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Introduction to Soil & Water Introduction to Soil & Water ConservationConservation
NREM 461NREM 461NREM 461NREM 461Dr. Greg BrulandDr. Greg Bruland
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Historical BackgroundHistorical Background• China:
• Babylon:
• Incas:
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Human Population GrowthHuman Population Growth
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7
s)
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0
(bill
ions
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pula
tion
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1Pop
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000Year
•Requires 0.5 ha arable land to feed 1 person a diverse diet.
3•1.1 billion lack access to safe drinking water
(Pimentel 1995, Vorosmarty et al. 2006, CSM 2006)
Intertwined, Complex Nature of S & W Intertwined, Complex Nature of S & W ConservationConservationConservationConservation
• Can’t do one w/o the other• Must consider natural social economic political• Must consider natural, social, economic, political
dimensionsSoil Climate Topo.Climate Topo.
AgAg policy
Crop area
Crop pattern
Crop tech
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area pattern tech.
(Steiner 1996)
ErosionErosion
Geologic vs. Accelerated
“On a global scale the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs the world about $400 (US) billion per year or approximately $70 (US) per
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world about $400 (US) billion per year, or approximately $70 (US) per person per year.”
(Eswaran et al. 2001)
Water ErosionWater ErosionWater ErosionWater ErosionFactors related to water erosion:
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Photo courtesy of USDA NRCS.
http://serc carleton edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/soil erosion html
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http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/soil_erosion.html
Wind ErosionWind ErosionFactors related to wind erosion:
f S CS
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Photo courtesy of USDA NRCS.
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/soil_erosion.html
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Erosion ModelsErosion Models• Water: USLE, MUSLE, RUSLE, EPIC,
AGNPS, WEPPAGNPS, WEPP• Wind: WEQ, RWEQ, WEPS
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Effects of Feral Pigs on Erosion in MEffects of Feral Pigs on Erosion in Māānoa Valleynoa Valley
(Diong 1982, Katahira et al. 1993, Nogueira et al. 2007)
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Feral Pig Rooting & Browsing BehaviorFeral Pig Rooting & Browsing Behavior
(A d(Ander-son et al. 2007)2007)
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13(Dunkell & Bruland, Unpublished Data)
Soil Taxonomy, Survey, & LUCCSoil Taxonomy, Survey, & LUCC
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VIIIe
Land seLand seLand use Land use Capability Capability
VIIe
p yp yClasses Classes (LUCC )(LUCC )
VIe
(LUCCs)(LUCCs) IIIe VIIe
VIIIe
IIw15VIe
IIw
Cropping SystemsCropping Systems
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Tillage & Conservation TillageTillage & Conservation Tillage
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Conservation Conservation StructuresStructuresStructuresStructures
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Drainage & IrrigationDrainage & Irrigation
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Water ConservationWater Conservation
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Water Quality: SedimentWater Quality: SedimentSources:
Effects:
↑ t bidit l d t ↓ li ht t ti•↑ turbidity leads to ↓ light penetration, reducing PSN by SAV, coral (Rodgers 1979, Goldberg 1995)
•Silts in streams, estuaries, lagoons, harbors (Gray & Leiser 1989)
Water Quality: NutrientsWater Quality: NutrientsSSources:
Effects: increased N and P loading lead to:
(1) phytoplankton, toxic algal blooms,(1) phytoplankton, toxic algal blooms, eutrophication, (2) hypoxia & anoxia, (3) fish kills, (4) degradation of seagrass habitat, (5) disruption of food webs (Carpenter et al. 1998, p (Howarth 2004)
fPhotos courtesy of United Nations Environment Programme
Water Quality: Chemicals & MetalsWater Quality: Chemicals & MetalsSources:
Effects:
•Low conc. (ppb) of herbicides suppress (pp ) ppphotosynthesis in seagrasses, corals (Jones et al. 2003)
Photo courtesy of USDA NRCS.
Water Allocation & PolicyWater Allocation & PolicyWater Allocation & PolicyWater Allocation & Policy
Justinian CodeInterstate Compacts
24Code of Hammurabi
Soil & Water Conservation Soil & Water Conservation O i iO i iOrganizationsOrganizations
• US: SCS/NRCS S&W ConservationUS: SCS/NRCS, S&W Conservation Districts,
• World: UN Food & Agriculture• World: UN Food & Agriculture OrganizationE l• Examples
• NGOs:
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Current Issues in S&W ConservationCurrent Issues in S&W Conservation• Water Conflicts• Integrated Watershed Managementg g• Total Maximum Daily Loads• Composting & Green Roofsp g
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