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8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-pharmacology-part-i 1/17
PHARMACOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO NURSINGPHARMACOLOGY
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-pharmacology-part-i 2/17
Review principles of medication
administrationLearning outcomes.
� The nursing process in medication
administration� The rights of medication administration.
� Patient education.
�Ethical considerations of medicationadministration.
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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NURSING PROCESS
� Assessment
� Diagnosis
� Planning� Action
� Evaluation
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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� The nursing process
Nursing diagnosis
1.problems related to
medication, riskfactors
2.Formulate nursing
diagnosis
3.Seek help and
direction from health
team
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� Nursing Diagnosis
e.g.
Delayed healing related to defaulting( failure totake drugs)
Defaulting related to lack of knowledge.
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The rights of medication administration.
� Right drug - Read the instructions and the
drug label.� Right time
� Right patient.
�Right dose calculate dose accurately.
� Right route
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Ethical considerations.
� Medication must be prescribed.
� Do not record medication until after it has
been given.� All medication errors should be reported and
documented.
�
Record all teaching given to patient.
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION
� Drugs interact with body in several differentways.Drug forms chemical bonds withreceptors.The study of interactions between
drugs and receptors is pharmacodynamics.
� Adrug molecule has to fit well in the receptorand affect a large number of effectors to beeffective.
� Drugs that interact with receptor to stimulatea response are known as agonists
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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� Drugs that attach a receptor but do not
stimulate a response are called antagonists.
� Drugs that stimulate response but inhibit other
responses are called partial antagonists.
� Drugs go through four stages :
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion. the study of drug relationships
through this stages is called pharmacokinetics
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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Absorption
� The process by which a drug is transported
from site of entry, to the circulating fluids of
the body.this depends on the route of
administration and blood flow through the
tissue.If it is drugs applied on skin the it
depends on drug concentration,length of
contact time and size of affected area.
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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Distribution
� This refers to the way drugs are transported to
sites of action, metabolism, and excretion by
body fluids.
� Organs with extensive blood supply like heart,
liver, kidneys, and brain, receive the drug
more rapidly.
� Distribution of drug depends on chemical
properties and solubiliy.
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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� Some drugs cannot pass through certain types
of cell membranes such as the blood brain
barrier( central nervous system ). Also the
placental barrier.
� T he amount of drug that actualy gets to the
receptors determines the effectiveness of thatdrug.Any interruption in distribution will
therefore affect the way the drug works.
8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I
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Metabolism.
� This is the process by which the body
inactivates the drug.Most of this action takesplace in the liver.other tissues and organs
involved are white blood cells,gastrointestinal
tract, and lungs.
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Excretion
Elimination of drugs after they have been
inactivated through metabolism takes placethrough the gastro intestinal tract
( fecal matter) or through the renal
system(urine)
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Factors that affect drug action
� Age
� Body weight
� Metabolic weight
� Illness� Psychological aspects
� tolerance
� Dependence
� Cumulative effect.
� Drug interactions
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PATIENT EDUCATION
� Should be part of the nursing process.
� Should be part of discharge planning
�Explain expectations of therapy
� Inform about any changes in expectations
� Set goals with patient and family
� Document all teaching done.
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Example of diabetic patient on insulin
Teaching plan
� Understanding of health condition.
� Food and fluids
� Monitoring tests� Medications and treatments
� Personal hygiene
� Activities
� Home or follow-up care.
� Special equipment and instructions