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Introduction to microbiology.Morphology of microorganisms
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology
Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms
Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology Industrial microbiology and biotechnology Pharmaceutical microbiology Agricultural microbiology Veterinary microbiology Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food,
water, soil and air) Medical microbiology
Medical microbiology
Taxonomy of microorganisms
Classification Nomenclature (binominal
system ) Systematic
Ranks of hierarchical arrangement
Main methods of classification
Intraspecies classification
Biotype
Serotype
Phagotype
Present classification of microorganisms
Cellular microorganisms non-cellular microorganisms
Superkingdom
Eucaryotae Procaryotae
Kingdom
Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae
Protozoa
Kingdom
Vira
Canonical viruses
Non-canonical viruses
Methods of morphology investigation
Light microscopy :
Immersion microscopy
Dark-field microscopy
Phase-contrast microscopy Electron microscopy
Luminescent microscopy
Main morphological signs of micro-organisms
Shape Size Cell arrangement Tinctorial properties Structure:
CapsuleStructure of cell wallFlagellaEndospores
Cocci.
Micrococci
Diplococci
Tetracocci
Streptococci
Sarcinae
Staphylococci
Rod-shaped forms
Bacteria Bacilli Clostridia
Spiral-shaped bacteria.
Vibrio Spirilla Spirochaetes
Thread-shaped bacteria
Main differences of the cell structure
Type of cell procaryotes eucaryotes
size 1-10 µm 10-100 µm
genom
exhibited
Nucleoid is not separeted from cytoplasm
1 chromosome (circular)
Nucleus
Have a nuclear membrane
A few chromosomes (linear)
Mitochondria absent present
Apparatus Golgi absent present
Endoplasmatic reticulum
absent present
ribosome Within cytoplasm 70S
(50S+30S)
into ЕPR 80S
(60S+40S)
Cell wall peptidoglycane cellulose
endospores + —
Structure of the bacteria
Cell envelope:- capsule- Cell wall- Cytoplasmic membraneOutside appendages:- flagella- Pili or fimbriaInside structure:- cytoplasm- nucleoid- ribosomes- mesosomes- Intracellular inclusion
Features of the structure Gram-positive cell wall
Feature of the structure Gram-negative cell envelope
Flagella
Motile bacteria may be divided into:
1.Creeping
2.Swimming
• (1) monotrichous,
• (2) amphitrichous,
• (3) lophotrichous,
• (4) peritrichous
Pili or fimbriae
1. Common-pili
2. F – pili or sex-pili
Methods for flagella revealingDirect methods (microscopy)
Indirect methods
wet-mount
hanging-drop techniques
Intracytoplasmatic inclusions.
Volutin granules
EndosporesEndospores
Historical development of microbiology Period before microorganisms were seen Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century
to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek ) Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R.
Koch) Immunological period (first part of 20th century:
G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky): development of immunology and the start of development of the virology)
Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry, microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
He was the first person who observed and described microorganisms (he named their as “animalcules”)
He constructed first microscope with magnification about 50 to 300 times
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He established that fermentation was the result of microbial activity
He introduced techniques of sterilization and made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and autoclave
He showed that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation
He elaborated methods of pathogenic microorganisms attenuation
He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one
Robert Koch (1843-1910) He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of
microorganisms He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877),
cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882) He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a
microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's postulates) The microorganism must be present in every case of the
disease but absent in healthy organism The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism
is inoculated into a healthy host The same microorganism must be isolated again from the
diseased host