Introduction to Information Technology and Information Systems

Introduction Introduction to to

Information Technology Information Technology and and

Information SystemsInformation Systems

HousekeepingHousekeeping

Be sure to send me a photo!Be sure to send me a photo!

Lateral Thinking PuzzleLateral Thinking Puzzle

““Lateral Thinking Puzzles, unlike most Lateral Thinking Puzzles, unlike most puzzles, are inexact. In a sense, they puzzles, are inexact. In a sense, they are a hybrid between puzzles and are a hybrid between puzzles and storytelling. In each puzzle, some clues storytelling. In each puzzle, some clues to a scenario are given, but the clues to a scenario are given, but the clues don't tell the full story. Your job is to fill don't tell the full story. Your job is to fill in the details and complete the story. in the details and complete the story. Obviously, there is usually more than Obviously, there is usually more than one answer to any given puzzle, but, in one answer to any given puzzle, but, in general, only one solution is truly general, only one solution is truly satisfyingsatisfying.”.”

Brain Food Website Brain Food Website http://www.rinkworks.com/brainfood/p/latreal1.shtmlhttp://www.rinkworks.com/brainfood/p/latreal1.shtml

A man lives on the twelfth floor of an A man lives on the twelfth floor of an apartment building. Every morning he apartment building. Every morning he takes the elevator down to the lobby and takes the elevator down to the lobby and leaves the building. In the evening, he leaves the building. In the evening, he gets into the elevator, and, if there is gets into the elevator, and, if there is someone else in the elevator -- or if it was someone else in the elevator -- or if it was raining that day -- he goes back to his floor raining that day -- he goes back to his floor directly. Otherwise, he goes to the tenth directly. Otherwise, he goes to the tenth floor and walks up two flights of stairs to floor and walks up two flights of stairs to his apartment.his apartment.

http://rinkworks.com

Use GoToMeeting Chat

You ask questions.

I can answer “yes”, “no”, “doesn’t matter”

A Brief History…A Brief History…

"On an April day in 1746…about 200 "On an April day in 1746…about 200 monks arranged themselves in a long, monks arranged themselves in a long, snaking line. Each monk held one end of snaking line. Each monk held one end of a 25-foot iron wire in each hand, a 25-foot iron wire in each hand, connecting him to his neighbor on either connecting him to his neighbor on either side. Together, the monks and their side. Together, the monks and their connecting wires formed a line over a connecting wires formed a line over a mile long. mile long.

Once the line was complete…a noted Once the line was complete…a noted French scientist…took a primitive French scientist…took a primitive electrical battery and, without warning, electrical battery and, without warning, connected it to the line of monks -- giving connected it to the line of monks -- giving all of them a powerful electric shock. all of them a powerful electric shock.

The simultaneous exclamations and The simultaneous exclamations and contortions of a mile-long line of monks contortions of a mile-long line of monks revealed that electricity could be revealed that electricity could be transmitted over a great distance; and as transmitted over a great distance; and as far as Nollet could tell, it covered that far as Nollet could tell, it covered that distance instantly.” distance instantly.”

istockphoto.com

A Brief History of the A Brief History of the Information AgeInformation Age


• First Electronic MessagingFirst Electronic Messaging: In : In 18351835, Samuel Morse , Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. Used magnetic developed the telegraph. Used magnetic transmitters and receivers to send signals.transmitters and receivers to send signals.

• First Long-distance CommunicationFirst Long-distance Communication: an iron wire, : an iron wire, was strung between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. was strung between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. -- 37 miles. -- 37 miles.

• First MessageFirst Message: On May 24, : On May 24, 18441844, the first telegraph , the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought," was message, "What hath God wrought," was successfully sent and received.successfully sent and received.

• First Information CodeFirst Information Code: Morse developed a language : Morse developed a language of signals called of signals called Morse CodeMorse Code, which used a , which used a combination of short and long signals - dots and combination of short and long signals - dots and dashes to represent numbers and lettersdashes to represent numbers and letters. .

First telegraph cable First telegraph cable between England and between England and France in France in 18501850 French fisherman cuts French fisherman cuts

the cable, thinking it is a the cable, thinking it is a new kind of seaweed!new kind of seaweed!

Install an armored cable Install an armored cable in 1851 that lasts for in 1851 that lasts for many years.many years.


• First Transatlantic CableFirst Transatlantic Cable : Atlantic Cable : Atlantic Cable was established in was established in 18581858 to carry to carry instantaneous communications across the instantaneous communications across the ocean.ocean. It was a failure after a few hours. It was a failure after a few hours. Subsequent cables laid in Subsequent cables laid in 18661866 were were completely successful. completely successful. The cable The cable remained in use for almost remained in use for almost 100100 years.years.


• First Voice CommunicationsFirst Voice Communications: : Alexander Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits Telephone in Graham Bell Exhibits Telephone in 18761876


http://jackson.army.mil

Net 1 Net 2

The Internet and the The Internet and the Information AgeInformation Age

InternetworkingInternetworking:: 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET (a defense 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET (a defense

network envisioned to survive a nuclear network envisioned to survive a nuclear attack) in attack) in 19711971..

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) adopted in Protocol (TCP/IP) adopted in 19821982——interconnecting independent networks rather interconnecting independent networks rather than specific networks with an arbitrary than specific networks with an arbitrary designdesign

Net 1

Appl

TCP

IP

Net 2

Appl

TCP

IPIP

RouterComputer 1 Computer 2

The Internet

The Web and The The Web and The Information AgeInformation Age

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web:: www: interface established in www: interface established in 19911991 200 www sites in 200 www sites in 19931993 10,000 www sites in 10,000 www sites in 19951995 10,000,000 www sites in 10,000,000 www sites in 19991999 60,000,000 www sites in 60,000,000 www sites in 20052005 ???? www sites in ???? www sites in 20082008

Source: http://royal.pingdom.com/?p=273

The Web and The The Web and The Information AgeInformation Age

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web:: www: interface established in www: interface established in 19911991 200 www sites in 200 www sites in 19931993 10,000 www sites in 10,000 www sites in 19951995 10,000,000 www sites in 10,000,000 www sites in 19991999 60,000,000 www sites in 60,000,000 www sites in 20052005 162,000,000 www sites in 162,000,000 www sites in 20082008

Source: http://royal.pingdom.com/?p=273

The The “I”“I” in Information in Information SystemsSystems

Data Data represents a fact or statement of represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things.event without relation to other things. Ex: It is raining.Ex: It is raining.

DefinitionDefinition ““Data is the elementary description of things, Data is the elementary description of things,

events, activities and transactions that are events, activities and transactions that are recorded, classified and stored but are not recorded, classified and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.”organized to convey any specific meaning.”

Data vs. Information vs. KnowledgeData vs. Information vs. Knowledge

InformationInformation embodies the understanding of embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cause a relationship of some sort, possibly cause and effect.and effect. Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and

then it started raining.then it started raining.

DefinitionsDefinitions Information is Data organized so that they Information is Data organized so that they

have meaning and value to the recipient.have meaning and value to the recipient. From From Information Rules:Information Rules: Information is Information is

anything that can be digitized (e.g. books, anything that can be digitized (e.g. books, magazines, stock quotes, music, etc.)magazines, stock quotes, music, etc.)


Characteristics of Information Characteristics of Information “Goods”“Goods”

Available Quickly, Ubiquitously, and Available Quickly, Ubiquitously, and Inexpensively Inexpensively

Costly to Costly to Produce Produce but cheap to but cheap to ReproduceReproduce

Cheap to Cheap to Reproduce Reproduce so cheap to so cheap to CopyCopy

Consumers must Consumers must ExperienceExperience it to Value it it to Value it

From “Information Rules” Excerpt

Knowledge Knowledge represents a pattern that connects represents a pattern that connects and generally provides a high level of and generally provides a high level of predictability as to what is described or what predictability as to what is described or what will happen next.will happen next. Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature

drops substantially the atmospheres is often drops substantially the atmospheres is often unlikely to be able to hold the moisture so it rains.unlikely to be able to hold the moisture so it rains.

DefinitionDefinition Data and/or information organized and processed to Data and/or information organized and processed to

convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning and expertise as they apply to a current problem or activity. and expertise as they apply to a current problem or activity.



Diagram from http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm

Consider the FollowingConsider the Following

I have a box. I have a box.

The box is 3' wide, 3' deep, and 6' high. The box is 3' wide, 3' deep, and 6' high.

The box is very heavy. The box is very heavy.

The box has a door on the front of it. The box has a door on the front of it.

Junk has a real habit of collecting on top of Junk has a real habit of collecting on top of this box. this box.

Guesses?

Consider the FollowingConsider the FollowingI have a box. I have a box. The box is 3' wide, 3' deep, and 6' high. The box is 3' wide, 3' deep, and 6' high. The box is very heavy. The box is very heavy. The box has a door on the front of it. The box has a door on the front of it. Junk has a real habit of collecting on top of this box. Junk has a real habit of collecting on top of this box.

It is colder inside the box than it is outside. It is colder inside the box than it is outside. When I open the box it has food in it. When I open the box it has food in it. You usually find the box in the kitchen. You usually find the box in the kitchen. There is a smaller compartment inside the box with There is a smaller compartment inside the box with ice in it. ice in it. When you open the door the light comes on.When you open the door the light comes on.

When the pattern connected, the sequence of When the pattern connected, the sequence of statements represented knowledge to you.statements represented knowledge to you.

IntermissionIntermission

Artwork © Jan’s Courtyard 1996-2005

Why Do People Succeed?Why Do People Succeed?(Richard St. John)(Richard St. John)

http://www.ted.com/tedtalks/tedtalksplayer.cfm?key=r_stjohn

The The “S”“S” in in Information SystemsInformation Systems

What is a System?What is a System?

Components that work together to achieve Components that work together to achieve a goal by accepting input, processing it, a goal by accepting input, processing it, and producing output in an organized and producing output in an organized manner.manner. e.g. a sound systeme.g. a sound system

Components of a SystemComponents of a System

Business ProcessesBusiness Processes

A processA process is the manner in which work is organized is the manner in which work is organized

and coordinated to produce a product or serviceand coordinated to produce a product or service

Some business processes take place within a functionSome business processes take place within a function

Some others cut across multiple business functionsSome others cut across multiple business functions

Involves workflows of material, information, and Involves workflows of material, information, and knowledgeknowledge

Provides unique ways to coordinate work, information, Provides unique ways to coordinate work, information, and knowledgeand knowledge

ExampleExample: processing a customer order: processing a customer order

So, what is an So, what is an Information System (IS)?Information System (IS)?

Information System: Information System: ComponentsComponents that work that work together to together to processprocess data and produce data and produce information (to help companies solve information (to help companies solve problems and make decisions).problems and make decisions).

Information: An organized, meaningful, and useful interpretation of data

System: Components that work together to achieve a goal by accepting input, processing it, and producing output in an organized manner

Justifying Information SystemsJustifying Information Systems

Tangible savings (reduced costs)Tangible savings (reduced costs)

Intangible savings (better decisions)Intangible savings (better decisions)

Legal requirements (reports)Legal requirements (reports)

Modernization (new apps)Modernization (new apps)

Pilot project (wireless laptops)Pilot project (wireless laptops)

Information Systems ChallengesInformation Systems Challenges

Resistance to ChangeResistance to Change Automate current procedures in accordance Automate current procedures in accordance

with existing policies without having to with existing policies without having to redesign the underlying conceptsredesign the underlying concepts

Fundamental concepts must first be re-Fundamental concepts must first be re-engineered before the use of information engineered before the use of information technology will succeed technology will succeed

Impact of Culture on ITImpact of Culture on IT

From “Maldives Case Study”

Types of Information Types of Information SystemsSystems

Types of Business Types of Business Information SystemsInformation Systems

e-Commerce (B2B, B2C)e-Commerce (B2B, B2C)

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Supply Chain Management (SCM)Supply Chain Management (SCM)

Business Intelligence (BI)Business Intelligence (BI)

e-Commercee-Commerce

e-Commercee-Commerce Any business transaction executed Any business transaction executed

electronically between parties involving electronically between parties involving the exchange of goods and/or servicesthe exchange of goods and/or services

B2B, B2C, C2CB2B, B2C, C2C

Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(ERP)

Integrated programs that can manage a Integrated programs that can manage a company’s entire set of business company’s entire set of business operations (e.g., accounting, finance, operations (e.g., accounting, finance, inventory, etc.)inventory, etc.)

Often coordinate planning, inventory Often coordinate planning, inventory control, production and orderingcontrol, production and ordering

• Very expensive and difficult to implementVery expensive and difficult to implement

Customer Relationship Customer Relationship Management (CRM) SystemManagement (CRM) System

Manages ways to deal with existing and potential Manages ways to deal with existing and potential new customersnew customers

Coordinates business processes of a firm Coordinates business processes of a firm necessary to provides end-to-end customer carenecessary to provides end-to-end customer care

Provides a unified view of customer across the Provides a unified view of customer across the companycompany

Consolidates customer data from multiple Consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for sources and provides analytical tools for answering questionsanswering questions

Supply Chain Management (SCM) SystemsSupply Chain Management (SCM) Systems

Links the organization with customers and suppliers Links the organization with customers and suppliers

(i.e., “the supply chain”) as one “virtual (i.e., “the supply chain”) as one “virtual

organization”organization”

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence

Used to support decision making (e.g. Used to support decision making (e.g. where to build, how much to order)where to build, how much to order)

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Suggests and compares alternativesSuggests and compares alternatives Problem is complexProblem is complex Information is voluminousInformation is voluminous

What Do You Know?What Do You Know?


_____ conveys understanding, accumulated learning, and expertise as they apply to a current problem.

A) data

B) information

C) knowledge

D) experience

E) wisdom


_____ conveys understanding, accumulated learning, and expertise as they apply to a current problem.

A) data

B) information

C) knowledge

D) experience

E) wisdom


Supply chain management (SCM) systems are which type of information system?

A) departmental information systems

B) enterprise wide information systems

C) inter-organizational information systems

D) end-user computing systems

E) individual information systems


Supply chain management (SCM) systems are which type of information system?

A) departmental information systems

B) enterprise wide information systems

C) inter-organizational information system

D) end-user computing systems

E) individual information systems

What Do You Know?What Do You Know?The characteristics of ERP systems include which of the following?

A) integrate the planning, management, and use of all resources of the organization

B) provide information necessary to control the business processes of the organization

C) include a set of interdependent software modules

D) may force companies to change existing business processes to fit predetermined business processes of the ERP package

E) all of the above

What Do You Know?What Do You Know?The characteristics of ERP systems include which of the following?

A) integrate the planning, management, and use of all resources of the organization

B) provide information necessary to control the business processes of the organization

C) include a set of interdependent software modules

D) may force companies to change existing business processes to fit predetermined business processes of the ERP package

E) all of the above


Which of the following is not a major capability of information systems (IS)?

A) perform high-speed, high-volume numerical computations

B) provide fast, accurate communications among organizations

C) store large amounts of information in a very large space

D) increase the effectiveness and efficiency of people working in groups

E) automate semiautomatic business processes


Which of the following is not a major capability of information systems (IS)?

A) perform high-speed, high-volume numerical computations

B) provide fast, accurate communications among organizations

C) store large amounts of information in a very large space

D) increase the effectiveness and efficiency of people working in groups

E) automate semiautomatic business processes

Next Two WeeksNext Two Weeks

- This Week- Complete “Introduction to the Internet & HTML” Self-Study & Quiz

- Complete “Introduction to Dreamweaver” Self-Study & Quiz

- Both Quizzes Due Sun May 18 @ Midnight

- Next Week

- Virtual Classes on Tuesday and Thursday

- LAB1 Dreamweaver Website Development & Quiz

- “Introduction to MS Access” Self-Study & Quiz

- “Database Queries” Self-Study & Quiz

- All Quizzes Due Sun May 25 @ Midnight

Have a great weekend!Have a great weekend!

Documents

Introduction to Information Technology and Information Systems