. Impact of global change on the Rhine River discharge
1st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 28-9 May 2014
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 3
Rhine River Basin
Area: 185`000 km2
Mean
discharge: 2`200 m3/s
Length: 1`239 km
Population: 50 Mio
Basin sharing
countries: 9
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 4
Main Uses/Users of the River Rhine
Water from reservoirs
Lake water
River water
Water from sources
Groundwater
Groundwater infiltrated by the riverArtificially added
groundwater
Water Supply
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 6
Groundwater
NAQUANAQUASPEZSPEZNAQUANAQUATRENDTREND
NISOTNISOTNABESSNABESS
Networks
Guidelines for Groundwater Protection Zones
1st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 78-9 May 2014
route
forêt
zone industrielle
zoned'habitation
forêt
niveau piézométrique au repos
distance: au moins 100 m
temps de séjour:au moins 10 jours
limite hydrogéologique
limiteeffective
S1S2 distance: comme S2
S3
captage
point destagnationaval
aquiclude
captage parpuits filtrant
niveau piézométrique rabattu
aquifère
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 8
Waterway Rhine
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 9
Navigation an Important User
Predicted transport volume in mio t for
2015
1838
1872
1980
Changes over the centuries
Over the years: 85% loss of alluvial flood areas
Changes during the Centuries
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 11
Erosion and Sedimentation (1981-1990)
Water Power Production
1st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 128-9 May 2014
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 13
Electric Power Generation
Energy Switzerland%
Germany%
Hydro 56 3
Nuclear 24 18
Thermal - 58
Others 5 21
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 14
Fishery
Development and number of fish species in the lower Rhine
Historical distribution of the Salmon
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 16
Increase in Water Temperature in Switzerland since 1953
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
[Gra
d C
elsi
us]
Rhein bei Basel
Aare bei Bern
Saane bei Gümmenen
Emme bei Emmenmatt
Reuss bei Altdorf
Lütschine bei Gsteig
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 17
Functions and Uses
... nature protection
… agriculture
… drainage
… shipping
... tourism
... economic activities
... power production
... drinking water production
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 18
Integrated Water Resources Management
18
Ecology
Integrated water resources
management
Sociology
Economy
Protection of the water
Water qualityChemical, biological
morphological, properties
Protection against water
Flood and drought management
Optimal use of the water
Domestic and industrial water supply
Irrigation
Energy production
Navigation
Recreation
Tourism
Environmentally Sound Management
of the Rhine River
The Rhine Action Programme
Salmon story a successful approach
History
1971
Occurrence of considerable pollution of the Rhine by oxygen depleting substances
No fish life in downstream areas
Construction for shipping, hydroelectric power plants and flood protection measures have considerably modified the habitat
Loss of important structural elements (gravel banks)
090625_Ecology and restoration in integrated basin management
20
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 21
History
1971-92
Improvement in the water quality by new waste water treatment plants (60 billion of US $ spent for this purpose)
Oxygen content has not sunk below the mean value of 9.6 (fish require at least 4mg/I)
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 22
Reductions of point source input of substances
The reduction target set for 1995, namely 50 per cent less had been reached for almost all substances of the priority list
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 23
History
1986
Accidential spill of toxious substancesIt is not enough to reduce the chronic pollution
It is not enough to eliminate or limit damage
It is important to go beyond, to elaborate a comprehensive restoration program
1987Adoption of the Rhine Action Programme
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 24
Environmentally Sound Management
Results
• Micro-pollutants
• Contamination of fish
• Mitigating effects of climate change
New Topics
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 27
Rhine Alarm Model
A tool for the description and management of pollutant transport
First Phase (50ties - 70ties twentieth-century)•Building trust and mutual understanding •Convincing society of the danger of continuous increasing water pollution
Turning Point: Sandoz Accident
•From short term detailed technical discussion to long term ambitious goal setting•Integration of all relevant policy fields
For the future•How correct the impact of missing environmental management of the past•How to take account of uncertainties regarding the socioeconomic evolution and the impact of climate change
Challenges
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 29
Flood Protection
Extreme flood events1993 and 1995
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 30
Integrated Flood Risk Management
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 31
Flood Protection Strategy
Rhine Action Plan Floods
The four action targets of the Rhine Action Plan Floods 1995-2005
Reduce damage risks
Reduce extreme flood stages
Increase awareness of flooding
Improve the flood forecasting system
1st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 328-9 May 2014
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 33
Flood Forecast and Warning Systems
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 34
Determination of the Impacts on Water Resources Caused by Global Change
Monitoring
Analysis
Determination of anthropogenic impacts
Modelling
→ Long term time series
→ Process understandingLong-term changes
→ System changes
→ ScenariosExtrapolation/estimation of future developments
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 35
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
8-9 May 20141st Rhine-Mekong Symposium “Climate change and its influence on water and related sectors” Slide 36
Transboundary Cooperation Cooperation requires patience, persistence and realism. It requires linking
water reforms to broader political and economic reforms.ICPR 1950 – 2014, Central Commission for Navigation 1815 - 2014
Both the Sandoz fire in 1986 and the floods of 1993 and 1995 were triggers for fundamental changes in policy
•always try to find a positive approach, even when catastrophic events have occurred
•start with building common denominators, not with identifying disagreements
Agreements should be developed bottom-up and with involvement of all stakeholders. This does increase ownership and acceptance.
Lessons Learnt