Introduction to Persuasive Speaking

Part 3:

Process; Outline;Monroe Sequence

John E. Clayton

Nanjing University, Spring, 2005

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Speech 1: Results

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Syllabus02/28 Orientation; Photos; Communication; Speaking types &

purposes03/07 Persuasion and reasoning; Peer Criticism03/14 Speech 103/21 Writing process; Outline & components; Monroe Sequence03/28 Movie: Remember the Titans04/04 Overcoming fear04/11 Speech 204/18 Review of speech 2; 04/25 Selecting topic & thesis05/02 HOLIDAY – NO CLASS05/09 Researching & supporting material05/16 Speech 305/23 Review of speech 3; Speech delivery tips05/30 Using visual aids06/06 Clean-up – final review and preparation for speech 406/13 Speech 406/20 Speech contest prep; Final exam; Evening – speech contest

The Speech Writing Process

See Handout:Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Process FlowTopic

Research

PurposeAudience analysis

OutlineOrganization

Support materials

PresentPractice

Visual aids

1. Select & Narrow Subject

• Pick a Subject appropriate to the occasion.

• Narrow the subject to a topic suitable: for a speech for the length of time for the type of audience that you have

Remember that a speech is not an essay; it must be kept simple and concise in

order to be effective.

2. Determine The Purpose Decide exactly what you hope to accomplish:

to tell us facts about a situation; to convince us of a particular point of view; to amuse us; to stimulate us to do something; etc.

Your speech should support one basic objective, so you must decide what that

objective is.

3. Analyze Audience & OccasionYou must know:

what kind of people you will be speaking to roughly how many there will be what sort of room you will be in the audience's intellectual ability & knowledge what other speakers of the day may be saying about the same subject.

This will allow you to tailor your vocabulary, content, jokes, and tone of your speech to your specific audience. What works for one may not work for another.

4. Gather Material (Research)

• Material can be gathered from books, magazines, newspapers, other speeches, Internet, etc.

• Establish your basic objective, then look for supporting material.

• Simple facts may be boring -- use examples, situations, and concrete comparisons to "enliven" the speech and make facts "real".

Sample of Using Facts

• Boring fact: "skyscraper X is 290 meters tall."

• More interesting & relevant to audience: "skyscraper X is five times taller than Hotel Saint George."

This puts a concrete comparison into peoples' minds -- much more effective than a simple, dry fact or statistic.

5. Make An Outline

An outline will help: organize your speech, establish the main points, and balance the supporting material for each point.

6. Word the SpeechPay attention to the educational level and language competence of the audience in choosing your words.

Consider words which might be "special" and need explanation to be clear.

Try to avoid words which may have more than one meaning, unless you are using them for that purpose.

Think about the ease of pronunciation of your words.

7. Prepare the Manuscript

• Type double-spaced, with a large, "readable" typeface.

• Leave generous margins for last-minute notes or corrections.

• Underline phrases that you want to stress.

• Do not fasten the pages together. Number each page.

8. Practice Aloud

• After your speech is written and ready, you must practice it aloud, to check -- the rhythm of your phrasing and sentences the pronunciation of words the length of the speech

• This will also help you to be more confident in your speech delivery, and lessen nervousness during the actual occasion.

9. Check the Room

• If possible, check the room before the speech.

• Note the size of the room and the acoustics.

• If there is a PA system, test it.

• Make sure you "fit" the podium.

• Can visual aids be seen from all parts of the room?

• Can you operate all necessary equipment?

10. Delivery

•Remember to speak loudly enough.

•Take care with enunciation, pronunciation and phrasing required for speaking in large rooms.

•Plan and practice any gestures you want to use to reinforce points.

11. Speaking Position

• Remember to position yourself properly at the rostrum, then pause for a moment longer before beginning your speech.

• After completing the speech, again pause briefly before acknowledging the "end" to the audience and stepping down from the rostrum.

The Monroe Sequence

The Monroe Sequence

The "Monroe Motivated Sequence" is intended to motivate the audience to respond to the speaker's purpose.

In its most complete form, the Motivated Sequence consists of five steps.

The Monroe Sequence1. Attention Gain the attention of the audience

2. Need Create a need for change

3. Satisfaction Satisfy the need with a solution

4. Visualization Intensify desire for solution

5. Action Urge the audience to take action

1. AttentionFunctions:To gain attentionTo secure good will and respectTo state your thesis and prepare the audience for discussion of your topic

Methods:Reference to a subject, event, or occasionPersonal greetingRhetorical questionStartling statement/statisticsQuotationHumorous anecdoteIllustration

2. Need

FunctionsTo describe the problemTo make your audience uncomfortable with the status quo

MethodsStatements (backed by evidence)IllustrationShow ramifications

3. Satisfaction

FunctionsTo present a solution to the need described

MethodsStatements (backed by evidence)ExplanationTheoretical demonstrationPractical experienceMeeting objections and potential counterarguments

4. VisualizationFunctionsTo intensify your audience's desire to adopt the solution and action you proposeTo help the audience "see" the results

MethodsPositive method ("see" what will happen on adoption)Negative method ("see" what will happen if not adopted)Contrast method ("see" adoption vs. non-adoption)

5. Action

FunctionsTo focus the thoughts of your audienceTo motivate your audience to ACTTo leave the audience in a mood appropriate to your topic

MethodsChallenge; Summary; Quotation; Illustration; Personal Intention; Inducement

Speech Outline Summary•Introduction (attention)

Attention Getter Reveal Topic Relevancy Credibility Thesis & Preview

•Main point 1 - (need) Why is this important? Reason 1 Reason 2

•Main point 2 - (satisfaction) This is how we solve it... Example 1 Example 2

•Main point 3 - (visualization) "How great it would be if..." Sample vision 1 Sample vision 2

•Conclusion - (action) "This is what we have to do..." Action 1 Action 2 Review Main points Clincher

Homework

Start working on speech 2

3 minutes, using a Monroe outline

Topic: Argumentative –Some Current Event

(note – please avoid political or religious topics)