Introduction to Project Management - UWI St. Augustine Proj... · Quality Within Project Management • Required in all stages – Initiation and closure • Goals and level of achievement

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© 2008 Prentice Hall 8-1

Introduction to Project

Management

Chapter 8

Managing Project Quality

Information Systems Project Management: A Process and Team Approach, 1e

Fuller/Valacich/George


Quality

• According to PMBOK, project quality is defined

as “the degree to which a set of inherent

characteristics fulfill requirements.”


Importance of Quality

• Determined by industry or tolerance for error

• Critical: health or safety related

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Quality Within Project Management

• Required in all stages

– Initiation and closure

• Goals and level of achievement (lessons learned)

– Planning

• Determine ways to control quality

– Execution and control

• Feedback mechanisms to monitor and adjust


Quality

• Can Be Applied To:

– The project team

• Sets performance expectations

– Processes

• Identifies ways to control quality

– Success level

• Allows team to determine the level of quality attainment


Pioneers in Quality Management

• Deming

– 14 points of quality

• Juran

– Pareto Principle (80/20 rule)

• Crosby

– 4 absolutes of quality management

• Ishikawa

– Cause and effect diagram (Fishbone diagram)

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Crosby: Four Absolutes of

Quality Management


Balanced Scorecard

• Developed by Kaplan & Norton

• 4 views of organizational activity

– Learning and Growth

– Business Process

– Customer

– Financial


Quality Standards

• ISO9000 – Quality management focus

• Customer quality requirements

• Regulatory requirements

• Enhance customer satisfaction

• Continual improvement

– www.iso.org

• Six Sigma – To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce

more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities

– Champion, Master Black Belt, Black Belt, Green Belt proficiency designations

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Certificates/Awards• Baldridge National Quality Program

– Designed to encourage organizations increase their

competitiveness by focusing on:

• Delivering ever improving value to customers

• Improving overall organizational performance

– http://www.quality.nist.gov/

• Total Quality Management (TQM)

– A description of the culture, attitude, and organization

of a company that strives to provide customers with

products and services that satisfy their needs

– Emphasizes processes being done right the first time

and defects and waste eradicated from operations


IS/IT Quality

• Where do you focus?

• How do you measure?

• What is the return on investment?


Quality Planning

• Quality planning

– The process of identifying relevant quality standards

and developing a plan to ensure the project meets

those standards

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PMBOKProject Quality Management Inputs, Tools,

and Outputs


PMBOK Required Inputs, Tools and Techniques

Used, and Resulting Outputs During Quality

Planning


Quality Planning – Inputs

• Enterprise factors

– Government regulations

– Standards or rules specific to organization’s product

or service

• Organizational process assets

– Quality policies/procedures/guidelines

– Lessons learned

• Project scope statement

• Project management plan

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Quality Planning – Techniques

• Cost/benefit analysis

– An evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative

approaches to a proposed activity to determine the

best alternative

• Benchmarking

– Study of a competitor’s product or business practices

in order to improve the performance of one’s own

company

• Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

– Used to determine an organization’s capability with

respect to best practices within a specific industry


Capability Maturity Model

Quality Planning – Techniques (cont.)



• Design of experiments

– Application of selected statistical techniques to test

the efficiency of certain project management

approaches by testing factors that may influence a

specific variable

– http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c030106a.as

p

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• Cost of quality analysis (COQ)

– Cost to improve or ensure quality measures, as well

as the cost associated with a lack of quality

– http://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/Cost_Of_Quality-

497.htm



Types of Quality Costs

Types of Cost Examples

Cost of conformance

Prevention costs Costs of training staff in design methodologies

Appraisal costs Code inspection and testing

Cost of non-conformance

Internal failure costs Costs of rework in programming

External failure costs Costs of support and maintenance


Reducing Software Quality Costs

• Avoiding any failure costs by driving defects to

zero

• Investing in prevention activities to improve

quality

• Reducing appraisal costs as quality improves

• Continuously evaluating and altering preventive

efforts for more improvement

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Quality Planning – Outputs

• Quality management plan

– A plan specifying how quality measures will be

implemented during a project

• Quality metrics

– Operational definitions of specific, processes, events,

or products, as well as an explanation of how they will

be measured in terms of quality

• Quality checklists

– Tools used to ensure that a specific set of actions has

been correctly performed


Quality Planning – Outputs (cont.)

• Process improvement plan

– A plan specifying how to identify wasteful and non-

value added activities

• Quality baseline

– The basis for which project quality is measured and

reported

• Updates to project management plan

– Incorporation of quality management plan outputs into

project management plan


Quality Assurance

• The process of ensuring that the project meets

the quality standards outlined during the quality

planning phase

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Used, and Resulting Outputs

During Quality Assurance


Quality Assurance – Inputs


• Quality metrics

• Process improvement plans

• Work performance information

• Approved change requests

• Quality control measures

• Implemented – change requests

– corrective actions

– defect repairs

– preventive actions


Quality Assurance –

Tools & Techniques

• Quality planning tools and techniques can be

applied

• Quality audits

– Structured and independent review activities

designed to review other quality management

procedures and to identify potential lessons learned

• Process analysis

– Examines how a process is performed

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Quality Assurance – Outputs

• Requested changes

• Recommended corrective actions

• Updates to organizational process assets

• Updates to the project management plan


Quality Control

• The monitoring of project activities in order to

determine if specified quality standards are

being met



Used, and Resulting Outputs During Quality

Control

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Quality Control – Inputs


• Quality metrics

• Quality checklists

• Organizational process assets

• Work performance information

• Approved change requests

• Deliverables


Work Performance Information

• Status summaries of:

– Project deliverables

– Any collected performance measures

– Implemented changes from the original project

management plan


Quality Control –

Tools & Techniques• Cause and effect diagrams (Ishikawa)

• Control charts

• Pareto charts

• Flowcharts

• Histogram

• Run chart

• Scatter diagram

• Statistical sampling

• Inspection review

• Defect repair review

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Ishikawa (fishbone) Diagram

Sample


Control Chart Sample


Pareto Chart

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Quality Control – Outputs

• Quality control measurements

• Validated defect repair

• Updates to the quality baseline

• Recommended correction actions

• Recommended preventative actions

• Requested changes

• Recommended defect repair

• Updates to organizational process assets

• Validated deliverables

• Updates to project management plan


Questions?

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Introduction to Project Management - UWI St. Augustine Proj... · Quality Within Project Management • Required in all stages – Initiation and closure • Goals and level of achievement