Introduction to HVAC Efficiency_BC3_Arup(1)

Introduction to HVAC EfficiencyFor: Business Council on Climate Change

Outline

• “Why…?”• Energy as a Driver of Change

• Importance of Existing Buildings

• “What…?”• Context of Efficiency

• Select Technologies

• Select Strategies

• “How…?”• Resources

• Retro-Commissioning

Korea

ThailandBrazilMexico

India

China

GJ/capita

GDP/capita (‘000 1997$ PPP)

Japan

EU

Australia

US

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

“Why…?”

Drivers of Change

•Water Availability

• Climate Risk

• Personal Health

• Fire Risk

• Energy Supply

• Economic Opportunity

•Waste and Recovery

• Mobility

“Why…?”

~1990

“Why…?”

Reframing the Importance of Buildings

• Buildings account for ~50% of

US energy use

• Building (operations) account for approximately ~75% of US

electrical consumption

Adapted from Architecture 2030 and the Energy Information Administration: http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/building_sector.html

“Why…?”

Rebuilding & Renovating in the US

Over the next 3 decades:

• Half of buildings will be refurbished

• 150 billion sf will be built new

Adapted from Architecture 2030 and the Energy Information Administration: http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/hist_opportunity.html

“Why…?”

Importance of Existing Buildings

60%

US Residential Buildings

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

2000 1990 1980 1960 1940 >1940

Year Constructed

Number of housing units

50%

Commercial buildings - year constructed

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2000 to

2003

1990 to

1999

1980 to

1989

1970 to

1979

1960 to

1969

1946 to

1959

1920 to

1945

Before

1920

Year

Floorspace (million sqft)

“Why…?”

No energy codes

Importance of Existing Buildings

“Why…?”

Building energy consumption in the future

ASHRAE 90.1 - Actual and forecast energy density reduction by code year

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

Code Year

(%)

Source: ASHRAE Journal

“Why…?”

“What…?”

Context of Efficiency

Technology & Strategy Overview

• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems

• Fan Coil Units

• Natural Ventilation

• Active & Passive Chilled Beams

• Radiant Floors & Ceilings

• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution

“What…?”


“What…?”


• Fan Coil Units






“What…?”


• Fan Coil Units






“What…?”


• Fan Coil Units






“What…?”


• Fan Coil Units






“What…?”


• Fan Coil Units






“What…?”

• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives

• Economizer Functionality

• Night Time Setbacks

• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets

• Demand Ventilation

• Occupancy Sensing

Single speed fan

Variable speed fan

Cooling deadband

Cooling Off

Cooling On

Temp

Time

-• Excess fan energy savings

• Start/stops eliminated

• Tower life prolonged

• Maintenance reduction

( )Benefits


“What…?”


• Economizer Functionality (air or water)






“What…?”








“What…?”








“What…?”








“What…?”







Select Resources

• SF Dept of Environment: http://www.sfenvironment.org/index.html

• PECI: Portland Energy Conservation Inc. • Large Commercial: http://www.peci.org/LgCommercial/resources.html

• Commercial Retail: http://www.peci.org/ComRetail/resources.html

• Pacific Energy Center: http://www.pge.com/pec/

• Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: www.DSIREusa.org

• BOMA Energy Efficiency Program:• http://www.boma.org/TrainingAndEducation/BEEP/

• Energy Star:• http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_index

“How…?”

Retro-Commissioning

Project

InitiationAnalysis &

StrategyInvestigation

Planning,

Implementation

& Tracking

Verification &

Follow-up

Opportunities

& Decisions

Retro-Commissioning (RCx) is a process that attempts to resolve operating problems,

improve comfort, optimize energy use and identify retrofits for existing buildings.

“How…?”

Direct Benefits

• Electricity Demand Savings

• Electricity Use Charge Savings

• Utility & Tariff Savings

• Fuel Savings

• Water Use Savings

• Chilled Water Savings

• Steam Savings

• Carbon Reduction

• Lower O&M Costs

Retro-Commissioning

“How…?”

Indirect Benefits

•Risk Management • Avoid Premature Equipment Failure & Reduce Liability/Litigation

• Increase Predictability of Costs & Improve Energy Price Hedging

•Operational• Improve and Implement Best Practices

• Overcome Quick Build Inefficiencies & Reduce Contractor Call-backs

• Create “Revenue Stream” for Improvements from RCx Savings

• 3rd Party Validation of Good In-house Ideas

•Corporate• Improve Employee Comfort, Productivity, Recruitment and Retention

• Improve Staff Knowledge & Indoor Environmental Quality

• Improve Corporate Public Image & Attract Green Investment Funds

• Meet Broader Corporate Sustainability Goals

Retro-Commissioning

“How…?”

Retro-Commissioning

Pfizer La Jolla Case Study

“How…?”

Retro-Commissioning


“How…?”

Certified Savings

A third party energy consultant certified the $1M annual energy cost savings results for theSDG&E Retro Commissioning program.

Incentive Bonus

As a result of Arup’s work with SDG&E, the campus received a $67,000 implementation incentive

Total Cost/Benefit

Energy Savings $1,023,913Implementation Cost $380,500Simple Payback 0.4 years

Retro-Commissioning


“How…?”

Documents

Introduction to HVAC Efficiency_BC3_Arup(1)