Introduction to the Integrative Management of Plant ...cf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/millern/upload/2014 IPM Nematode Lab.pdf · Introduction to the Integrative Management of Plant-parasitic

Introduction to the Integrative

Management of Plant-parasitic

Nematodes

Amy Peetz

Zasada Lab

USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit

Corvallis, Oregon

Nematode Facts

• Roundworms

• Aquatic

• Most abundant multicellular organism on the planet - > 80,000

described species

• Vary from 82 µm

(.003 inches) to 8 m (26 ft) in size

• Occupy many ecological niches

Major Groups of Nematodes

Plant-parasitic

Nematodes

10%

Animal

Nematodes

15%

Free-living

Nematodes

25%

Marine

Nematodes

50% e.cleansing.com

Management of plant-parasitic nematodes

Bio-cultural management: - crop rotation/non-host covers

- antagonistic cover crops

- biofumigation (gm, vfa’s)

- solarization

- biocontrol agents

- organic nematicides

Chemical - fumigation

- postplant nematicides

Cultural management:

soil health / suppressiveness

enhancement?

minimize population buildup,

enhance crop resilience

water & nutrient management

Genetic resistance/tolerance

Limited utility

for perennials

“When using management practices

other than soil fumigation, growers

will need a basic knowledge of

nematode biology (host range, life

cycle, survival strategies) and access

to resources such as nematode

identification services” Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2010. 48:311–28

Presentation Outline

1. Plant Parasitic Nematodes i. Economic impact

ii. Parasitism

2. The Big Three in the Pacific Northwest

i. Meloidogyne hapla (root knot nematode)

ii. Pratylenchus penetrans (root lesion nematode)

iii. Xiphinema americanum complex (dagger nematode)

3. Overview of old and new nematode management practices

4. Integrated nematode management scenarios

a. Dagger nematode in grape

b. Root-knot nematode in vegetables

c. Ring nematode in tree fruits

3. Conclusions

Economic Impact?

Crop % Loss $ Loss

Banana 19.7 178 Million

Citrus 14.2 4 Billion

Cotton 10.7 2 Billion

Coffee 15.0 2 Billion

Potato 12.2 16 Billion

Rice 6.9 588 Million

Soybean 10.6 2 Billion

$100 BILLION/year worldwide loss, 8 BILLION/year in the

USA!

How Plant-parasitic Nematodes

Cause Plant Damage

• Direct damage

• Removal of host tissue

• Alter host physiology

• Allow 2 infection by another organism

• Transmit other pathogens

• Interact with other pathogens – synergistic

• Increase susceptibility of host to environmental stress

How Do Plant-parasitic Nematodes

Feed?

All plant-parasitic nematodes

have a protrusible spear

Stylet

How Plant-parasitic Nematodes

Cause Plant Damage

• Direct damage

• Allow 2 infection by another organism

• Transmit other pathogens

• Interact with other pathogens – synergistic

• Removal of host tissue

• Alter host physiology

• Increase susceptibility of host to environmental stress

Agriculturally Important Nematodes in

the Pacific Northwest

• Meloidogyne hapla

• Pratylenchus penetrans

• Xiphinema americanum

species complex

Meloidogyne spp. (Root-knot) # 1 nematode pest, 1000’s of known hosts!!

BIG 4

Meloidogyne incognita (cotton)

Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut)

Meloidogyne javanica (southern)

Meloidogyne hapla (northern)

Sedentary, endoparasite

Life Cycle

J2 is infective stage

J2 penetrate root tip

Female and egg mass

Overwinter as

eggs or J2

Plant Response

Develop a specialized feeding-site within

the host root (giant cell)

Root-knot nematode

female

Feeding-site

Damage

Most common

nematode pest of turf

http://www.usga.org

http://southeastfarmpress.com www.agric.wa.gov.au

Strategies for Control

Prevention: Do not move nematode

Resistance: Mi gene

Cultural: Soil solarization

Biological: Antagonistic fungi and bacteria

Pratylenchus spp. (Root Lesion Nematode)

Migratory, endoparasite

No distinct infective or survival stage

http://www.apsnet.org

http://www.ipm.iastate.edu

Distributed worldwide Host independent life cycle

Most species have wide host ranges

Damage - Raspberry

Control Monitoring: Determine if and where a problem

exists

Cultural: Non-host rotation and cover crops

Chemical: Nematicides

Xiphinema (Dagger nematode) Migratory endoparasite

Host independent life cycle

Damage

• Feeding produces knobby, stunted roots

• May transmit or vector Nepovirus species

NePo-

Nematode vectored

Polyhedral

Tobacco Ringspot

Virus Damage

Grape Fanleaf Virus Damage

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance

• Biological control

• Cultural controls

– Rotation to nonhosts

– Cover crops

– fallow

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance




– Cover crops

– fallow

H. Ferris

• Only certified material free of nematodes should be planted

• Applies to all plant-parasitic nematodes

• Selection of planting material should be based upon knowledge

of nematodes present at the site (pre-plant nematode sampling)

Prevention – Certified Clean Planting

Material

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance




– Cover crops

– fallow

H. Ferris

• Methyl bromide – EPA phaseout

• Common soil fumigants

• 1,3-Dicholoropropone – discontinued in Canada

• 1,3-D is the 6th most abundantly used pesticide in the U.S.

• Metam sodium

• Metam potassium

• Chloropicrin

“This fact is still made quite clear from a review of recent

field research trials conducted in Florida that shows that no

single, equivalent replacement (chemical or nonchemical)

currently exists that exactly matches the broad spectrum

efficacy of methyl bromide.” – J. Noling

Chemical:

Pre-plant Soil Fumigation-Narrowing Options

Fumigant Molecular

weight

Density

at 20 °C

Boiling

point

Vapor

pressure at 20

°C

Solubility in

water at 20

°C

g mol-1 g ml-1 °C mm Hg % w/w

Methyl

bromide

95 3.97 4 1420 1.34

Chloropicin 164 1.66 112 18 0.20

1,3-D 111 1.21 104 34 0.22

Metam

sodium

73 1.21 119 21 0.76

Courtesy Husein Ajwa

Fumigant Properties

Nema-Q (extract of Quilaja saponaria) BWE1000 (extract of Jugulans spp.) Promax (thyme oil) Neem products

Lannate (methomyl) Vydate (oxamyl) Cordon/Inline (1,3-dichloropropene) Enzone (Na tetrathiocarbonate) Abemectin

Plant-derived products

Plant growth products

“Traditional” nematicides

Root Power Bioforge Stimulate Plus

“Soft” chemistries

Multiguard (furfural) MCW2 (fluoroalkenyl) Movento (spirotetramat)

Fungal-derived products DiTera (M. verrucaria) Melocon (P. lilacinus)

Chemical: Post-plant Nematicides

Nematicide 7 Days 14 Days

Fosthiazate* 10 d 9 d

Nemacur* 43 c 88 abc

Vydate* 52 bc 68 bc

MCW2 67 abc 111 abc

Multiguard 130 a 128 ab

Nema-Q (5,000 PPM) 82 abc 107 abc

Nema-Q (10,000 PPM) 72 abc 57 c

Root Feed 104 ab 132 abc

BWE 1000 108 abc 124 ab

Cordon* (300 PPM) 110 a 101 abc

Cordon* (600 PPM) 56 bc 24 cd

Lannate* 120 ab 84 bc

Root Power 105 ab 130 ab

Control 119 a 168 a

Means are the average of 16 observations. P < 0.05

Photo by J. Gigot

No. Pratylenchus penetrans Recovered

Post-plant Nematicide Evaluations

Walters et al., HortTechnology. 2009. 19(4)

*Hard chemistry only treatment to produce

significantly different results from the non

treated control.

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance




– Cover crops

– fallow

Genotype

M.

inco

gn

ita

M.

java

nic

a

M.

ch

itw

oo

di

M.

ha

pla

Xip

hin

em

a

ind

ex

Xip

hin

em

a

am

eria

ca

nu

m

Me

so

crico

nem

a

xe

no

pla

x

Pra

tyle

nch

us

vu

lnu

s

101-14Mgt R S S MR

1103Paulsen S S MS

110Richter R S S S

140Ruggeri S S S

1613Couderc R R S MR S S MS

3309Couderc S S R MS S S S

420A S R MS

Dog Ridge R R R S MR S

Freedom R R S? R R MS MS MS

Harmony R R S R MS S S S

Ramsey R R S? R MR S S MS

Riparia Gloire R R S MR Courtesy

Howard Ferris

Planting Material – Example: Grape Rootstocks

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance




– Cover crops

– fallow

H. Ferris

Biocontrol

• The use of fungi, bacteria, viruses, other nematodes, to manage

nematodes. The are many examples of biocontrol of nematodes,

however, very few work in the field.

Bacterium - endospore forming Pasteuria penetrans

Fungus - adhesive rings by Arthrobotrys spp.

Management

• Monitoring

• Prevention

• Chemical

• Resistance



– Rotation to non hosts

– Cover crops

– Fallow

• Cover crops

• Amendments

• Biofumigation

• Non-host rotations

• Soil solarization


Marigolds Sudangrass

Small grains Mustards

Cultural Control

25%

15%

10%

50% = 100%

Integrated Management Scenarios

25%

15%

10%

50% = 85%

Integrated Management Scenarios

Integrated Management – Scenario 1

Xiphinema americanum (Dagger Nematode)

- Grape

Fallow/Tillage

Cover

Crop

Fumigation

Resistance

Cover

Crop

Fumigation

Resistance

K-strategist • Long lived

• Low repropuction rate

• Low motility

Fallow/Tillage



- Grape

Fallow/Tillage

Cover

Crop

Fumigation

Resistance

K-strategist

Brassica cover

crops

- Biofumigation

- Good weed

control essential



- Grape

Fallow/Tillage

Cover

Crop

Fumigation

Resistance

K-strategist

Brassica cover

crops

- biofumigation

- Good weed

control essential



- Grape

Fallow/Tillage

Cover

Crop

Fumigation

Resistance

K-strategist

Brassica cover

crops

- biofumigation

- Good weed

control essential

Few (no) breeding

programs actively

looking for

resistance to X.

americanum

Integrated Management – Scenario 1 Xiphinema americanum (Dagger Nematode)

- Grape

Meloidogyne hapla (Northern Root-knot Nematode)

- Veggies

Seed Treatment

Resistance Cover crop

Grafting


Seed Treatment

Resistance Cover crop

Grafting

Wide host

range including

weeds

http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Nemabase2010/NematodeHostRangeQuery.aspx



- Veggies

Seed Treatment

Cover crop

Grafting

Resistance Be aware of the

species of root-

knot nematode

present



- Veggies

Cover crop

Grafting

Resistance Be aware of the

species of root-

knot nematode

present

Seed Treatment

Bayer Cropscience



- Veggies

Cover crop

Grafting

Resistance

Be aware of the

species of root-

knot nematode

present

Seed Treatment

Bayer Cropscience

Javelinseeds.com

Integrated Management – Scenario 2 Meloidogyne hapla (Northern Root-knot Nematode)

- Veggies

Mesocriconema (Ring Nematode)

– Tree Fruits

Resistance

Fumigation Orchard management

Cover

Crop


Resistance

Fumigation

Narrow host

range, mostly

woody

perennials

Orchard management

Cover

Crop



– Tree Fruits

Resistance

Narrow host

range, mostly

woody

perennials

Fumigation Orchard management

Cover

Crop



– Tree Fruits

Cover crop Narrow host

range, mostly

woody

perennials

Fumigation

Resistance

Partial

tolerance in

Lovell

rootstock

Orchard management

Integrated Management – Scenario 3 Mesocriconema (Ring Nematode)

– Tree Fruits

Narrow host

range, mostly

woody

perennials

Fumigation

Resistance

Minimize

nematode

impact by not

stressing trees

Orchard management

Cover

Crop



– Tree Fruits

Conclusions

• Nematode management in the future will require more

information about nematode biology

• No “one size fits all” nematode management option exists

• Multiple nematode species may occur in a field –

balancing act

• Combination of management practices will be required

Questions?

Kathy Merrifield

Documents

Introduction to the Integrative Management of Plant ...cf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/millern/upload/2014 IPM Nematode Lab.pdf · Introduction to the Integrative Management of Plant-parasitic