INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCT AND PROCESS

DEVELOPMENT

J.JAYARAMAN

CENTRE FOR AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DESIGN

ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

STUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION

CONCEPTS : PRODUCT , PROCESS, INTEGRATED PRODUCT,

INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESSES

WHY AND WHEN: INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

BENEFITS OF IPPD

WHAT IS IPPD : DoD’s DEFINITION OF IPPD

5 PRINCIPLES OF IPPD

THE TEN TENETS OF IPPD

GENERAL PNICIPLES OF IPPD

INTEGRATED PRODUCT TEAM

KEY CONCEPTS OF IPT

HOW IPPD : IMPLEMENTING IPPD

TOOLS OF IPPD

CONCLUSION

PRODUCT AND PROCESS

PRODUCT:

-IS WHAT IS DELIVERED TO THE CUSTOMER e.g.

HARDWARE, SOFRTWARE, SERVICES, TRAINING

-IT IS THE PHYSICAL HIERARCHY OF THE SYSTEM OR

PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE

- IS ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY A SPECIFICATION

PROCESS :

- MAKES THE PRODUCT POSSIBLE

- IT IS AN ACTIVITY OR GROUP OF ACTIVITIES THAT TAKES

AN INPUT ADDS VALUE TO IT TO GET AN OUTPUT FOR AN

INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL CUSTOMER e.g.

DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, TEST& EVALUATION, LOGISTICS

• TOP LEVEL : FUNCTIONAL. OVERARCHING PROCESS SUCH AS SYTEMS ENGINEERING, TEST AND EVALUATION

DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES : ARE PROCESSES THAT FACILITATE MAKING OF A PRODUCT. THESE PROCESSES ARE NOT DELIVERED TO THE CUSTOMER- INCLUDE INTEGRATION, PRODUCTION, COMPUTER SUPPORT, MODELLING AND SIMULATION

DELIVERABLE PROCESSES : CAN BE THE PRODUCT OR PROCESS TO SUPPORT THE PRODUCT- INCLUDES SUPPORT, TRAINING, MAINTENANCE

3 TYPES OF PROCESSES

INTEGRATED PRODUCT

REALISES THAT:

-THE WHOLE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS

-WHAT IS BEST FOR THE SUBSYSTEM

(OR COMPONENTS) IS NOT NECESSARILY THE BEST

FOR OVERALL SYSTEM OR VICE-VERSA

INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESS

BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED TIME AVAILABLE TO BRING A PRODUCT TO THE MARKET MUCH OF THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES DOWNSTREAM FROM DESIGN ( MANUFACTURING, TESTING, DISTRIBUTION etc. ) OCCURS PRIOR TO THE COMPLETION OF FINAL ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATION. THIS RESULTS IN THE CONCURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRODUCT AND THE PROCESS

ADE

ASSET

ADE

ASSET

COMPETITIVENESS

THE THREE ELEMENTS OF COMPETITIVENESS ARE:

TIMELINESS: CAN THE PRODUCT BE DELIVERED JUST IN TIME DEMANDED BY THE CUSTOMER

QUALITY: WILL THE PRODUCT WORK AS WELL AS INTENDED

AFFORDABILITY: WILL THE CUSTOMERS WISH TO BUY THE PRODUCT

TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE WE MUST DESIGN FOR VALUE

BENEFITS OF IPPD

REDUCED TIME TO FIELD SYSTEMS

REDUCED SYSTEM COST

IMPROVED QUALITY

PROGRAMMES THAT ARE EASIER TO MANAGE

AS A RESULT OF IPPD

IN A FIGHTER AIRCRAFT PROGRAMME

10% REDUCTION IN DEVELOPMENT COSTS

50% REDUCTION IN ENGINEERING CHANGE PROPOSALS

50% REDUCED REWORK/ REPAIR/ SCRAP

IN A NAVAL SYSTEM PROGRAM

40% REDUCED MANUFACTURING COSTS

25% REDUCED LIFE CYCLE COSTS

IN A MAJOR NAVY PROGRAM FOLLOWING BOEING 777 FOOTSTEPS

REDUCED CYCLE TIME AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS

BOEING 777- IPPD SUCCESS STORY

BOEING 777 AIRCRFT IS HERALDED IN THE US AS AN UNPARALLED SUCCESS IN ADVANCED CAD/CAM, IPPD & USE OF SIMULATION.

IT IS STILL UNDETERMINED AS TO WHEN BOEING WILL RECOUP IT’S MASSIVE FINANCIAL INVESTMENT

DESIGN CHANGES

A GENERIC IPPD

ITERATIVE PROCESS

DEFINITION OF IPPD

DOD’S DEFINITION

A MANAGEMENT PROCESS THAT INTEGRATES ALL ACTIVITIES FROM CONCEPT THROUGH PRODUCTION, FIELD SUPPORT USING A MULTIFUNCTIONAL TEAM TO SIMULTANEOUSLY OPTIMISE THE PRODUCT AND IT’S MANUFACTURING AND SUSTAINMENT PROCESS TO MEET COST AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

IPPD IPPD IS SOMETIMES CALLED IPD

IPPD IS A MANAGEMENT APPROACH

IPPD IS NOT A SET OF STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED

IPPD HAS NO SINGLE SOLUTION OR IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

IPPD HAS IT’S ROOTS IN INTEGRATED DESIGN AND PRODUCTION PRACTICE , CONCURRENT ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

IT IS PERFORMANCE DRIVEN NOT PROCESS DRIVEN

APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS IS FUNDAMENTAL TO IPPD

5 PRINCIPLES OF IPPD

5

STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND CUSTOMER FOCUS

CONCURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT AND PROCESSES

EARLY AND CONTINUOUS LIFE CYCLE PLANNING

PROACTIVE IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK

MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY FOR OPTIMISATION AND USE OF CONTRACTOR APPROACHES

THE TEN TENETS OF IPPDCUSTOMER FOCUS

CONCURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES

EARLY AND CONTINUOUS LIFE CYCLE PLANNING

MAXIMISE FLEXIBILITY FOR OPTIMISATION AND USE OF CONTRACTOR APPROACHES

ENCOURAGE ROBUST DESIGN AND IMPROVED PROCESS CAPABILITY

EVENT DRIVEN SCHEDULING

MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM WORK

THE TEN TENETS OF IPPD

EMPOWERMENT

SEAMLESS MANAGEMENT TOOLS

PROACTIVE IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK

Outline programme

Product broken down

to 2 levels below System

level

Specification tree that follows Product

BreakOUT

Prepare integrated

Master schedule define TPMs

IMS doc. TPMs

Prepare Integrated

Master Plan Event driven

IMP doc Prepare SOWs SOW Doc

Define Core Program Key

Events

Prepare WBS

WBS doc

Allocate Resources Organisation (People)

Funds Time

OUTLINING THE PROGRAMME

Track and execute

program

Planning the Program

General Principles General Principles of IPPDof IPPD

Translate Customer

Requirement Level 0 system specification

document

Mission Need Statement

Operational Requirement

Document

CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS

ESTABLISH AN INTGD. MGMT. FRAMEWORK

KEY FEATURES OF IPPD

PRODUCT ORIENTATION: PRODUCTS DICTATE THE ULTIMATE SUCCESS OF THE ORGANISATION IN THE EYES OF THE CUSTOMER

CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAMING: EFFECTIVE TEAMING BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL REPS. INTELLIGENT DECISIONS BASED ON COMBINED EFFORT OF ENGG. PRODN. LOGISTICS, PGMME. MGMT.,CONTRACTING, FINANCIAL MGMT., SUSTAINMENT,OPS., & OTHER DISCIPLINES

EMPOWERMENT:

GIVE REQUISITE AUTHORITY AND ESPONSIBILITY

CONTD.

KEY FEATURES OF IPPD

UPFRONT PLANNING: DELIBERATE UPFRONT PLANNING EARLY IN THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCE. EVENT BASED PLANNING

IMPLEMENTING IPPD

CULTURAL CHANGE: INTEGRATED DECISION MAKING , EMPOWERMENT

FRAMEWORK: IN NEW ACQUISITION THE FRAMEWORK IS ESTABLISHED IN THE RFP

IT’S IMPLEMENTATION IS PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEPENDENT

INTEGRATED PRODUCT TEAM

THE PROCESS SIDE OF THE EQUATION INCLUDES ALL THE INDIVIDUALS ADDING VALUE TO THE PRODUCT. THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MULTIFUNCTIONAL IPT’S

KEY CONCEPTS OF IPT

HIGH PREMIUM ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TEAM LEADERS ARE KEY

CHECKS AND BALANCES PROVIDED BY TECHNICAL CONSCIENCE

STRONG TEAM CULTURE

INDIVIDUALS EMPOWERED WITHIN CLEARLY DEFINED ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

TEAM PARTICIPATION AND CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAM PARTICIPATION AND CROSS FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

Phase Requirements Development

Product Design & Development

Product Distribution

Sales & Services

Research

& Technology

Establish Technology availability limits

Extend Technology Limits

Learn from Customer Response

Engg Propose Concepts, Functions & Features w.r.t. benchmarks

-Dev. Concepts Configurations

-Dev. Processes

Evaluate Pilot Runs

Tune out Problems

Learn from Customer response

Marketing Establish market wants & needs w.r.t. benchmarks

Establish -target markets , Customer parameters, sales margins,interact with customers in evaluation

Plan Market Rollout, Train Sales & Service Prepare for sales

Interact with customers

Listen to Customers monitor market trends

Manufacturing Establish Process Capabilities

Estimate cost, Process

,Simulate processes, Identify suppliers, Develop Tooling

Build pilots

Refine Processes

Verify Suppliers

Ramp up

Time & Customize processes

CONCURRENT ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES AND BENIFITS

AEROSPACE COMPANY AIRCAFT PROGRAM BENEFITS TECHNIQUES

BOEING COMPANY 777 50%REDUCTION IN ENGINEERING IPT, CI, SI, DPD CHANGES DUE TO DESIGN ERRORS DPA, DFX, CIM

SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN DEFECTS THAT REACHED THE FACTORY

MCDONNEL DOUGLAS C-17 SAVED $68m DUE TO COMMON ATE IPT, CI, SI, DFX REDUCED NO. OF PARTS AND FASTENERS TQM, LM, QFD

ON CARGO DOOR ASSY.

F-15F FUSELAGE FORMERS 38% FEWER IPT, SI, CI, CIM, PARTS, 49% FEWER FASTENERS, 45% FEWER DPD, DFX,TQM

FASTENER TYPES, 55%FEWER FAB. & ASSY. TOOLS, QFD 75% LESS ASSY TIME, 29% REDUCTION IN DEFECTS

F/A-18E/F 33% FEWER PARTS (4400PARTS,FEWER FASTENERS) IPT, SI, CI, CIM 1500 LB UNDER WEIGHT, FIRST MAJOR A/C DPD, DFX, TQM

BELOW COST ESTIMATE QFD

MD-11 REDUCED NO. OF PARTS BY 3800, WEIGHT BY 240 LB IPT, SSI, TQM, , COST PER A/C BY $ 1,27,000 DFX, QFD, LM

BRITISH AEROSPACE BAE-146 DEVELOPMENT TIME REDUCED FROM 36 TO IPT, SI, QFD, 18 MONTHS LM

• Information Technology and decision support • Trade off studies and Prioritization• Cost Performance trade offs• Design for Manufacturing• Prototyping• Modeling Simulation and CAE/CAD/CAM• Metrices (Measures of Success)• Education and Training

IPPD TOOLSIPPD TOOLS

VIRTUAL FACTORY ENVIRONMENT

APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY TO AIRCRAFT REALITY TO AIRCRAFT

DESIGN & MANUFACTUREDESIGN & MANUFACTURE VIRTUAL MOCK-UP-BOEING COMPUTER SERVICES

IN SEATTLE VAST AMOUNT OF CAD DATA INTO VR

ENVIRONMENT EXPLORE THE AIRCRAFT BEFORE

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS COULD CLIMB AROUND TO FIGURE

OUT WHERE TO RUN CABLES & HYDRAULICS PIPES

TO ENSURE MECHANICS COULD REACH ALL THE PARTS FOR MAINTENANCE

PROOF OF CONCEPT STARTED IN 1990. COMPLETED NON-REAL TIME DEMO

APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY TO AIRCRAFT REALITY TO AIRCRAFT

DESIGN AND MANUFACTUREDESIGN AND MANUFACTURE AUGMENTED REALITY – BOEING

TO PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN FRONT OF THE ENGINEERS DESIGNING THE AIRCRAFT AND THE MANUFACTURING WORKER WHO BUILDS THEM

SIMPLE TEXTS & GRAPHICS, VOICE ACTIVATED THROUGH “SEE-THOUGH HMD”

REGISTRATION OF DATA? VR WALK THROUGH MARKETING – BOEING

ENGINE ASSEMBLY – FOR F18 ENGINE RE-DESIGN AT NORTHROP

CONCLUSION

IPPD IS SEEN TO BE A NEW WAY OF SIMULTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM’S PRODUCTS WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF ACHIEVING REDUCED TIME COST ALONG WITH OPTIMISED PRODUCTS

ORGANISATION EVOLUTIONORGANISATION EVOLUTIONTHE OLD WAYS

MISSION TO MAXIMISE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

HIERARCHIAL AUTHORITARIAN STRUCTURE

NARROWLY DEFINED INDIVIDUAL JOBS

MANAGE PEOPLE TO MANAGE RESULTS

RECRUIT PEOPLE WITH FUNCTIONAL

EXPERTISE

THE NEW WAYS

MISSION OF TOTAL CUSTOMER SATISFACTION,CONTIN-UOUS IMPROVEMENT , LEARNING

FLEXIBLE TEAM STRUCTURES WITH AUTHORITY CLOSEST TO WORK CAPABILITY

INTEGRATED WORK TEAMS WITH BROAD SCOPE

MANAGE PROCESS TO MANAGE RESULTS

RECRUIT PEOPLE WITH COMMITMENT TO MISSION, SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE. PROVIDE TRAINING FOR PERSONAL GROWTH

SYSTEMANTICS

SYSTEMS IN GENERAL WORK POORLY OR NOT AT ALL (PRIMAL SCENERIO)

NEW SYSTEMS GENERATE NEW PEOBLEMS ( THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM)

BIG SYSTEMS EITHER WORK ON THEIR OWN OR THEY DON’T. YOU CAN’T MAKE THEM ( BASIC AXIOM OF SYSTREMS FUNCTION)

A SIMPLE SYSTEM , DESIGNED FROM SCRATCH, SOMETIMES WORKS

A COMPLEX SYSTEM THAT WORKS IS INVARIABLYFOUND TO HAVE EVOLVED FROM A SIMPLE SYSTEM THAT WORKS

SYSTEMANTICS(CONTD.)

A COMPLEX SYSTEM DESIGNED FROM SCRATCH NEVER WORKS AND CANNOT BE MADE TO WORK. YOU HAVE TO START OVER , BEGINNING WITH A WORKING SIMPLE SYSTEM

COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARE BEYOND HUMAN CAPACITY TO EVALUATE

VIRTUAL PROTOTYPINGVIRTUAL PROTOTYPING

BRINGS VISUAL SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING TEAMS

PERMITS ASSEMBLY STUDIES – FIND OPTIMUM ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY SEQUENCES, CLEARANCE BETWEEN PARTS AND REAL TIME INTERFERENCE CHECKS

MAKES DIGITAL MOCK UP A REALITY CAN CHECK INTERFERENCES EVEN IN LOADED

VIBRATING STRUCTURES. COULD BE USED TO PREDICT SHORTS IN ELECTRONIC PACKAGING

VIRTUAL PROTOTYPEVIRTUAL PROTOTYPE

PREDICT AND PREVENT TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO DESIGN “ FIND & FIX”

VR APPLICATION CAD / CAMVR APPLICATION CAD / CAM

STYLING & CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ALLOWS DESIGNERS (GEOGRAPHICALLY

SEPARATED) TO WORK TOGETHER WITH GREATER SYNERGY BY “VIRTUALLY CO-LOCATING”. RESULTS IN SHORTER DESIGN CYCLE.

ERGONOMIC STUDIES IS THE USER COMFORTABLE? USER CAN FEEL,

LOOK, OPERATE AND UNDERSTAND HOW IT OPERATES. USER CAN FEEL WHETHER THE DESIGN MEETS EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEVES THE DESIGN MEETS HIS NEEDS

VR APPLICATION CAD / CAM VR APPLICATION CAD / CAM

ASSEMBLY & MODELLING ENGINEERS CAN FLY THROUGH A

DESIGN FROM ANY PERSPECTIVE AND STUDY THE ASSEMBLY PROBLEMS

STRUCTUTAL, MECHANICAL, THERMA, FLUID, ELECTRONIC AND ACOUSTIC SIMULATIONS TO UNDERSTAND THE s DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEM

VIRTUAL PROTOTYPEVIRTUAL PROTOTYPE VIRTUAL WIRE – HARNESS PROTOTYPE

GENERATED ELIMINATES THE PHYSICAL PROTOTYPES NEEDED FOR VERIFICATION

USING ELECTRONICS THERMAL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE ONE CAN BUILD AND TEST VIRTUAL PROTOTYPES – AIRFLOW AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS CAN BE PREDICTED WHICH HELPS TO CORRECT THE PROBLEMS AND OPTIMIZE A DESIGN BEFORE CUTTING METAL

VIRTUAL TESTINGVIRTUAL TESTING

CIRCUIT SIMULATION – LOW TEMP, HIGH TEMP ETC. AVAILABILITY

OF COMPONENT PERFORMANCE LIBRARIES DESIGN FLIGHT SIMULATORS – CONTROL LAW

VALIDATION HANDLING QUALITIES ASSESSMENT

COMBAT SIMULATORS – ASSESS PERFORMANCE OF THE AIRCRAFT BEING DESIGNED IN A DOG FIGHT WITH KNOWN AIRCRAFT – PILOT IN THE LOOP OR COMPUTER PILOT

PROCESS SIMULATIONPROCESS SIMULATION

USED FOR RAPID PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

REDUCE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE TIME

LOWER THE COST OF DEVELOPING PARTS

PROCESS SIMULATION (Contd..)PROCESS SIMULATION (Contd..)

APPLIED TO RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING

(RTM) OF COMPOSITE PART TO SIMULATE RESIN FLOW

CURE SIMULATION IN COMPOSITE PARTS

RESIN INJECTION MOULDING (RIM) OF COMPOSITE PARTS

PROCESS SIMULATION (Contd..)PROCESS SIMULATION (Contd..)

APPLIED TO FORGING – METAL FLOW

SHEET METAL FORMING

CASTINGS – METAL FLOW IN CAVITIES

PROCESS SIMULATIONPROCESS SIMULATION

INCREASES THE CHANGES OF BEING RIGHT FIRST TIME

RESLUTS IN SAVINGS PERMITS PREDICTION OF COMPONENTS

RESLUTANT PROPERTIES OFFERS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP A

GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESS ITSELF

IS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL THAT OFFERS ENGINEERS TO MAKE FASTER MORE EFFECTIVE DECISIONS REGARDING THE MANUFACTURE OF A COMPONENT

VIRTUAL MANUFACTURINGVIRTUAL MANUFACTURING

VIRTUAL MANUFACTURING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN ESPECIALLY POWERFUL TOOL FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCIES OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY PRODUCTION

MANUFACTURING SIMULATION

MANUFACTURING SIMULATIONMANUFACTURING SIMULATION

IS USED FOR EVALUATING AND FINE TUNING OF NEW

PROCESSES

ANALYZING THE OPERATING CHARACTERSITICS OF EXISTING OPERATIONS AND

VERIFYING CONTROL STRATEGIES

MANUFACTURING SIMULATIONMANUFACTURING SIMULATION

HELPS PINPOINT THE CAUSE OF PROBLEMS DIFFICULTIES ON THE PLANT FLOOR CAN BE

READILY VISUALIZED THE FLOW, PINCH POINTS, BOTTLENECKS ARE

APPARENT ITS SOMETHING AN INDIVITUAL OR GROUP

ORDINARILY CAN’T SEE IT WILL PROVIDE A PATH TO GET MORE OUT

OF THE SYSTEM IT IS AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PLANNING

AND PROBLEM SOLVING TOOL IT IS A CAPACITY ANALYSIS TOOL

VR APPLICATION CAD / CAMVR APPLICATION CAD / CAM

MANUFACTURING AND ENGINEERING VERIFY INTERFERENCE OF

MOVEMENT, ENGINEERS WALK THROUGH

MARKETING

SITUATION OF AIRCRFT COMPANIES

TO COMPETE GLOBALLY AIRCRAFT COMPANIES MUST DEVELOP AT:

HALF THE COST

IN HALF THE TIME

WITH HALF THE RESOURCES USED EARLIER

DRIVING FORCE- AFFORDABILITY

REDUCE COST WITHOUT COMPROMISING QUALITY

BOEING 767 & 777 SCHEDULES

DESIGN +DRAWING RELEASE ( 40 M 0NTHS )

IPPDIPPD EXPANDED ON CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

INCLUDING DEVELOPING ALL THE PROCESSES

PARELLEL WITH THE PRODUCT. MORE THAN THE

PRODUCT AND PROCESS ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

IPPD ALSO INCLUDES ALL STAKEHOLDERS- THOSE

NOT ONLY DEVELOPING THE PRODUCT BUT ALL

PRODUCT RELATED PROCESSESS SUCH AS TEST

AND EVALUATION , MANUFACTURING , SUPPORT

OPERATIONS AND TRAINING AS WELL AS

BUISINESS PROCESSES

IPT

TYPICALIPT

CONCURRENT PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

COST OF MODIFICATIONS

10

1000

10000

R E L A T I V E C O S T

CONCEPT

ENGG. TOOLING

DETAIL

COST OF CHANGES MADE THROUGH THE PRODUCT CYCLE

PRODUCT

1

100RULE OF TEN

COST AND EASE OF MODIFICATIONS

BENIFITS OF IMPROVED ASSY.

MANUAL DESIGN ASSEMBLY EFFICIENCY (%)( DFA INDEX )

IMPROVED ASSEMBLY DESIGN EFFICIENCY RESULTS IN INCREASED RELIABILITY