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Image enhancement Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) Dr. Muhammad ZulkarnainAbdul Rahman

Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

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Page 1: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Image enhancement

Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473)

Dr. Muhammad Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman

Page 2: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Image enhancement

• Enhancements are used to make it easier for visual interpretation and understanding of imagery

• Subtle differences in brightness value can be highlighted either by:

– Contrast modification or

– by assigning quite different colours to those levels (density slicing)

• Point operations change the value of each individual pixel independent of all other pixels

• Local operations change the value of individual pixels in the context of the values of neighboring pixels

Page 3: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Image enhancement

• Information enhancement includes:

– Image reduction,

– Image magnification,

– Transect extraction,

– Contrast adjustments (linear and non-linear),

– Band rationing,

– Spatial filtering,

– Fourier transformations,

– Principle components analysis,

– Image sharpening, and

– Texture transformations

Page 4: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Visualization

• Color spaces for visualization - Three approaches:

– Red-Green-Blue (RGB) space – based on additive principle of colors

• The way TV and computer screen operate

• 3 channel (R,G,B)

– Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) space

– Yellow-Magenta-Cyan (YMC) space - based on subtractive principle of colors

Page 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect
Page 6: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Contrast enhancement

• Materials or objects reflect or emit similar amounts of radiant flux (so similar pixel value)

• Only intended to improve the visual quality of a displayed image by increasing the range (spreading or stretching) of data values to occupy the available image display range (usually 0-255)

• Linear technique

– Minimum-maximum contrast stretch

– Percentage linear contrast stretch

– Standard devia=on contrast stretch

– Piecewise linear contrast stretch

• Non-linear technique

– Histogram equaliza=on

Page 7: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Minimum-maximum contrast stretch

Page 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect
Page 9: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Contrast Stretching of Predawn

Thermal Infrared Data of the

the Savannah River

Original

Minimum-

maximum

+1 standard

deviation

Jensen, 2011

Page 10: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Piecewise linear contrast stretch

Characterised

by a set of user

specified break

points

Page 11: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Histogram equalization

• In practice a perfectly uniform histogram cannot be achieved for digital image data

• To make sure that each bar in the image histogram has the same height

• Such a histogram has associated with it an image that utilises the available brightness levels equally and

• Should give a display in which there is good representation of detail at all brightness values

• The method of producing a uniform histogram is known generally as histogram equalization

• Reduces the contrast in the very light or dark parts of the image associated with the tails of a normally distributed histogram

Page 12: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Jensen, 2011

Specific percentage

linear contrast stretch

designed to highlight the

thermal plume

Histogram Equalization

Contrast Stretching of Predawn Thermal

Infrared Data of the the Savannah River

Page 13: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Band ratioing

, ,

, ,

, ,

i j k

i j ratio

i j l

BVBV

BV=

, ,

, ,

, ,

i j k

i j ratio

i j l

BVBV

BV=

where:

BVi,j,k is the original input brightness value in band k

BVi,j,l is the original input brightness value in band l

BVi,j,ratio is the ratio output brightness value

Page 14: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Band

Ratioing of

Charleston,

SC Landsat

Thematic

Mapper

Data

Page 15: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Band Ratio Image

Landsat TM

Band 4 / Band 3

Page 16: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Spatial filtering

• Spatial Filtering to Enhance Low- and High-Frequency Detail and Edges

• A characteristics of remotely sensed images is a parameter called spatial frequency, defined as the number of changes in brightness value per unit distance for any particular part of an image

• Spatial frequency in remotely sensed imagery may be enhanced or subdued using two different approaches:

– Spatial convolution filtering based primarily on the use of convolution masks, and

– Fourier analysis which mathematically separates an image into its spatial frequency components

Page 17: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Spatial Convolution Filtering

• A linear spatial filter is a filter for which the brightness value (BVi,j,out) at location i,j in the output image is a function of some weighted average (linear combination) of brightness values located in a particular spatial pattern around the i,j location in the input image

• The process of evaluating the weighted neighboring pixel values is called two-dimensional convolution filtering.

Page 18: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Spatial Convolution Filtering

• The size of the neighborhood convolution mask

or kernel (n) is usually 3 x 3, 5 x 5, 7 x 7, 9 x 9, etc.

• We will constrain our discussion to 3 x 3

convolution masks with nine coefficients, ci,

defined at the following locations:

c1 c2 c3

Mask template = c4 c5 c6

c7 c8 c9

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 11

Page 19: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Spatial Convolution Filtering

• The coefficients, c1, in the mask are multiplied by the

following individual brightness values (BVi) in the

input image:

c1 x BV1 c2 x BV2 c3 x BV3

Mask template = c4 x BV4 c5 x BV5 c6 x BV6

c7 x BV7 c8 x BV8 c9 x BV9

The primary input pixel under investigation at any one time is BV5

= BVi,j

Page 20: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect
Page 21: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect

Spatial Convolution Filtering: Low

Frequency Filter

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

9

1

5,

1 2 3 9

int

...int

9

i i

iout

c BV

LFFn

BV BV BV BV

=

×

=

+ + + =

Page 22: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect
Page 23: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473) · Image enhancement • Information enhancement includes: – Image reduction, – Image magnification, – Transect