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Image enhancement
Introduction to Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SGHG 1473)
Dr. Muhammad Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman
Image enhancement
• Enhancements are used to make it easier for visual interpretation and understanding of imagery
• Subtle differences in brightness value can be highlighted either by:
– Contrast modification or
– by assigning quite different colours to those levels (density slicing)
• Point operations change the value of each individual pixel independent of all other pixels
• Local operations change the value of individual pixels in the context of the values of neighboring pixels
Image enhancement
• Information enhancement includes:
– Image reduction,
– Image magnification,
– Transect extraction,
– Contrast adjustments (linear and non-linear),
– Band rationing,
– Spatial filtering,
– Fourier transformations,
– Principle components analysis,
– Image sharpening, and
– Texture transformations
Visualization
• Color spaces for visualization - Three approaches:
– Red-Green-Blue (RGB) space – based on additive principle of colors
• The way TV and computer screen operate
• 3 channel (R,G,B)
– Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) space
– Yellow-Magenta-Cyan (YMC) space - based on subtractive principle of colors
Contrast enhancement
• Materials or objects reflect or emit similar amounts of radiant flux (so similar pixel value)
• Only intended to improve the visual quality of a displayed image by increasing the range (spreading or stretching) of data values to occupy the available image display range (usually 0-255)
• Linear technique
– Minimum-maximum contrast stretch
– Percentage linear contrast stretch
– Standard devia=on contrast stretch
– Piecewise linear contrast stretch
• Non-linear technique
– Histogram equaliza=on
Minimum-maximum contrast stretch
Contrast Stretching of Predawn
Thermal Infrared Data of the
the Savannah River
Original
Minimum-
maximum
+1 standard
deviation
Jensen, 2011
Piecewise linear contrast stretch
Characterised
by a set of user
specified break
points
Histogram equalization
• In practice a perfectly uniform histogram cannot be achieved for digital image data
• To make sure that each bar in the image histogram has the same height
• Such a histogram has associated with it an image that utilises the available brightness levels equally and
• Should give a display in which there is good representation of detail at all brightness values
• The method of producing a uniform histogram is known generally as histogram equalization
• Reduces the contrast in the very light or dark parts of the image associated with the tails of a normally distributed histogram
Jensen, 2011
Specific percentage
linear contrast stretch
designed to highlight the
thermal plume
Histogram Equalization
Contrast Stretching of Predawn Thermal
Infrared Data of the the Savannah River
Band ratioing
, ,
, ,
, ,
i j k
i j ratio
i j l
BVBV
BV=
, ,
, ,
, ,
i j k
i j ratio
i j l
BVBV
BV=
where:
BVi,j,k is the original input brightness value in band k
BVi,j,l is the original input brightness value in band l
BVi,j,ratio is the ratio output brightness value
Band
Ratioing of
Charleston,
SC Landsat
Thematic
Mapper
Data
Band Ratio Image
Landsat TM
Band 4 / Band 3
Spatial filtering
• Spatial Filtering to Enhance Low- and High-Frequency Detail and Edges
• A characteristics of remotely sensed images is a parameter called spatial frequency, defined as the number of changes in brightness value per unit distance for any particular part of an image
• Spatial frequency in remotely sensed imagery may be enhanced or subdued using two different approaches:
– Spatial convolution filtering based primarily on the use of convolution masks, and
– Fourier analysis which mathematically separates an image into its spatial frequency components
Spatial Convolution Filtering
• A linear spatial filter is a filter for which the brightness value (BVi,j,out) at location i,j in the output image is a function of some weighted average (linear combination) of brightness values located in a particular spatial pattern around the i,j location in the input image
• The process of evaluating the weighted neighboring pixel values is called two-dimensional convolution filtering.
Spatial Convolution Filtering
• The size of the neighborhood convolution mask
or kernel (n) is usually 3 x 3, 5 x 5, 7 x 7, 9 x 9, etc.
• We will constrain our discussion to 3 x 3
convolution masks with nine coefficients, ci,
defined at the following locations:
c1 c2 c3
Mask template = c4 c5 c6
c7 c8 c9
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 11
Spatial Convolution Filtering
• The coefficients, c1, in the mask are multiplied by the
following individual brightness values (BVi) in the
input image:
c1 x BV1 c2 x BV2 c3 x BV3
Mask template = c4 x BV4 c5 x BV5 c6 x BV6
c7 x BV7 c8 x BV8 c9 x BV9
The primary input pixel under investigation at any one time is BV5
= BVi,j
Spatial Convolution Filtering: Low
Frequency Filter
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
5,
1 2 3 9
int
...int
9
i i
iout
c BV
LFFn
BV BV BV BV
=
×
=
+ + + =
∑