Introduction to Renewable Energy

Technologies

CTCN Webinar

Ujjwal Bhattacharjee, PhD

Shirish Garud

• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism

• Consortium of organizations from all regions

• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the

development and deployment of technologies in developing countries

• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill

needed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for adapting to

climate change effects

• Core services include:

o Technical assistance to developing countries

o Knowledge platform on climate technologies

o Support to collaboration and partnerships

The Climate Technology Centre and Network

An introduction to climate technologies…

CTCN Webinar Series

Cities

Ecosystem based technologies

Coastal management

BuildingEnergy

Water

Agriculture

Forestry

Industry

Disaster and early warning

Transport

WastePoverty

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Interaction

Training Objective

Participants will gain insights on the following:

• Why renewable energy (RE) is important in mitigating

climate change impacts

• Importance of RE resource assessment

• Policies to promote RE

• What are different barriers hindering RE deployment

• Different business models to promote RE

• Few case studies demonstrating RE applications

Content

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• Documents and Sources

Climate change effects,

Consequences & RE Status

CO2 Emissions Scenarios by 2050 from Energy

Use: Reference Case and RE (TERI study)

• CO2 emission reduces drastically to 26% of 2011 levels by 2051 in the

aggressive renewables scenario.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Bill

ion

To

nn

es

REF

REN

Global Solar and Wind Installed

Capacities

Source: REN 21 Renewables 2015 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Leading Countries in RE

Source: REN 21 Renewables 2015 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Co-Benefits of Renewables

RE is important both in the context of energy

access and as a form of modern energy

Source: UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable

Development and Poverty Eradication

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• Documents and Sources

Policies

Renewable Energy Promotion Policies

Ta

riff b

ase

d P

olic

y

Feed-in

tariff

Fixed, guaranteed, above-market price for electricity from

RE set by Govt. to make RE price-competitive. Can be

technology specific

Net

metering

Allows on-grid electricity consumers with captive RE power

to sell this to grid

Public

competitive

bidding

A well-defined public process of letting a RE development

contract that helps discourage political graft/corruption/fraud

because of the public nature of the process

Buy-backRate at which electricity produced above PPA commitment

will be purchased

Banking

Allows producer to generate and supply power to grid at

one location, and receive power for self use (e.g., factory) at

a different location on the grid at a different time without

paying wheeling charges

Policies

Renewable Energy Promotion Policies

Fin

ancia

l, Investm

ent &

Tax

ba

se

d P

olic

ies

Investment or

other tax credits

Allows partial or full deduction of RE investments

from tax obligations or income

Capital subsidies,

grants, or rebates

One time payment by government/utility to cover

portion of RE project set up cost

Sales tax, energy

tax, excise tax, or

VAT reduction

Easing or elimination of taxes on RE components

and related hardware

Energy production

payments or tax

credits

An annual tax credit based upon amount of

electricity generated

Public investment,

loans, or financingAssistance to RE developers from government

Policies

Renewable Energy Promotion Policies

Grid A

ccess Grid

interconnection

standard

A clear definition by regulatory agencies of how grid

interconnection will take place

WheelingAbility to transfer power from generator to customer

using T & D facilities

Targ

ets

& R

PS

National

renewable energy

target

A stated goal by a country that a certain portion of

all power generation will be through RE by a set

target date

Renewable

portfolio standard

(RPS)

Mandated RE quota or target that can exist at

national and state/provincial level

Tradable

renewable energy

certificates

Certificates of generation through RE that can be

sold and traded, creating an additional income

stream for RE developers

Barriers to RE

Barrier

CategoryBarrier Elements - Lack of

LEVEL I

grid-connected RE policy

attractive financial/fiscal incentives

accessibility to quality resource data or resource risk coverage

support to gain land access

support for grid/transmission access

LEVEL II

renewable energy mandates/Feed-in-tariff

access to capital

low capital costs for investors

stable financial health of power off-takers/buyers

experience of domestic financial institutions to finance RE projects

bankable guarantees on power purchase agreements

contractor licensing/certification

manufacturing capability, large system Integrator, engineering

contractors

grid interconnection standards

legal/regulatory framework for speedy dispute settlement

Barriers to RE

Barrier

CategoryBarrier Elements - Lack of

LEVEL III

• guidelines and/or administrative machinery for emissions

crediting

• renewable energy fund

• standardized power purchase/contractual documentation

• stability in government policies/priorities

• skilled personnel/training facilities

• operation & maintenance facilities

LEVEL IV

• private sector participation in RE projects

• support infrastructure or unfavourable regions for resource use

• professional training institutions

• risk assessment protocols for renewable energy technologies

Policies & Barriers

Barrier

Intensity

Barrier

CategoryBarrier Elimination Sequence

Very Low

Extremely

High

LEVEL I

Policy for grid connected RE use along with attractive

incentives. Effectiveness of harnessing the renewable

energy resource as well as access to land and grid.

LEVEL II

Availability of technical, financial and commercial

resources. Ability to mitigate investment risks.

Standardization of technology specific component

attributes. Easy exit option for investors.

LEVEL III

Ensure stability of RE policies along with enabling factors

such as availability of skilled manpower, emissions

crediting facility, renewable energy fund etc.

LEVEL IVMore visibility of RE policy and project successes and

ensure concept replicability in different regions.

High

Low

Take Away

• What category of consumer will benefit from a “banking”

based RE policy

• PTC (production tax credit) was responsible for rapid

growth of the wind industry in which country? – Norway,

UK, USA or China.

• Lack of support to gain land access is a low category

barrier – is this statement correct and why?

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• CTCN Assistance

• Documents and Sources

Solar Map of the World - GHI

• Steps for wind resource activities:

– Preliminary wind climatology Instruments: Anemometer (for wind speed) & wind vane (wind direction)

– Instruments at 30m/50m/80m height

– Data generally connected for 10/15 min interval

– Wind data collected for at least 1 year

• Annual Energy Production (AEP) assessment

– Simulation packages such as WAsP, Meteodyn, Wind Farmer etc.

– Output in the form of:

• Wind rose diagram

• Wind speed/frequency distribution

• Annual power generation

• Wind power plant financial assessment

Resource Potential - Wind

Wind Atlas

RE Resource Potential – Small Hydro

• Classification of Small Hydro is

not uniform worldwide

• The World estimated potential of

small hydro is of around 180,000

MW

• Types or Schemes of Small

Hydropower Systems water flow

in three Schemes

– Run-of -the- river schemes

– Canal fall based scheme

– Dam-toe based scheme

Country Capacity Limit for

Small Hydro Plant

USA ≤5 MW

UK ≤5 MW

Sweden ≤ 15 MW

Colombia ≤ 20 MW

Australia ≤ 20 MW

Canada ≤ 20 MW

India ≤ 25 MW

China ≤ 25 MW

Philippines ≤ 50 MW

New Zealand ≤ 50 MW

Ocean Energy - Wave Energy Potential

• World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential

exploitable wave energy" resources ~ 2 TW

Ocean Energy - OTEC Potential

Take Away

• TMY stands for?

• Three reasons why a wind farm developer

should conduct wind resource assessment prior

to installation of the wind farm.

• What should be the minimum temperature

difference between the ocean surface and at

1500 meter depth to justify an OTEC power

plant?

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• CTCN Assistance

• Documents and Sources

RE Cost, Financing and Business

Models

Renewable Energy: Further cost decline is

expected

RE Cost, Financing and Business Models

Financing Institutions

RE Technology

Maturity Stage

Types of Financial

Institutions

Role Examples

Laboratory R&D stage Public financed clean

energy funds

Grants, skills development,

RE infrastructure

development i.e. technology

parks

NYSEDA, NJ Clean

Energy Fund

Commercial R&D Engle Capital, Venture

Capital, Mezzanine funds

High risk – high return

Demonstration RE

Projects

Engle Capital, Venture

Capital, Mezzanine funds,

bilateral and multilateral

banks

High risk – high return;

Low interest debt;

Promote social benefits

GEF, World Bank,

ADB, DfID

Technology Transfer RE

projects

Exim banks Low interest debt County specific

Exim banks

Market Mature RE Commercial and

multilateral banks

Market interest debt for

commercial banks

Low interest debt for MBs to

promote social cause

Citi Bank, IDB

Business Models

Individual Owned RE System:

Gross Metered

Third Party Owned RE System:

Gross Metered

Business Models

Individual Owned RE System:

Net Metered

Third Party Owned RE System:

Net Metered

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• CTCN Assistance

• Documents and Sources

Case Study - Cool Village Project

• Cold storage installed at the farm

gate level in villages, unlike in

conventional supply chain

• Minimize waste due to handling and

transportation

• Biomass based system.

• Cold storage facility for storing

about 25 tones of fruits and

vegetables

• The system also provides 50 kW of

electrical power to a village.

• 20 technicians employed during

construction and 5 employees for

operation.

Working System of the Cold Storage

Case Study - Solar Multi Utility in Odisha

• Solar Multi Utility centers provided in

3 villages Baunsadiha, Laxmiposi

and Patapolasahi

• Laxmiposhi village - provided energy

to run sewing machines for sal leaf

stitching, to run tamarind processing

and mango pulp unit

• Problems identified and tackled

through Solar Multi Utility Centers:

– Livelihood insecurity and alternative

livelihood opportunities

– Dependence on NTFP (Non Timber

Forest Produce) as the major source

of Income Generation & selling of

Raw NTFP at lower Price and limited

market opportunities.

– Lack of Vocational Trainings

opportunities available to unemployed

youth and women

Schematic of the system configuration of village Laxmiposi

Solar Multi Utility Centers – Left Baunsadiha & Right Laxmiposi)

Lighting Billion Lives (LaBL)

• Over 1.3 Billion people in the world have no access to electricity

• Over 360 million people in India have no access to electricity

LaBL (Lighting Billion Lives) is unique global initiative by TERI based on

an entrepreneurial model of energy service delivery.

These enterprises are operated and managed by a local entrepreneur

trained, who rent the solar lamps for an affordable fee.

LaBL offers

• Energy access at the bottom of the pyramid

• Clean and safe lighting solution at affordable price

• Local and global environmental benefits

• Objectives

• RE for Climate Change Mitigation

• Policies and Barriers

• RE Resource Potential

• Financing RE for Mitigation

• Case Studies

• CTCN Assistance

• Documents and Sources

CTCN Technical Assistance

Provided: • To developing countries upon their request • Free of charge (value up to 250,000 USD)• State of the art and locally relevant expertise • To academic, public, NGO, or private entities• For a broad range of adaptation and

mitigation technologies

At all stages of the technology cycle: • From identification of needs;• policy assessments; • selection and piloting technology solutions; • to assistance that supports technology

customization and widespread deployment

Fast and short (3 pages) application process for countries

Iran: Photovoltaic Solar Cell Design & ManufacturingRequest: Guidance on the construction of a medium sized (1-5 MWp) solar

photovoltaic plant to serve as a pilot project for the country

Objective: To learn how to design, produce and quality control the production of

photovoltaic solar modules

Assistance:

• Inventory of needs and requirements for PV pilot line and gap analysis

• preliminary design based on gap analysis

• financial analysis for budgeting purposes

CTCN Technical Assistance - Examples

Uganda: Formulating Geothermal Energy Policy, Legal and

Regulatory FrameworkRequest: Developing Uganda’s policy, legal and regulatory framework for the

exploitation of geothermal energy

Objective: Technical assistance and expertise for formulating the country’s

geothermal energy policy, legal and regulatory frameworks.

Assistance:

• Geothermal energy policy formulation

• Drafting geothermal energy law

• Drafting of implementation plan and regulations (regulatory framework)

Indonesia: Development of Anaerobic Digester Technology for Palm Oil

EFB Waste

Request: The assistance in introduction of state-of-the-art Anaerobic Digester

Technology for EFB Waste in Indonesia to produce renewable energy and reduce the

green house gas emission

Objective: To learn how to independently design, produce and quality control the

production of photovoltaic solar modules

Assistance: • The identification of the best technology for EFB waste processing;

• Mapping out the existing anaerobic digester technologies for EFB waste treatment

national and internationally.

• Determine the best technology for EFB waste treatment in Indonesia.

• The technology transfer for the best anaerobic digester technology for EFB waste

treatment;

• Knowledge exchange through capacity building and expert collaborations.

• International collaboration research and development for EFB waste treatment in

Indonesia.

• Developing a demo plant of EFB anaerobic digester including design for the best

anaerobic digester for EFB waste treatment in Indonesia.

CTCN Technical Assistance - Examples

Learn More - Documents and Sources

Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis series Volume I, Issue 1,2,3,4,5, IRENA working

papers, 2012

https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-

HYDROPOWER.pdf

https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-

WIND_POWER.pdf

http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-

SOLAR_PV.pdf

http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-

BIOMASS.pdf

https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-CSP.pdf

Review and comparison of different solar energy technologies, Global Energy Network Institute,

2011

http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/review-and-comparison-of-solar-technologies/Review-

and-Comparison-of-Different-Solar-Technologies.pdf

Global Status Report on Renewable Energy, REN21, 2013

http://www.ren21.net/portals/0/documents/resources/gsr/2013/gsr2013_lowres.pdf

Learn More - Documents and Sources

Renewable power Generation Costs in 2012: An overview, IRENA report, 2012

http://costing.irena.org/media/2769/Overview_Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-

2012.pdf

LCOE: Renewable Energy technologies, Study by Fraunhofer ISE, 2013

http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/veroeffentlichungen-pdf-dateien-en/studien-

und-konzeptpapiere/study-levelized-cost-of-electricity-renewable-energies.pdf

Renewable Energy Special Report, Summary for policymakers, IPCC, 2011

http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf

THANK YOU

For more information contact:

Shirish Garud and Ujjwal Bhattacharjee

Email: Ujjwal. Bhattacharjee@teri.res.in

Shirishg@teri.res.in