Introduction to Hydrology (3)

7/25/2019 Introduction to Hydrology (3)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-hydrology-3 1/51



Water and Environmental

Engineering:Water Resources

Dr John WilliamsPO2.62

X2404



Personal Introduction

1988 - 1993: PhD Student Dept of Civil

Engineering, Portsouth

Pol!technic"#niversit!

Post Doc 1993 -199$

%ecturer" Senior %ecturer " Principal

%ecturer &eader in Environental 'echnolog!

(Sc, PhD, )CI*E), C*E), CEnv, +E

&esearch: .aste .ater treatent

reed /eds,

sustaina/le drainage, pharacuticals in .aste .ater and sludges,

sustaina/ilit! appraisal

SCES &esearch Cordinator

10 PhD Copletions



JW !ectures and "utorials

# $: %ntroduction to &'drolog'

# 2: Water (ualit'

# ): Water and Waste*ater "reatment





Water Engineering

Quantity + Water ,u--l'

+ lood /ontrol

+ ridge Design

+ avigation1Ports

Quality

+ Pollution /ontrol + Drining Water

+ Waste*ater "reatment

+ Dilution

+ 3straction

+ Runo55

http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/ph_dam/ph_dam.htm



http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/ph_dam/ph_dam.htm







!ecture

# /onsider &'drologic /'cle

# ate o5 Rain

# Runo55 # River 5lo*



&'drologic /'cle



Reservoir % of

total

Exchange Rate

(y)Oceans 7.0 )000

%ceca-s and glaciers $. 8000

9round*ater 0.62 000

3tmos-here 0.2 0.027

!aes1inland seas 0.0$ 7

,oil moisture 0.004 $

Rivers 0.000$ 0.0)$



9round 3ir is heated and rises

/ool 3ir

Preci-iation

/ondensation1"hunderstorm

/ool 3ir

Preci-iation

;ountain

/ondensation

Warm 3ir

Wind

Drier on !ee*ard

Wetter on Wind*ard

Convective

Orthographic



9round

Cold Front

Preci-iation

/ondensation1"hunderstorm

Warm 3ir 5orced to

Rise 3ru-tl'

/old 3ir

&eav' ,hort Preci-itation

9round

Warm Front

Preci-iation

/old 3ir

!ight !ong Preci-itation

Warm 3ir Rises

Cyclonic



$2.7cm

)0.:cm

! "tandard #auge

8 da' chart

loat

alance

Weighing #auge

8 da' chart

Float #auge



3real 3nal'sis

# umer o5 gaugesneeded related tovariailit' + ,mall mountanous islands

<2m2=

+ Plains1deserts <$>000$00>000 m2=

+ ?@ + 60m2

# "otal volume o5 rain 5allen# De-th A area

# ;ean# Weighted ;ean

+ "hiessen Pol'gons + %soh'etal

9auges

Pol'gon 5or 9auge 3 3



ate o5 Rain

# ,ur5ace Pool

# Eva-orate

# %n5iltrate across soil

sur5ace + ,oil ;oisture

+ 9round*ater

# Runo55 + Develo-ment can

a55ect alance

5 B 5 c C <5 o 5 c=et

5 B in5iltration rate <mm1h=5 c B 5inal in5iltration rate

5 o B initial rate

B em-irical constant

t B time <h=

t

5 5o

5c



River lo*

Plan ie* o5 /hannel

Width> elocit' Distriution

3cross /hannel

De-th> ';ean lo* at 0.6'

elocit' Distriution *ith De-th

ertical ,ection



i$ i

'i$ 'i

,tri-

River

B 5lo* measurement

Q v v y y b bi i

i

n i

i i

i

=+ +

−−

=

−∑ −( ) ( ) ( )

1

1

1

2 2

1

e.g. ;ean 3rea ;ethod





De-th> '

ertical ,ection

De-th> '2



'$

'c

'2

v$vc

v2

/ritical .lo*

or an' given 5lo* the energ' o5 the river is a com-onent o5 the de-th and the velocit'.

"his energ' can change de-ending on the nature o5 the 5lo*.

"here is ho*ever a de-th at *hich the inetic and gravitational energ' are at a minimumF

this de-th is no*n as the critical de-th.

"he energ' o5 a river is re-resented ' the dimensionless roude numer> de5ined as:

%5F

r G $ lo* is slo* and tranHuilF ,ucritical

r B $ Energ' is at a minimumF /ritical

r I $ lo* is 5ast or shootingF ,u-ercritical



$ypes of Flumes and Weirs

# Flumes narro*ing o5 channel

causes critical conditionsF

good 5or small streams and

sediment> + ( B @ & )12

+ Bthroat *idth> @Bcoe55icient

# "harp Crested Weir good 5or

clean *ater in small streams or

narro* man made channels

+ Rectangular notch

+ ( B @ &)12 (B @ tan<12= &:12

+ B angle o5 notch <usuall' 4 or

0 deg=



# &road Crested criticalconditions over *eir sur5ace>eas' to construct

+ ( B @ &)12

# Crump ('*) "riangular -ro5ileF$:2 u-stream $: do*nstream.,imilar 5lo* -attern over rangeo5 discharges. /ontrolled um->

high modular range. 2$K o5 ?@*eirs

# Flat + ;odi5ication o5 crum- togive more accurate measure o5lo* 5lo* and allo* sediment to-ass> $:2 side slo-es. $)K o5

?@















R%ER

,tilling Well

/onduit

loat

8 da' chart recorder

&ut



& <m=

( <m)1s=

Rating Curve



E3 9auging et*or and Data

http://www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa/river_flow_data/flow_data/gaugloc.htm

http://www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa/river_flow_data/flow_data/gaugloc.htm



&'drogra-hs

# Plots o5 discharge against time

Reveal the nature o5 the river

+ lash'

+ Reliale

( (

t t



,torm &'drogra-hs

( m)1s

t

i> mm1hr

t

ase5lo* <ground *ater=

Runo55 Recession /urve

Rising !im4

!39

E55ective Rain

&'drogra-h o5 i <mm1h= e55ective rain over time <t=



Base Flow Separation by Log plot of Curve of Recession



"ime ?nit &'drogra-h

# ,-ecial h'drogra-h -ro-osed in $)2 '

,herman

# $ ?nit o5 e55ective rain 5alling over $ ?nit o5

time

# /an e used as a model 5or stream 5lo*

5rom all rain5all events

# Derived 5rom historical records



(

t

i $

$



(

t

i $

$



continious rain

(

t

,/?RE



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Natural_&_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg



"raditional ?ran Water Engineering

/ulverts> /hannels>/omined ,e*ers>,torm ,e*ers

9et 5lood *ater asHuicl' as -ossile toa river L

&idden /ontrolled

,e-aration o5 -eo-le5rom aHuaticenvironment.

,almon roo L



&'drogra-hs

<utler M Davis> 2004=



,e-arate ,e*ers

<utler M Davis> 2004=



Prolems

looding + increased runo55

Huantit' and s-eed + riss to

-ro-ert' and li5e

Pollution + runo55 5rom roads andstreets + metals> h'drocarons>

organics C /,Os <e.g. Eastne'=

Ecological damage sim-li5ied

haitats and -h'sical damage tomarginal aHuatic areas

Reduced amenit' + less

-leasant uran environments.

i bl i



Sustainable Drainage

o* reHuired ' -lanning: Planning Polic' ,tatement 2 5or

England on Develo-ment and looding

uilding Regulations: 3--roved

Document & Drainage and Waste

Dis-osal

Design 9uidance 3vailale /%R%3: "he ,?D, manual </67=



47



Waterlooville ;D3 e*lands



Runoff Event 22/1/10

id

http://100_0312.mov/

http://100_0312.mov/



Road Runo55 35ter ,*ale Pond Out5lo* River

video

http://100_0312.mov/

http://100_0312.mov/



"utorial $: Water Resources

# "?& &'drogra-h /alculation

+ "utorial

# EA-lain ho* *eirs measure 5lo* in rivers <)00*ords=.

# Watch NDesigns that &old Water Parts $>2 and

) on ou "ue. + %n less than 400 *ords eA-lain ho* develo-ment can a55ect

runo55> the -rolems *ith traditional drainage and the

advantages o5 ,?D,.

Documents

Introduction to Hydrology (3)