Introduction to Information Systems Architecture of

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Introduction to Information SystemsArchitecture of Information Systems

V1.1 février 2012

Ce document est la propriété de la SAS Auris Solutions et est uniquement destiné aux étudiants de l'ESC Bretagne Brest. Il bénéficie de la protection réservée aux œuvres intellectuelles (art. L.315-2 du code de la propriété intellectuelle).

PrésentationPrésentation

Intervenant

● Ph. RIS

Diplômes

● Docteur en informatique

● Diplômé du 3ème cycle ECR de l'ESC Bretagne Brest

Carrière

● Enseignant / chercheur pendant 4 ans

● Ingénieur puis consultant auprès des DSI pendant 11 ans (Ile de France)

● Fondateur de la SAS Auris Solutions, société de conseil aux entreprise / système d'information

Références

http://auris-solutions.fr

http://blog.auris-solutions.fr

http://auris-solutions.fr/


Architecture of Information Systems

● Introduction

● Technology

● Componants of I.S.

● Internet

PlanPlan


IntroductionIntroduction

This course aims to:

- Clarifying the concepts related to computer architecture- Clarifying the concepts related to the architecture of information systems

An information system can be a viewed as a whole:

- Technology (hardware and software)- A human organization- Process operation



● Introduction

● Technology


● Internet

PlanPlan


Technology : modelTechnology : model

8 service Saas, OnDemand, modèle du cloud computing Service

7 Applications4G Languages

The software user(spreadsheet, browser, calendar, word processor ,...)

Software

6 Developpement3G Languages

The "computer languages" so-called "hight level"C + +, Java, Cobol, Fortran, VB, etc..

5 Low level langages

each instruction is a symbolic statement ofunderlying virtual machine: Java bytecode, pCode for Pascal,assembly language representation = 'human' in machine language

4 OS kernel Core operating system, add software operationselementary machine language.Memory management, files, virtual memory, multi tasks, etc..

3 Hardware Language

machine language = elementary operationsThe only language "understood" by machines,native language, which makes them incompatible processor

2 microprograms programming language which corresponds exactly to the hardware architecture in which each bit corresponds to an instruction device.Each machine instruction is executed as a sequence of instructions microprogrammed

Firmware

1 digital logic "hard" or circuitry, a meeting place for IT and digital electronicsIntel Pentium, Celeron - AMD Athlon, Duron - Motorola PowerPC - etc.

Hardware


* Business service (information service accounting, information service HR, ...) * User support: Intelligent agents * User interface: voice, the desktop metaphor, icons, mouse, etc.. * Application Software: spreadsheet, word processor, game software, browser, database, etc.. * Development environment: AGL, debugger, etc.. * Software Development: Compilers, editors, DBMS, etc.. * System Software name: TS, spool, etc.. * Command language system and network: Shell, JCL, etc.. * Query language system: SVC, macros * Resource manager, accounting, etc.. * VMM: paging, segmentation * File manager (FMS, FMS) * Manager / O (IOCS, BIOS) * Scheduler (scheduler) * Synchronizer tasks (primitive P and V on semaphores, etc..) * Machine language *Physical I / O * Interrupts (hardware and software) * Microcode: language-related material (logs, doors, etc..) * Computer architecture (bus, RAM, ROM, chips, etc..) * Logical architecture chips (gates, buses, etc..) * Physical architecture chips: VLSI ... * Physical medium chips: MOS layers * Materials circuits: silicon, etc..

Technology : modelsTechnology : models



7 Application Semantic applications (service)

6 Presentation Encoding, encryption

5 Session Keep identification for the connection, transaction

4 Transportation Message (TCP)

3 Network Package (IP), routing, addressing

2 Link Datagram, , data link

1 Physical layer Bit


Examples:

7 Application layer Gopher • SSH • FTP • NNTP • DNS • DHCP • XMPP • SNMP • SMTP • POP3 • IMAP • IRC • VoIP • WebDAV • SIMPLE • HTTP • Modbus • BGP • OSPF • RIP • IS-IS • CLNP SIP6 Presentation layer SMB • ASCII • Videotex • Unicode • TDI ASN.1 • XDR UUCP • ASC • AFP • SSP5 Session Layer RTSP • telnet • AppleTalk • NetBios4 Transport Layer TCP • UDP • SCTP RTP • • • SPX • TCAP DCCPLayer 3 Network NetBEUI • ARP • IPv4 • IPv6 • IPX • ICMP • IGMP • WDSLayer 2 Data Link • Ethernet CSMA / CD • CSMA / CA • Token Ring • FDDI LocalTalk • • X.21 • X.25 • Frame Relay • Bitnet • CAN • PPP • PPPoE • HDLC • ATM1 Physical layer • NRZ Coding Coding Coding Manchester • Miller • RS-232 • RS-449 • V.21 • V.42-V.23-V.90 • • 10Base2 coaxial cable • Twisted pair • 10BASE5 • 10BASE-T • 100BASE-TX • 1000BASE-T • ISDN • PDH SDH • • T-Carrier • EIA-422 EIA-485 • • SONET • ADSL • SDSL VDSL • FHSS DSSS • HomeRF • IrDA • USB • IEEE 1394 (FireWire) • Wireless USB Bluetooth • Wi-Fi



Consider the following circuit

Technology: Boolean algebraTechnology: Boolean algebra

A switch (C1 or C2) can take two states: "closed" (current password) or "open".

Similarly, the lamp can take two states: "lit" or "off".a lamp "L" is on if and only if the one of the switches C1 or C2 is closed


C1 \C2

Close Open

Close off lit

Open lit lit

Notation :

Close = off = 0 = False

Open = lit = 1 = True

Variant: xor (exclusive or)


What is the table or exclusive?



Logical Et

Logical Not


A or B 0 1

0 0 1

1 1 1

A and B 0 1

0 0 0

1 0 1

Not 0 1Not 1 0

Notations

True = 1 TFalse= 0 F

Or = + VAnd = . ^

Associativity

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = a + b + c(ab). c = a. (b.c) = a.b.c

Commutativitya + b = b + aa.b = B.A

Distributivitya. (b + c) = a. b + a.ca + (b.c) = (a + b). (a + c)

Idempotencea + a + a + [...] + a = a[...]. a.a.a. a = a

Neutral elementa + 0 = aa.1 = a

Element zero0.a = 01 + a = 1

Absorptiona + a. b = aa. (a + b) = a

Simplification

a + not (a). b = a + ba. (not (a) + b) = a. b

Redundancy

a. b + not (a). c = a. b + not (a). c + b. c

Complementarity

a = not (not) (a)

a + not (a) = 1

a. not (a) = 0

Prove-it !




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DnyirbCEjA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DnyirbCEjA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DnyirbCEjA%20



2 circuits possible for xor (exclusive or)

Prove that they are equivalent.


TTechnology: Boolean algebraTTechnology: Boolean algebra

Boolean algebra allows to perform operations. But we should still be able to code things to represent.

As technology easily encode two states with a single component, it will be based on a binary representation of the elements.

A number binary representation of numbers in base 2 (written exclusively with 0and 1).: To translate a binary number to decimal (base 10), using the formula:


TTechnology: Boolean algebraTTechnology: Boolean algebra

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zELAfmp3fXY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zELAfmp3fXY


Technology: adderTechnology: adder


Technology: comparatorTechnology: comparator

a b p e g0 0 0 1 00 1 1 0 01 0 0 0 11 1 0 1 0

P = <E = equalG = >


Technology : memoryTechnology : memory

Switches RS

And many other logic circuits: encoder, decoder, multiplexer, selector, programmable logic devices (Programmable Logical Array), ...


Technology : Von NeumanTechnology : Von Neuman

Von Neuman model (1963)


Technology : architectureTechnology : architecture

Model of classical architecture


Technology : computerTechnology : computer

A computer = (motherboard, microprocessor, memory card, input / output)


Technology : ASCII tableTechnology : ASCII table

Decimal Octal Hex Binary Value ------- ----- --- ------ ----- 000 000 000 00000000 NUL (Null char.) 001 001 001 00000001 SOH (Start of Header) 002 002 002 00000010 STX (Start of Text) 003 003 003 00000011 ETX (End of Text) 004 004 004 00000100 EOT (End of Transmission) 005 005 005 00000101 ENQ (Enquiry) 006 006 006 00000110 ACK (Acknowledgment) 007 007 007 00000111 BEL (Bell) 008 010 008 00001000 BS (Backspace) 009 011 009 00001001 HT (Horizontal Tab) 010 012 00A 00001010 LF (Line Feed) 011 013 00B 00001011 VT (Vertical Tab) 012 014 00C 00001100 FF (Form Feed) 013 015 00D 00001101 CR (Carriage Return) 014 016 00E 00001110 SO (Shift Out) 015 017 00F 00001111 SI (Shift In) 016 020 010 00010000 DLE (Data Link Escape) 017 021 011 00010001 DC1 (XON) (Device Control 1) 018 022 012 00010010 DC2 (Device Control 2) 019 023 013 00010011 DC3 (XOFF)(Device Control 3) 020 024 014 00010100 DC4 (Device Control 4) 021 025 015 00010101 NAK (Negative Acknowledgement) 022 026 016 00010110 SYN (Synchronous Idle) 023 027 017 00010111 ETB (End of Trans. Block) 024 030 018 00011000 CAN (Cancel) 025 031 019 00011001 EM (End of Medium) 026 032 01A 00011010 SUB (Substitute) 027 033 01B 00011011 ESC (Escape) 028 034 01C 00011100 FS (File Separator) 029 035 01D 00011101 GS (Group Separator) 030 036 01E 00011110 RS (Request to Send)(Record Separator) 031 037 01F 00011111 US (Unit Separator) 032 040 020 00100000 SP (Space)

064 100 040 01000000 @ 065 101 041 01000001 A 066 102 042 01000010 B 067 103 043 01000011 C 068 104 044 01000100 D 069 105 045 01000101 E 070 106 046 01000110 F 071 107 047 01000111 G 072 110 048 01001000 H 073 111 049 01001001 I 074 112 04A 01001010 J 075 113 04B 01001011 K 076 114 04C 01001100 L 077 115 04D 01001101 M 078 116 04E 01001110 N 079 117 04F 01001111 O 080 120 050 01010000 P 081 121 051 01010001 Q 082 122 052 01010010 R 083 123 053 01010011 S 084 124 054 01010100 T 085 125 055 01010101 U 086 126 056 01010110 V 087 127 057 01010111 W 088 130 058 01011000 X 089 131 059 01011001 Y 090 132 05A 01011010 Z 091 133 05B 01011011 [ 092 134 05C 01011100 \ 093 135 05D 01011101 ] 094 136 05E 01011110 ^ 095 137 05F 01011111 _ 096 140 060 01100000 ` 097 141 061 01100001 a 098 142 062 01100010 b 099 143 063 01100011 c

100 144 064 01100100 d 101 145 065 01100101 e 102 146 066 01100110 f 103 147 067 01100111 g 104 150 068 01101000 h 105 151 069 01101001 i 106 152 06A 01101010 j 107 153 06B 01101011 k 108 154 06C 01101100 l 109 155 06D 01101101 m 110 156 06E 01101110 n 111 157 06F 01101111 o 112 160 070 01110000 p 113 161 071 01110001 q 114 162 072 01110010 r 115 163 073 01110011 s 116 164 074 01110100 t 117 165 075 01110101 u 118 166 076 01110110 v 119 167 077 01110111 w 120 170 078 01111000 x 121 171 079 01111001 y 122 172 07A 01111010 z 123 173 07B 01111011 { 124 174 07C 01111100 | 125 175 07D 01111101 } 126 176 07E 01111110 ~ 127 177 07F 01111111 DEL

033 041 021 00100001 ! 034 042 022 00100010 " 035 043 023 00100011 # 036 044 024 00100100 $ 037 045 025 00100101 % 038 046 026 00100110 & 039 047 027 00100111 ' 040 050 028 00101000 ( 041 051 029 00101001 ) 042 052 02A 00101010 * 043 053 02B 00101011 + 044 054 02C 00101100 , 045 055 02D 00101101 - 046 056 02E 00101110 . 047 057 02F 00101111 / 048 060 030 00110000 0 049 061 031 00110001 1 050 062 032 00110010 2 051 063 033 00110011 3 052 064 034 00110100 4 053 065 035 00110101 5 054 066 036 00110110 6 055 067 037 00110111 7 056 070 038 00111000 8 057 071 039 00111001 9 058 072 03A 00111010 : 059 073 03B 00111011 ; 060 074 03C 00111100 < 061 075 03D 00111101 = 062 076 03E 00111110 > 063 077 03F 00111111 ?


Technology : conclusionTechnology : conclusion

● We know how to build basic circuits based on Boolean algebra

● We know how to build circuits based on advanced elementary circuits

● We know how to code numbers and letters in binary

● All needed technological bases are present : we can build a computer system.



● Introduction

● Technology


● Internet

PlanPlan


I.S. Components : typesI.S. Components : types

An enterprise Information System can be built with 3 differents types of computers:

Mainframes

Mini

Open systems



A cold room.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQWhzcWQ-RA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQWhzcWQ-RA


TechnologyTechnology

What are the differences ?

● hystory● price●The versatility● The robustness of operation● The profile of engineers● The type of application

In recent years there appeared a new category in the open world: virtual machines (VMWare, Citrix, ...)



Mainframes: usually MVS (Z / OS IBM):

z / OS was first introduced in 1960 and has changed several timesname over the years:

* MFT (Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks), * MVT (Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks), * SVS (Single Virtual Storage), * MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage), * MVS/370, * MVS/XA (Extended Architecture) (1981) * MVS/ESA (Enterprise Systems Architecture). * OS/390 (1996) * z/OS

Use: the backoffice of large companies



The minis

The Application System/400 server (named AS/400, iSeries and System i5 and last) is a family of IBM minicomputers.

Whether AS/400, iSeries or System i5,all servers of this family was named System i

But in April 2008, IBM has completely merged theSystem i and System p to give birthto IBM Power Systems.

The operating system also Rochesterbeen renamed. We must now speak of: IBM i Operating System

Use: backoffice SMEs



Open systems

For open systems means machines running operating system of family Windows or Unix (Unix, Linux, Solaris, ...).

The term appeared in the early '80s in oppositionproprietary systems "closed"

Note that these servers are "rack" inCupboards cold rooms, external appearance differsnot a lot of minis or mainframes.

Use: very large (especially for Unix) but especiallyapplications n-tier Internet / Intranet / Extranet


I.S. Components : RDBMSI.S. Components : RDBMS

Data storage: RDBMS (Relational DataBase Management System )

This family of software component is probably the most important of all because it is used to store company data. These data are the life of the enterprise.

The first systems management database has been created in the 1960s, this technology has spread since the 1970s. CODASYL The consortium was formed in 1960. COBOL is a language created in 1965, focuses on the manipulation of databases. Although former, it is still widely found.

The relational data model was created in 1970. The first DBMS to manipulate relational databases - IBM System R and Oracle V2 - appeared in 1978.



The "large" are DBMS: DB2 (mainframe) DB2 (open systems), Oracle (open system), MySQL (open source open system), sqlserver (open system), and others.

programming interfaceDatabase engine

SQL query

User interface



What is a good DBMS"? Essentially its robustness to load and failures, its ability to be restored in case of incident.

Any software component is composed of 3 types of elements:

- Engine: The engine is composed of all the files delivered by an editor or a development team (OS, programs delivered on CD by a publisher, business objects, ...). These objects are modified only at facilities / updates.

- Configuration: the configuration is composed of all files delivered or updated when creating an instance of the engine (/ etc / passwd on Unix, Apache httpd.conf, properties of business objects of a Application, ...). These objects are only changed during updates to the instance of the application and it is specific.

- Live data: The data consist of living all files that can be updated during normal operation of an instance of an application (/ var / adm / messages on Solaris, Apache access.log, files containing tablespaces of a database, ...). The live data have different importance depending on whether the data information system or activity data SI.

Moteur

Configuration

Données vivantes

Engine

live data



Three types of constraints are taken into account when a backup

- Item to save is active (online): data integrity is guaranteed by a coherent management of the allocated memory, caches of different systems and data recorded on disk.

- Item to save has no activity (offline): data integrity is guaranteed by the only data recorded on disk if stopping the application was correct.

- Item to save has a subset of live data or constraints shared by other components: data integrity is guaranteed by a coherent overall management of all systems that can modify the data (synchronization point).

A backup method is considered valid if it can restore the targeted application, ie to access a consistent set of data.



The retention time is a factor which may be decisive for the choice of media:

- We talk about caching delays or less a day operating- We talk about short period of storage time less than or equal to one months operating- We talk about average time of storage for periods less than or equal to a few months of operation (time often determined by treating an intermediate report on the company)- We talk about long period of storage time of about a year or more- We talk archive for long periods of time fixed by law and involving the restoration of a complete operational environment.



Backups can be made on different media types:

- Support internal HDD in the machine (internal communications bus to the machine), the discs being preferred mirrors (RAID X)

- Support disk bay relocated (communications bus common to multiple machines - as part of the corporate network), the discs being preferred mirrors (RAID X)

- Support tapes (via robots or silos or not)

- Support on non-rewritable media (CDROM, DVD, ...)

Alternatives exist and evolve according to the state of the art technology (USB, online ...)


Modern technology (since 2000) are based on specific components, application servers (Web Application Server), which are "engines" on Internet technologies (http, java, ...).

A Web Application Server is a software infrastructure providing an environment for executing application components (professional program).

The most common are: * Apache Tomcat (engine JSP / Servlets). * JBoss * BEA (now Oracle) Weblogic * Borland Application Server * IBM Websphere Application Server * Oracle Application Server * Sun Java System Application Server * Citrix(...)

I.S. Components : W.A.S.I.S. Components : W.A.S.


To view / submit these data, it is standard programs.

Modern technology (since 2000) are based on specific components, http servers that are "engines" of internet presentation and generating data stream read by standard browsers (IE, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, ... ).

The http server is running as Apache, IIS provides Windows is also well used.

Operating constraints (contract of service availability, security, backup constraints, ...) often set the division of SI.

I.S. Components : http serverI.S. Components : http server


Organisation

The meeting (DBMS, Application Servers, HTTP Servers, Browser) is the classical model of n-tier architecture.

I.S. Components : n-tierI.S. Components : n-tier

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeihUaK093Q

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeihUaK093Q


Assuming the office of the ESC Bretagne Brest

- Is built on an n-tier architecture,- Provides applications for students, teachers, accountants and HR- Offers internet and intranet services

Imagine what looks like the IS.

I.S. Components I.S. Components



● Introduction

● Technology


● Internet

PlanPlan


Definition

A communication system linking data processing equipment.

To do what ?

To share / provide information and share resources in a standardized format (to understand).

- Transmission of data (files, messages, etc..)- Data sharing (software or databases)- Shared hardware (printers, modems, fax, etc.).

Internet : networkInternet : network


Example of network type:

Server: relatively powerful machine with one or more disks of sufficient capacity to store data and programs shared by users.

The connection units: who will create the link between the computers (hubs, switches).

The cable, wireless: the transmission medium.

The client, who will use the resources available to them on the server according to their rights allocated by the network administrator.



Internet is a network globally connecting heterogeneous computers.

The network uses a protocol set called TCP / IP.

Different agencies are responsible for Internet management. They participate in the development of technical standards, allocation of domain names, ...:

* Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), under the supervision of the U.S. Department of Commerce; * Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); * Internet Society (ISOC).

On the Internet, every machine has an address. Addresses, called IP addresses, are in the form of a series of four numbers between 0 and 255.Example, 102.064.42.12



For use on the network, a message must contain the address of the sender and recipient.

The IP address of a machine is assigned by the network administrator (static address) or dynamically by a service said DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Domain names

TCP / IP is constructed to dynamically find the server that we looking for (or rather their name). This can be done through a series of servers called domain name server (DNS) responsible for storing addresses associated with domain names or other DNS to establish a correspondence between an IP address and domain name.



URL

A URL, English Uniform Resource Locator, literally "uniform resource locator" is a string used to address the resources of the World Wide Web. It is of the form:

protocol: / / login: pass @ domain-name: port / path /? parameter

For example:

http://Jojo:[email protected]:8888/chemin/d/acc%C3%A8s.php?q=req&q2=req2#signethttp://blog.auris-solutions.fr


mailto:[email protected]



Sources : http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm


Cloud computingCloud computing





Cloud computing is the model : « a digital ressource on the web »

IaaS, PaaS, SaaS are what you consume (and pay) : « the services »


The dematerialization of SI

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

DematerializationDematerialization

http://blog.auris-solutions.fr/2009/10/30/petit-dictionnaire-du-cloud-computing-informatique-dans-les-nuages/


DematerializationDematerialization

The dematerialization of IS is a current trend: the idea is to buy the service you need without worrying about hardware, software and organization is necessary for this service.

Dematerialization is a major evolution of IS.


ConclusionConclusion

8 service Saas, OnDemand, modèle du cloud computing Service

7 Applications4G Languages

The software user(spreadsheet, browser, calendar, word processor ,...)

Software

6 langages de développement3G Languages

The "computer languages" so-called "hight level"C + +, Java, Cobol, Fortran, VB, etc..

5 langages intermédiaires

each instruction is a symbolic statement ofunderlying virtual machine: Java bytecode, pCode for Pascal,assembly language representation = 'human' in machine language

4 OS kernel Core operating system, add software operationselementary machine language.Memory management, files, virtual memory, multi tasks, etc..

3 Machine Language machine language = elementary operationsThe only language "understood" by machines,native language, which makes them incompatible processor

2 microprograms programming language which corresponds exactly to the hardware architecture in which each bit corresponds to an instruction device.Each machine instruction is executed as a sequence of instructions microprogrammed

Firmware

1 digital logic "hard" or circuitry, a meeting place for IT and digital electronicsIntel Pentium, Celeron - AMD Athlon, Duron - Motorola PowerPC - etc.

Hardware

Documents

Introduction to Information Systems Architecture of