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Memory - What’s it for?
For our memory systems to function efficiently we have to forget much of our experience or ignore it all together (ie. never encode it).
How is the Mind Organized to Think?Cognitive Processes
• Memory• Language• Categorization• Recognition• Object knowledge• Thinking about Minds
• Learning• Reading• Problem Solving• Cognitive Heuristics• Mathematics
Top-Down Influences Example:Change Blindness
• If cognition were only influenced by bottom-up processes, -
• How much of the physical stimulus do we actually encode and remember?
• What kind of information is important for us to hold on to for future reference?
Change Blindness - What’s Important for Us to Remember?
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
The Organization of Cognition
• Cognitive Modules designed by Evolution =
• Triggered and influenced by environmental input =
Facts about Memory
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• “Our memory is our coherence, our reason, our feeling, even our action.” - Luis Bunuel
Long-Term Memory (years)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 5 10 15 25 35 50
Years since learning
Percentage Retention
Implicit Memory
• Being influenced by a memory -
• Priming:
ch _ _ mu _ _ _ og _ y _ _ _ _ v _ c _ do o _ t _ _ us
Implicit Memory
• Being influenced by a memory of a prior experience without having conscious memory of the experience.
• Procedural:
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Explicit Memory
• Memory for facts and events that is available to conscious recall
• Semantic:
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Modularity within the Memory Module
• Memory for food vs. memory for water
• Memory on a short-term basis vs. memory on a long-term basis
• Memory for how to do things vs. memory for facts and events
Working Memory Deficits -
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
• Lesions to -
• ADHD?
D’Esposito, et al. 2000
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Mammillary bodies
Hippocampus
Fornix
Mammillary bodies - Fornix - Hippocampus
Korsakof’s - can’t form new memories
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
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• Oliver Sack’s patient Mr. Thompson
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Retrograde Amnesia -
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
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• Usually impairment in __________ memory
• A different pathology effects _________ memory
Impairments in implicit memory:
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
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• Involves damage to the ___________
Impairments in implicit memory:
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Striatum = ________ + _________