Introduction to Introduction to

The al-Qur’anThe al-Qur’an

Madah Ta’limMadah Ta’lim

Agus SyihabudinAgus Syihabudin

( The Main Sources Of Islam )( The Main Sources Of Islam )

BeliefBelief

True piety is this: to believe in God, True piety is this: to believe in God, and the Last Day, the angels, the and the Last Day, the angels, the BookBook, and the Prophets, to give of , and the Prophets, to give of one’s substance, however cherished, one’s substance, however cherished, to kinsmen, and orphans, the needy, to kinsmen, and orphans, the needy, the traveler, beggars, and to ransom the traveler, beggars, and to ransom the slave, to perform the prayer, to the slave, to perform the prayer, to pay the alms.pay the alms.

((Surat al-BaqaraSurat al-Baqara, , 177) 177)

Linguistic MeaningLinguistic Meaning

Quran root word is Quran root word is QARA’AQARA’A meaning meaning read or recite. Hence, Quran means read or recite. Hence, Quran means “the reading” or the “recitation”“the reading” or the “recitation”

And (it is) a Quran which We have divided And (it is) a Quran which We have divided (into parts), in order that you might recite it (into parts), in order that you might recite it to men at intervals to men at intervals 17:10617:106

Islamic MeaningIslamic Meaning

The Quran is the Arabic Speech of Allah, The Quran is the Arabic Speech of Allah, which He revealed to Prophet which He revealed to Prophet Muhammad in wording and meaning, Muhammad in wording and meaning, and has been preserved in the mushafs, and has been preserved in the mushafs, and has reached us by mutawaatir and has reached us by mutawaatir transmission, and is a challenge to transmission, and is a challenge to mankind to produce something similar mankind to produce something similar to it.to it.

Names of the QuranNames of the Quran

QuranQuran (recitation) mentioned 73 times (recitation) mentioned 73 times 17:8817:88

Kitab Kitab (book) mentioned 77 times (2:1-2)(book) mentioned 77 times (2:1-2)

Furqan Furqan (Criterion) 4 times(Criterion) 4 times Dhikr Dhikr (Reminder) mentioned 55 times(Reminder) mentioned 55 times

Tanzeel Tanzeel (Revelation) over 140 times(Revelation) over 140 times

The Beginning of RevelationThe Beginning of Revelation

Proclaim! (or Read!) Proclaim! (or Read!) In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful -Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful -He who taught (the use of) the pen He who taught (the use of) the pen Taught man that which he knew not.Taught man that which he knew not.

((Surat al-‘AlaqSurat al-‘Alaq, 1-5), 1-5)

The The unmediated unmediated word of Godword of God

revealed over 22 years (22 y, 2 m and 22 d)revealed over 22 years (22 y, 2 m and 22 d) Not arranged in the order in which it was revealedNot arranged in the order in which it was revealed Traditionally thought to have been collected under Traditionally thought to have been collected under

‘Uthman (d. 656), third caliph‘Uthman (d. 656), third caliph Today’s text based on the 1925 Egyptian editionToday’s text based on the 1925 Egyptian edition

114 114 chapterschapters

6207 verses6207 verses

77,934 77,934 wordswords

323,671 323,671 lettersletters

Compilation of the QuranCompilation of the Quran

11stst compilation by Abu Bakr in 12 AH compilation by Abu Bakr in 12 AH after the Battle of Yamaamahafter the Battle of Yamaamah

22ndnd compilation by Uthman 24-25 AH compilation by Uthman 24-25 AH

The Oldest Quranic ManuscriptsThe Oldest Quranic Manuscripts

Content of the al-Content of the al-Qur’anQur’an

Main themes:Main themes: Creed or matters of Belief Creed or matters of Belief

(Aqeedah)(Aqeedah) Stories and HistoryStories and History LawsLaws

Legal material of the Quran is Legal material of the Quran is contained in about 500 Ayatscontained in about 500 Ayats

Larger part of the Quran was Larger part of the Quran was revealed in Mecca revealed in Mecca

- mostly deal with beliefs, - mostly deal with beliefs, disputation with unbelievers and disputation with unbelievers and their invitation to Islamtheir invitation to Islam

Madinan surahs deal with legal rules Madinan surahs deal with legal rules regarding family, society, politics, regarding family, society, politics, economics, etc. economics, etc.

Meccan-Madinan Meccan-Madinan Phases Phases

Inimitability Of the QuranInimitability Of the Quran

The Quran is considered the Greatest The Quran is considered the Greatest miraclesmiracles

And if you are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down to Our slave, then produce a chapter of the like thereof and call your witnesses (supporters and helpers)

besides Allah, if you are truthful.

Five verses: 2:23-24,10:38,11:13,17:88Five verses: 2:23-24,10:38,11:13,17:88

52:33-3452:33-34

7 BUKTI KEMUKJIZATAN AL QUR’AN7 BUKTI KEMUKJIZATAN AL QUR’AN

1. Bahasa Arab yang indah dan menakjubkan

2. Menceritakan sejarah dan menggambarakan prediksi kehidupan secara akurat

3. Isyarat IPTEK yang sejalan dengan penemuan mutakhir

4. Membawa ajaran kehidupan yang benar, adil dan menjamin kedamaian hidup

5. Diturunkan kepada seorang Nabi yang Ummi

6. Proses penurunan dalam skala waktu lama yang menjamin mudah terdeteksinya kepalsuan jika ia bikinan manusia

7. Mendapatkan garansi pemeliharaan Allah SWT

QURAN & SCIENCEQURAN & SCIENCE

HUMAN EMBRYO, FLIES, ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO, FLIES, ORIGIN OF THE

UNIVERSE, EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, ON IRON, SENSORY UNIVERSE, ON IRON, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKIN, ON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKIN, ON BOTANY, THE CONSTITUENTS AND BOTANY, THE CONSTITUENTS AND PRODUCE OF MILK, ABOUT THE PRODUCE OF MILK, ABOUT THE CLOUDS, THE RIVERS, THE FUNCTION CLOUDS, THE RIVERS, THE FUNCTION OF THE FOREPART OF THE HEADOF THE FOREPART OF THE HEAD

See http://www.islam-guide.com/ & See http://www.islam-guide.com/ & http://www.quranandscience.com/miraclehttp://www.quranandscience.com/miracles.htmls.html

PERBEDAAN QUR’AN DAN QANUNPERBEDAAN QUR’AN DAN QANUN

1. Suatu hukum mewarisi karakteristik pembuatnya- Karakter manusia itu lemah (tidak sempurna)- Klaim kekelanan Qanun bertentangan dengan

fitrah si pembuatnya2. Suatu hukum dibuat berdasarkan

kebutuhan- Kebutuhan manusia bersifat dinamis (berubah)- Qanun harus berubah seiring dengan dinamika

3. Suatu hukum dibuat untuk mengatur hidup supaya tertib- Kalau hidup sudah tertib, tidak perlu hukum

ASAS PEMBENTUKAN HUKUMASAS PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM

1. TAQLIL AL TAKALIF (QS. 7:157)2. ‘ADAM AL HARJ- Menggugurkan suatu kewajiban- Mengurangkan- Mendahulukan- Membelakangkan- Mengganti- Mengubah Cara‘- Rukhshah3. AL TADARRUJ FI AL TASYRI;

A Gradual RevelationA Gradual Revelation

Wisdom behind gradual revelationWisdom behind gradual revelation

1. 1. To To sstrengthen resolve 25:32trengthen resolve 25:32

2. To simplify memorization and understanding2. To simplify memorization and understanding

3.) To prove the truthfulness of the Prophet 3.) To prove the truthfulness of the Prophet

25:3325:33

4.) To prove the miraculous nature of the Quran 4.) To prove the miraculous nature of the Quran

4:824:82

5.) To reveal the laws of Islam5.) To reveal the laws of Islam

PreservationPreservation ofof thethe QuranQuran

Aُه?  Dا َل Fَّن َرA َوAِإ Jَلِّذ Aا َن DَّزA ُن? َّن A Dا َّن Fَّن ۥِإ ۡك� ٱ ۡك� Aُه?  ۡك� Dا َل Fَّن َرA َوAِإ Jَلِّذ Aا َن DَّزA ُن? َّن A Dا َّن Fَّن ۥِإ ۡك� ٱ ۡك� ۡك�Aُظ?وَنFِفS ٰـ AَحA SِفFُظ?وَنAَل ٰـ AَحA َل

“ “Verily, We have revealed the Verily, We have revealed the Reminder, and verily We shall Reminder, and verily We shall preserve it.” (15:9)preserve it.” (15:9)

Compilation of QuranCompilation of Quran

Why wasn’t it compiled during the life of the Why wasn’t it compiled during the life of the Prophet? Prophet?

The Quran was written down in totality but The Quran was written down in totality but the Prophet didn’t order that it be compiled the Prophet didn’t order that it be compiled between two coversbetween two covers

No pressing needNo pressing need Quran continued to be revealed…last verse Quran continued to be revealed…last verse

nine days before deathnine days before death Quran not in chronological orderQuran not in chronological order

MemorizationMemorization of Quranof Quran

And We have indeed made the Quran And We have indeed made the Quran easy to understand and remember, easy to understand and remember, then is there any one who will then is there any one who will remember (or receive admonition)? remember (or receive admonition)? (54:17)(54:17)

““It will be said to the companion of the Quran: It will be said to the companion of the Quran: Recite and rise in status, recite as you used Recite and rise in status, recite as you used to recite in the world, for your status will be at to recite in the world, for your status will be at the last verse that you recite.” (Abu Dawood)the last verse that you recite.” (Abu Dawood)

MemorizationMemorization ofof QuranQuran

The Prophet said: “Learn the Quran, The Prophet said: “Learn the Quran, preserve it, and recite it in a preserve it, and recite it in a beautiful, musical manner, because beautiful, musical manner, because it is swifter in escaping (from your it is swifter in escaping (from your memory) than the camels are from memory) than the camels are from their hobbles. [their hobbles. [Musnad AhmadMusnad Ahmad] ]

Asbab al-NuzulAsbab al-Nuzul(Occasion of Revelation)(Occasion of Revelation)

Asbab al-NuzulAsbab al-Nuzul or events which are or events which are related to revelation of the Ayatsrelated to revelation of the Ayats

HukmHukm (law) is not limited to the (law) is not limited to the events or circumstances. events or circumstances.

Asbab al-NuzulAsbab al-Nuzul helps to understand helps to understand the Quran and its law. the Quran and its law.

Sciences of the QuranSciences of the Quran

To understand the circumstances in which To understand the circumstances in which a verse was revealeda verse was revealed

To apply verses in a proper mannerTo apply verses in a proper manner To know the person who caused the To know the person who caused the

revelationrevelation

Benefit of Knowing Occasion of Benefit of Knowing Occasion of RevelationRevelation

Sciences of the quranSciences of the quran

Abrogation (al Naskh)Abrogation (al Naskh)

And when We change a Verse in place And when We change a Verse in place of another, and Allah knows best what of another, and Allah knows best what He sends down, they (the disbelievers) He sends down, they (the disbelievers) say: "You are but a forger/ liar)." 16:101say: "You are but a forger/ liar)." 16:101

Example: Ruling on AlcoholExample: Ruling on Alcohol

2:219 (harmful), don’t pray drunk (4:43), 2:219 (harmful), don’t pray drunk (4:43), prohibited (5:90)prohibited (5:90)

Sciences of the quranSciences of the quran

Abrogation (al-Naskh)Abrogation (al-Naskh)

Benefits of this knowledgeBenefits of this knowledge Understand and implement Quran properlyUnderstand and implement Quran properly Knowledge of gradual revelation of shariahKnowledge of gradual revelation of shariah Defense of Quran and Sunnah Defense of Quran and Sunnah

Sciences of the quranSciences of the quran

Sciences of the quranSciences of the quran

RecitationRecitationTajweed: Tajweed: Science of the recitation of the Science of the recitation of the

QuranQuran Ten different recitation of the QuranTen different recitation of the QuranYoung boyYoung boy

IndonesianIndonesian

American American

Kuwaiti Kuwaiti

SaudiSaudi

EgyptianEgyptian

Sciences of the quranSciences of the quran

““The process of understanding The process of understanding Qur’anic texts.”Qur’anic texts.”

1)1) Tafsir bil ma’tsur – based on reports Tafsir bil ma’tsur – based on reports deriving from the Qur’an, the deriving from the Qur’an, the Prophet, the Companions Prophet, the Companions

2)2) Tafsir bir ra’yi – based on Tafsir bir ra’yi – based on ijtihad ijtihad (reasoning) (reasoning)

Hermeneutics discourse of Hermeneutics discourse of contemporary exegetes: The Qur’an is contemporary exegetes: The Qur’an is not to be treated as a ‘dead’ text, but not to be treated as a ‘dead’ text, but

as a living text with spirit for as a living text with spirit for transformationtransformation..

Exegeses (al-Tafsir)

Virtue of the QuranVirtue of the Quran

““The best of you is he who learns The best of you is he who learns the Quran and teaches it to others”the Quran and teaches it to others” (Bukhari)(Bukhari)

“ “I have certainly left among you two I have certainly left among you two matters, that if you adhere to them, matters, that if you adhere to them, you will never be misguided: the you will never be misguided: the book of Allah and the Sunnah of His book of Allah and the Sunnah of His prophet”prophet” (Malik) (Malik)

Virtue of QuranVirtue of Quran

And if there had been a Quran with which And if there had been a Quran with which mountains could be moved (from their mountains could be moved (from their places), or the earth could be cloven asunder, places), or the earth could be cloven asunder, or the dead could be made to speak (it would or the dead could be made to speak (it would not have been other than this Quran). But the not have been other than this Quran). But the decision of all things is certainly with Allah. decision of all things is certainly with Allah. Have not then those who believed yet known Have not then those who believed yet known that had Allah willed, He could have guided that had Allah willed, He could have guided all mankind? 13:31all mankind? 13:31

The neglect of the QuranThe neglect of the Quran

Furqan: 30Furqan: 30 Avoiding listening to its recitation, beliving in it Avoiding listening to its recitation, beliving in it

or paying attention to itor paying attention to it Avoiding acting by and respecting what the Avoiding acting by and respecting what the

Quran states as halal and HaramQuran states as halal and Haram Avoiding accepting the Quran as an arbiterAvoiding accepting the Quran as an arbiter Avoiding pondering over itAvoiding pondering over it Avoiding using it as a cure for the diseases of Avoiding using it as a cure for the diseases of

the heartthe heart

Reaction to the QuranReaction to the Quran

Embraced IslamEmbraced Islam

Listening to it secretly Listening to it secretly themselvesthemselves

Claimed it was magic Claimed it was magic (Story(Story of of Waleed p.269)Waleed p.269)

Normative Basis of Shariah:Normative Basis of Shariah:Maqashid Shariah (Overall Goal) – Imam Maqashid Shariah (Overall Goal) – Imam

ShatibyShatiby

Basic human rights in Islam – Basic human rights in Islam – Al Kulliyatul Al Kulliyatul KhomsKhoms

Right for protection of one’s faithRight for protection of one’s faith Right for protection of one’s lifeRight for protection of one’s life Right for freedom of thoughtsRight for freedom of thoughts Right for protection of one’s propertyRight for protection of one’s property Right for protection of progenyRight for protection of progeny

‘‘God loves to see that His concessions are taken God loves to see that His concessions are taken advantage of, just as He hates to see the advantage of, just as He hates to see the commission of a sin.’ commission of a sin.’ (Hadith)(Hadith)

‘‘Fulfill your duties to the extent of your ability.’Fulfill your duties to the extent of your ability.’ (Hadith)(Hadith)