Introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Angel de VicentePostDoc Software Support

Ext. [email protected]

Summary

• Paradigms of programming

• Introduction to OOP

• Examples of OOP with Python

Paradigms of Programming

• Procedural (FORTRAN, Pascal, C, …)

• Functional (LISP, …)

• Logic (PROLOG, …)

• Object-oriented (Smalltalk, …)

• Visual (Visual Basic, …)

•…

Procedural Programming

while ( programming == art ) { incr( pleasure ); decr( bugs ); incr( portability ); incr( maintainability ); incr( quality ); incr( salary ); } // live happily ever after

O-O Vs. Procedural

• Procedural paradigm– Program defines data and then calls

subprogram to act on the data

• Object paradigm– Program creates objects that encapsulate the

data and procedures that operate on the data

• Smalltalk -- a radical change in programming languages • Eiffel -- a language with assertions• C++ -- is much more than a better C • Java -- the dial-tone of the Internet• DLP -- introduces logic into object orientation

But also…

• Python, Perl, IDL, …

Some OO Languages

Benefits of OOP

• OO = encapsulation + inheritance• Modularity -- autonomous entities, cooperation through

exchanges of messages • Deferred commitment -- the internal workings of an object

can be redefined without changing other parts of the system

• Reusability -- refining classes through inheritance • Naturalness -- object-oriented analysis/design, modeling • Maintainability

What Is Object Oriented Programming?

An object is like a black box.

The internal details are hidden.

• Identifying objects and assigning responsibilities to these objects.

• Objects communicate to other objects by sending messages.

• Messages are received by the methods of an object.

Object Terminology

• Objects -- packet containing data and procedures • Class -- template for creating objects• Instance -- an object that belongs to a class• Methods -- deliver service • Message -- request to execute a method • Encapsulation -- information hiding by objects • Inheritance -- allowing the reuse of class spec.S class• Hierarchy -- tree structure inheritance relations • Polymorphism -- to hide different implementations• Aggregation -- to include classes as part of other classes

What Is an Object?

• Tangible things as a car, printer, ...

• Roles as employee, boss, ...

• Incidents as flight, overflow, ...

• Interactions as contract, sale, ...

• Specifications as colour, shape, …

Objects in the Real World

• Objects have attributes and interact with each other by passing messages.

Alex1 Robinson Rd

$2,000Lawrence15$200

Can I order this sofa

set

No problem.It’s $199, sir.

Objects Differentiate Each Other by Their Attributes.

Alex1 Robinson Rd

$2,000

Can I order this sofa

set

Can I have this dinning

tableJulia18 Nanyang Ave$1,000

Similar Objects Can Be Grouped Into a Group

nameaddressbudget

placeOrder

Customers

Objects Can Be Categorized Into Different Groups

nameaddressbudget

placeOrder

nameemployeeNocommission

takeOrder

Customers SalesPerson

People in Furniture Shop

Objects and Classes

Interpretation in the real world

Representation in the model

Object

Class

An object represents anything in the real world that can be distinctly identified.

An object has a unique identity, a state, and behaviors

A class represents a set ofobjects with similar characteristics and behaviors.These objects are called instance of the class

A class characterizes the structure of states and behaviors that are shared by all its instances.

Objects and Classes (2)

• Objects in programming– alex, julia and lawrence are objects:

• identity - object reference• state - value of attributes• behavior - definition of methods

– Customer and SalesPerson are classes:• Objects alex and julia are instances of class Customer

and object lawrence is an instance of class SalesPerson• Objects interact through message passing

– Customer and SalesPerson classes are the specialization of PeopleInFurnitureShop class

Object = Data + Methods or to say the same differently:

An object has the responsibility to know and the responsibility to do.

= +

The Two Parts of an Object

Basic Terminology:Behaviour and Messages

• The most important aspect of an object is its behaviour (the things it can do). A behaviour is initiated by sending a message to the object (usually by calling a method).

Message Components

• The object to receive the message• The method to execute

• Any other necessary information needed by the method (parameters)

Telephone.call(2416881)

Object.method(parameters)

Example: The Person class#include<string>#include<iostream>class Person{ char name[20]; int yearOfBirth;public: void displayDetails() { cout << name << " born in " << yearOfBirth << endl; } //...};

private data

public processes

Basic Terminology

• Abstraction is the representation of the essential features of an object. These are ‘encapsulated’ into an abstract data type.

• Encapsulation is the practice of including in an object everything it needs hidden from other objects. The internal state is usually not accessible by other objects.

Encapsulation - Real Life

• Bank machine

• Hidden data– account balance– personal information

• Interface– deposit, withdraw, transfer– display account information

Interaction Among Classes

• A program is composed of multiple classes

• Classes may contain references to other classes within the set of attributes or behaviours

• Start in an application class (main)– construct one or more objects and call methods

associated with those objects

Basic Terminology:Inheritance

• Inheritance means that one class inherits the characteristics of another class.This is also called a “is a” relationship:

A car is a vehicle

A teacher is a person

A dog is an animal

Inheritance• The inheriting class contains all the

attributes and behaviours of the class it inherited from plus any attributes and behaviours it defines

• The inheriting class can override the definition of existing methods by providing its own implementation

• The code of the inheriting class consists only of the changes and additions to the base class

Inheritance Terminology

• Class one above– Parent class, Super class

• Class one below– Child class

• Class one or more above– Ancestor class, Base class

• Class one or more below– Descendent class

Why Use Inheritance?• Modular coding

– less code, easier to understand

• Code reuse– don’t break what is already working– easier updates

• May not have access to modify the original source code

• Polymorphism

Basic Terminology:Polymorphism

• Polymorphism means “having many forms”. It allows different objects to respond to the same message in different ways, the response specific to the type of the object.E.g. the message displayDetails() in our furniture shop should give different results when send to a Customer or a SalesPerson.

Basic Terminology:Aggregation

• Aggregation describes a “has a” relationship. One object is a part of another object.

• We distinguish between composite aggregation

(the composite “owns” the part) and shared

aggregation (the part is shared by more than one

composite).

A car has wheels.

Inheritance, polymorphism and aggregation

BankAccount

int acctNumClient acctHolderdouble balanceBankAccount(Client info)void deposit(double amt)boolean withdraw(double amt)void printStatement()

SavingsAccount

double interestRatedouble accruedInterestTime lastBalanceChangeSavingsAccount(...)void updateIntRate(double rate)void deposit(double amt)boolean withdraw(double amt)

ChequingAccount

double minBalance

ChequingAccount(…)boolean withdraw(double amt)double calcServiceFee()

The Two Steps of Object Oriented Programming

• Making Classes: Creating, extending or reusing abstract data types.

• Making Objects interact: Creating objects from abstract data types and defining their relationships.

Python simplest OO program!

#!/usr/local/bin/python

class House: pass

my_house = House()my_house.number = 40

print "My house is", my_house.number

[angelv@guinda Python]$ ./first.pyMy house is 40

Class constructors#! /usr/local/bin/pythonclass House:

def __init__(self, number, rooms, garden):self.number = numberself.rooms = roomsself.garden = garden

my_house = House(20, 1, 0)

print "My house is number", my_house.numberprint "It has", my_house.rooms, "rooms"if my_house.garden:

garden_text = "has"else:

garden_text = "does not have"print "It", garden_text, "a garden"

[angelv@guinda Python]$ ./second.py My house is number 20It has 1 roomsIt does not have a garden[angelv@guinda Python]$

Example: Atom classclass atom:

def __init__(self,atno,x,y,z):self.atno = atnoself.position = (x,y,z)

def symbol(self): # a class methodreturn Atno_to_Symbol[atno]

def __repr__(self): # overloads printingreturn '%d %10.4f %10.4f %10.4f' %

(self.atno, self.position[0], self.position[1],self.position[2])

>>> at = atom(6,0.0,1.0,2.0)>>> print at6 0.0000 1.0000 2.0000>>> at.symbol()'C'

Atom class

• Overloaded the default constructor• Defined class variables (atno,position) that are persistent

and local to the atom object• Good way to manage shared memory:

– instead of passing long lists of arguments, encapsulate some of this data into an object, and pass the object.

– much cleaner programs result

• Overloaded the print operator

• We now want to use the atom class to build molecules...

Molecule Class

class molecule:

def __init__(self,name='Generic'):

self.name = name

self.atomlist = []

def addatom(self,atom):

self.atomlist.append(atom)

def __repr__(self):

str = 'This is a molecule named %s\n' % self.name

str = str+'It has %d atoms\n' % len(self.atomlist)

for atom in self.atomlist:

str = str + `atom` + '\n'

return str

Using Molecule Class

>>> mol = molecule('Water')>>> at = atom(8,0.,0.,0.)>>> mol.addatom(at)>>> mol.addatom(atom(1,0.,0.,1.))>>> mol.addatom(atom(1,0.,1.,0.))>>> print molThis is a molecule named WaterIt has 3 atoms8 0.000 0.000 0.0001 0.000 0.000 1.0001 0.000 1.000 0.000

• Note that the print function calls the atoms print function– Code reuse: only have to type the code that prints an atom once; this

means that if you change the atom specification, you only have one place to update.

Public and Private Data

• Currently everything in atom/molecule is public, thus we could do something really stupid like

• >>> at = atom(6,0.,0.,0.)• >>> at.position = 'Grape Jelly'

that would break any function that used at.poisition• We therefore need to protect the at.position and provide

accessors to this data– Encapsulation or Data Hiding– accessors are "gettors" and "settors"

• Encapsulation is particularly important when other people use your class

Encapsulated Atom

class atom:

def __init__(self,atno,x,y,z):

self.atno = atno

self.__position = (x,y,z) #position is private

def getposition(self):

return self.__position

def setposition(self,x,y,z):

self.__position = (x,y,z) #typecheck first!

def translate(self,x,y,z):

x0,y0,z0 = self.__position

self.__position = (x0+x,y0+y,z0+z)

Why Encapsulate?

• By defining a specific interface you can keep other modules from doing anything incorrect to your data

• By limiting the functions you are going to support, you leave yourself free to change the internal data without messing up your users– Write to the Interface, not the Implementation– Makes code more modular, since you can change large

parts of your classes without affecting other parts of the program, so long as they only use your public functions

Specializing Inherited Methods

class Super:

def method(self):

print ‘in Super.method’

def delegate(self):

self.action()

• Simple inheritance

class Inheritor(Super):

pass

Specializing Inherited Methods (2)

class Super:

def method(self):


def delegate(self):

self.action()

• Replacing behaviour

class Replacer(Super):

def method(self):

print ‘in Replacer.method’


class Super:

def method(self):


def delegate(self):

self.action()

• Extending behaviourclass Extender(Super):

def method(self):

print ‘starting Extender.method’

Super.method(self)

print ‘ending Extender.method’


class Super:

def method(self):


def delegate(self):

self.action()

• Providing behaviour

class Provider(Super):

def action(self):

print ‘in Provider.action’


• What we get…% python specialize.pyInheritor…in Super.method

Replacer…in Replacer.method

Extender…starting Extender.methodin Super.methodending Extender.method

Provider…in Provider.action

Conclusions

• OOP is just another paradigm of programming• Features of OOP: encapsulation, abstraction,

aggregation and inheritance.• Benefits of OOP are: modularity, reusability,

naturalness and maintainability.• Syntax and OOP concepts quite simple.• Steps for OOP: making classes, creating objects

and making them interact.• For beginners the most difficult part is the classes

hierarchy design.

Documents

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP)