Upload
joanna-leonard
View
236
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2
Temperature and Scale
• What is temperature ?• The first thermometer • Types of scale• Classification of thermometer• International Temperature Scale
Bangladesh BEST Programme
3
What is temperature ?
• Ruler for the cool and hot ?– Motivation of the thermometer development
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Temperature means the level of thermal energy.
• Driving force for the heat flow
A B C
Thermal equilibrium
Bangladesh BEST Programme
4
The first thermometer
• In 1594, G. Galileo– A type of gas thermometer– Volume change with temperature
Bangladesh BEST Programme
5
The First Glass Thermometer– In 1654, Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Bangladesh BEST Programme
6
• The first mercury thermometer– In 1706, Netherlands, Fahrenheit
• The first platinum resistance thermometer– In late 19th century, Callendar
• The first commercial thermocouple– In 1885, Le Chatelier, Type S
Bangladesh BEST Programme
History of Thermometry
7
Types of Scale
Fahrenheit (oF)– In 1706, Netherlands, Fahrenheit
• In Europe, coldest day : 0 oF (= - 17.8 oC)• Hottest day : 100 oF (= 37.8 oC)• 0 oC = 32 oF• 100 oC = 212 oF
oF = 9/5 oC + 32
Bangladesh BEST Programme
8
• degree Celsius (oC)– In 1742, Sweden - A. Celsius
• Ice point : 0 oC• Water boiling point : 100 oC • Divided into 100 parts
– Currently used together with international unit
Bangladesh BEST Programme
Defining Temperature Scale
9
Absolute temperature - K ( thermodynamic temperature)
In 1848, Lord KelvinThe second law of thermodynamics and Carnot heat
engine
K = oC + 273.15 International unit of temperature scale
16.273
waterofpoint TripleK 1
Bangladesh BEST Programme
10
• History of International Temperature Scale
1927, The International Temperature Scale of 1927 (ITS-27)
1948, The ITS-481960, Amended edition of the ITS-481968, The International Practical Temperature Scale of
1968 (IPTS-68)1976, Amended edition of the IPTS-681990, The ITS-90
Bangladesh BEST Programme
12
• Triple Point of Water– Distilled water– De-ionized water– Air-free state– Water + Vapor +
Ice– Reference of
scale
Bangladesh BEST Programme
15
Number Substances StateDefining temperature
K oC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
He
e-H2
e-H2 (He)
e-H2 (He)
Ne
O2
Ar
Hg
H20
V
T
V(G)
V(G)
T
T
T
T
T
3 to 5
13.8033
~17
~20.3
24.5561
54.3584
83.8058
234.3156
273.16
-259.3467
-248.5939
-218.7916
-189.3442
-38.8344
0.01
Fixed-points Below 273.16 K Bangladesh BEST Programme
16
Number Substances StateDefining temperature
K oC
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
H20
Ga
In
Sn
Zn
Al
Ag
Au
Cu
T
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
273.16
302.9146
429.7485
505.078
692.677
933.473
1234.93
1337.33
1357.77
0.01
29.7646
156.5985
231.928
419.527
660.323
961.78
1064.18
1084.62
Fixed-points Above 273.16 K
Bangladesh BEST Programme
17
Defining Fixed Points of ITS -90 Bangladesh BEST Programme
Material Equilibrium State Temperature (K) Temperature (°C )
Hydrogen Triple point 13.8033 -259.3467
Hydrogen (or He) Vapour pressure 20.3 -252.85
Neon Triple point 24.5561 -248.5939
Oxygen Triple point 54.3584 -218.7916
Argon Triple point 83.8058 -189.3442
Mercury (Hg) Triple point 234.3156 -38.8344
Water (H2O) Triple point 273.16 0.01
Gallium (Ga) Melting point 302.9146 29.7646
Indium (In) Freezing point 429.7485 156.5985
Tin (Sn) Freezing point 505.078 231.928
Zinc (Zn) Freezing point 692.677 419.527
Aluminum (Al) Freezing point 933.473 660.323
Silver (Ag) Freezing point 1234.93 961.78
Gold (Au) Freezing point 1337.33 1064.18
Copper (Cu) Freezing point 1357.77 1084.62
18
Different Types of Thermometers
Thermocouple thermometers Resistance thermometers Liquid-in-glass thermometers Bimetallic thermometers Radiation thermometers Optical pyrometers
Bangladesh BEST Programme
Thermoelectric theory(Seebeck effect)
• In 1821, T.J.Seebeck found
Hot Cold emf
A
B
Cold
A and B are two different metallic wires.
Bangladesh BEST Programme
Practical Usage
MeasuringInstrument
Measuring pointExtension wires
Reference junctions
Thermocouple wires
Bangladesh BEST Programme
Reference (cold ) Junction
• Accurate Measurements Ice Bath
• Modern TC Thermometers Compensation incorporated
• C J at a Constant Temp. Isothermal Block
Bangladesh BEST Programme
22
Types and Materials Type Materials Allowable environment Max.
operating temp. °C
T Copper/Copper-nickel alloy Oxidising, reducing, inert or vacuum 370
J Iron/copper-nickel alloy Oxidising, reducing, inert or vacuum 760
E Nickel-chromium ally/copper-nickel alloy
Oxidising or inert 870
K Nickel-chromium alloy/nickel aluminium alloy
Oxidising or inert 1260
N Nickel-chromium-silicon alloy /nickel silicon-magnesium alloy
Oxidising or inert 1260
R Platinum-13% rhodium alloy/paltinum
Oxidising or inert 1480
S Platinum-10% rhodium alloy/platinum
Oxidising or inert 1480
B Platinum-30% rhodium alloy/platinum- 6%rhodium
alloy
Oxidising or inert 1700
Bangladesh BEST Programme
23
Resistance Thermometers
Platinum Resistance Thermometers (PRT) Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRT) High Temperature Platinum Resistance Thermometers
(HTPRT)
Bangladesh BEST Programme
24
Resistance Thermometers
• PRT Pt-100 100 Ω at 0 °C Working Standard
• SPRT 25 Ω at 0 °C Reference Standard
• HTPRT 2.5 Ω at 0 °C Reference Standard
• Available in the Range - 200 °C to 1000 °C
Bangladesh BEST Programme
25
Principle of Operation
• Change in Temperature of a Resistive Element
Resistance Value Changed
Platinum Element
Bangladesh BEST Programme
26
Terminal Configuration Red White Red Red White
Pt -100/2 Pt – 100/3 Red Red White White
Pt- 100/4
Bangladesh BEST Programme
Resistance Thermometers
27n
Construction Thin Film PRT
Long stem SPRT Reference SPRT
PRT-100
Bangladesh BEST Programme
28
Liquid in Glass Thermometers
• Principle of Operation : Expansion of Liquid in a Glass Capillary Tube to Sense the Temperature
• Measuring Range : -20 °C to 600 °C
Bangladesh BEST Programme
29
Liquid in Glass Thermometers
Condition of Immersion Total Immersion Thermometers Partial Immersion Thermometers Complete Immersion Thermometers
Measuring Range : -20 °C to 600 °C
Bangladesh BEST Programme
31
Bimetallic Thermometers
Principle of Operation : Difference in the Thermal Expansion of Two Metals
Measuring Range : -100 °C to 540 °C
Accuracy : about 1% of reading
Bangladesh BEST Programme
33
Radiation Thermometers
• Principle of Operation : As the temperature of the object increases more energy is emitted at progressively shorter wavelengths
• Measuring Range : 600 °C to 3500 °C
• Detectors : Mostly Silicon or Germanium
Bangladesh BEST Programme
34
Relationship Between Wavelength of the Emitted Radiation and Spectral Radiance
Bangladesh BEST Programme
35
Optical Pyrometers
Disappearing filament type
Constant radiation disappearing filament type
Automatic optical type
Bangladesh BEST Programme