Upload
blade
View
60
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Phonetics. Introduction to Language. Objectives:. Explore the relationship between sound and spelling Become familiar with International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA ) Understand the nature of consonants and vowels Learn where particular sounds occur (physical aspects of the human vocal tract) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Introduction to Language
Phonetics
1
• Explore the relationship between sound and spelling
• Become familiar with International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA )
• Understand the nature of consonants and vowels
• Learn where particular sounds occur (physical aspects of the human vocal tract)
• How sounds change when different sounds surround them
• Yule: Chapter 3, The Sounds of Language2
Objectives:
SEAGH
3
CHEF?
sure dead laugh
Imagine a word spelled as
But pronounced as
How would one come to this spelling?
• The sounds of spoken English often do not match up with the letters of written English.
• One solution to describe the sounds of a language is to produce a separate alphabet with symbols that represent sound phonetic alphabet
• These symbols represent both the consonant and vowel sounds of language
4
Describing Language Sounds
Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air (sound waves)
Auditory phonetics – the study of the perception of speech sounds, via the ear (perception)
Articulatory phonetics – the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ (production) 5
Phonetics the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds
The English alphabet has 26 letters but there are over 40 different speech sounds:
5 vowel and 21 consonant letters of the alphabet
About 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds (depending on dialect)
6
The English Alphabet
Same sound spelled using different letters: sea, see, scene, receive, thief, amoeba, machine
Same letters can stand for different sounds: - sign, pleasure, resign
- dough, through, rough, cough, fought, drought
7
A “Good” Phonetic Alphabet: Not English
Single sound spelled by a combination of letters: lock, that, book
Single letter represents a combination of sounds: exit, use
Sometimes letters stand for no sound at all: know, doubt, though
8
A “Good” Phonetic Alphabet: Not English
the conversion of spoken words into written words
the process of matching the sounds of human speech to special written symbols
using a set of exact rules, so that these sounds can be reproduced later.
9
Transcription
10
The Organs of Speech (Yule, page 27)
11
English Sounds
• All English words are made from combinations of consonants and vowels
• Every English segment can be uniquely described in three or four words• [p] is the voiceless (bi-)labial (oral) stop• [e] is the upper-mid front vowel• [n] is the alveolar nasal (stop)
Inside the larynx are the vocal cordsOne position: voiceless
Vocal cords are open, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. e.g. /s/
Another position: voicedWhen the vocal cords are drawn together, the
air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. e.g. /z/
12
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
• Consonants are generally produced with greater constriction within the vocal tract.
• Description of consonants– Voicing: describes the state of the larynx– Place of Articulation: describes the
location of the obstruction or constriction – Manner of Articulation: describes the
type of constriction and the passage of airflow
– e.g. /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
13
Consonants
• Place Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatals Velar Glottal(Yule pgs. 28-31)
14
English Sounds: Consonants• Manner
Stop Fricative Affricate Nasals Liquids Glides Glottal stops and
flaps(Yule pgs. 31-33)
15
IPA Consonants
16
English ConsonantsYule, pg. 30
17
English Sounds: Vowels• Exercise: Hold your jaw lightly, now say he,
who, and ha. Did your jaw move for ha?
• Vowels don’t have a consonant-like point of articulation or manner of articulation. The three standard descriptors for consonants (place, manner, voicing) aren’t helpful when we want to describe vowels.
18
English Sounds: Vowels• There are 4 main ways in which speakers can change the
shape of the vocal tract and thus change vowel quality. Raising of lowering the body of the tongue Advancing or retracting the body of the tongue Rounding or not rounding the lips A tense or lax gesture of the tongue body
• Manner: all vowels are articulated in the same way, with the tongue raising or lowering to the target position
• All vowels (in English) are voiced
19
Monophthongs of English
seat
set
sat
You will find that you open your mouth a little wider as you change from [i] to [Ɛ] to [æ]
These varying degrees of openness correspond to different degrees of tongue height
20
Monophthongs of EnglishMade with the front of the mouth less open because the
tongue body is raised, or high
Produced with an
intermediate tongue
height
Pronounced with the
front of the mouth
open and the
tongue lowered.
21
Monophthongs of English
beat boot
Beat: the body of the tongue is raised and pushed forward so it’s just under the hard palate.
Boot: made by raising the body of the tongue in the back of the mouth, toward the velum
22
Monophthongs of English
Front: tongue is moved forward or advanced for all front monophthongs
Back: tongue is retracted or pulled back for the back monophthongs
Vowel quality also depends on lip position
[u] in two lips are rounded
[i] in tea lips are unrounded
23
Lip Rounding
24
Diphthongs: Complex vowel sounds because they are two-part vowel sounds, consisting of a transition from one vowel to the other in the same syllable
Try saying eye very slowly. How do you make this vowel sound?
1. Your tongue starts out in the low back position for [α]
2. Then your tongue moves toward the front position for [I]
Diphthongs of English
25
Examples:buybaybowoh
Diphthongs of English
Do Study Questions Chapter 3; Read Chapter 4.
26
Homework
Yule, 2010Fromkin, et. al., 2009
27
References
28