Introduction to Human Factors Engineering

AREVA NP GmbH

Christian Derfuss, PELLLH-GVarna, 10.06.10

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Introduction

What is Human Factors Engineering (HFE)?Technical Definition

Reasons for applying HFEHistory – Accidents and IncidentsRegulations, Codes, and Standards

When to apply HFEThroughout the entire design process

How to apply HFEStructured Processes

Results of HFEModern Control Room design examples

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What is HFE?

DefinitionHFE uses the knowledge of human strengths and weaknesses to design the plant, systems, and equipment so that the human can use it effectively

HFE is not just ergonomic design of a Control RoomHFE processes are used to identify the human-centered requirements from the plant for the HSI and Control Room designHFE principles are applied to ensure that the jobs humans have to do can be done safely and efficiently

HFE is not an exercise to evaluate a completed designHFE provides input to all aspects of the design, not just what is in the Control Room

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Reasons for applying HFE

TMI AccidentThe heart of the TMI-2 accident was a simple human factors interface problem.

Chernobyl AccidentThe accident at Chernobyl was a combination of events, some of which were related to lack of operator understanding of the plant behavior and deviating from procedures.

Major Accidents

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Reasons for applying HFE

There are also incidents resulting from inadequate designHSI design – missing components, poor arrangement of componentsControl Room layout – inadequate view of indications, unable to communicateProcedures – missing steps, unclear steps, mismatch to the designTraining – unclear training material, inadequate training, missing training on key situations

Humans are a component of a system and their capabilities and limitations must be considered in the design

Human limitations, both physical and mental/psychological, can be negated when accounted for in the design

Systems will fail and humans will make errorsFailure to take actionsCorrect action taken - wrong timeIncorrect action

Human errors can be caused by:Lack of informationLack of a way to take controlLack of knowledge, procedures, or trainingComponents that are not considered in the design, training, or procedures

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Reasons for applying HFE

HFE related regulations, codes, and standards

International Conventions (mandatory for member countries)IAEA Safety Standards, General Safety Requirements Part 4 (2009)

National regulations, e.g.,GERMANY: KTAFINLAND: YVLUSA: 10 CFR 100 and 10 CFR 50

Other codes and standards (required by contract), e.g.,NUREG-0711, Rev. 2 (2004): Human Factors Engineering Program Review ModelNUREG-0700, Rev. 2 (2002): Human Systems Interface Design Review GuidelineISO 11064-1-7, Rev. E (2000): Ergonomic Design of Control CentersIEC 60964, Rev. 1 (1989): Design for Control Rooms of Nuclear Power Plants

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Reasons for applying HFE

Why should HFE be applied to nuclear?

…because regulations and international codes and standards require it!

…more customers are requiring it in the contract.…and it helps to ensure our primary goal:

PLANT SAFETYPLANT SAFETY

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When to apply HFE

HFE should be applied throughout the entire design processProvide input and guidance to the design of the plant• Ensure the human is considered when laying out equipment that has to be

manipulated or maintained• Take into account previous operating experience – maintain features that are positive,

eliminate features that are negativeSupport analyses at the beginning of the design• Identify the human-centered requirements (i.e., tasks the operator has to perform)

Develop the design (HSI, Control Room, Procedures, and Training)Verify and Validate the HFE program and the designImplement the designMonitor Human Performance

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When to apply HFE

HFE Timeline El

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Des

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How to apply HFENUREG-0711 Elements

Use a structured methodThis helps to ensure HFE is integrated into the design process and that the human centered requirements are met in the Control Room and HSI design

NUREG-0711 provides 12 review areas: The supplier has to show how these elements have been realized throughout the entire design process

HFE Program ManagementOperating Experience ReviewFunctional Requirements Analysis and Function AllocationTask AnalysisStaffing and QualificationsHuman Reliability Analysis

Human System Interface DesignProcedure DevelopmentTraining Program DevelopmentVerification and ValidationDesign ImplementationHuman Performance Monitoring

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How to apply HFENUREG-0711 Elements

Human-System Interface Design

Operating Experience Review

Functional Requirements Analysis

& Functional AllocationTask Analysis Human Reliability

AnalysisStaffing &

Qualification

Training Program DevelopmentProcedure Development

Human Factors Verification &

Validation

Design Implementation

Human Performance Monitoring

PLANNING & ANALYSIS

DESIGN INPUTDESIGN INPUT HFE REQUIREMENTSHFE REQUIREMENTS

A COMPLETE DESIGN INCLUDESA COMPLETE DESIGN INCLUDESTHE HSI, THE PROCEDURES, THE HSI, THE PROCEDURES,

AND THE TRAININGAND THE TRAINING

DESIGN

DESIGN EVALUATIONDESIGN EVALUATION DESIGN REALIZATIONDESIGN REALIZATIONIMPLEMENTATION & OPERATION

VERFICATION & VALIDATION

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How to apply HFE AREVA HFE Process

AREVA is developing an internal HFE process to ensure HFE is integrated into the design:

Arrangement of the required HFE activities to a working HFE processTimeline, Schedules, Intensity, Extent

Methodology to perform the HFE activitiesData Collection, Sampling, Statistics, Comparisons, Issue Tracking

Identification of interfaces to other engineering disciplinesResponsibilitiesExchange of InformationDistribution of Work Packages

Specification of workflow standardsRequired Documents (just what has to be documented)Input and Outputs

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How to apply HFE Example

Example: HSI Design in a plant modification project

OOperatingperating EExperiencexperience RRevieweview::Operator needs to close a valve on system (A) and to monitor a level in system (B) , e.g. on Hardwired panel.System (A) was placed to far away from system (B) causing the operator to have to walk a distance to perform the task.This is regarded as not efficient

FFunctionalunctional RRequirementsequirements AAnalysisnalysis::Identify if the function (which uses system (A) and system (B)) is used to meet plant safety objectives; and are there other systems which are also required? If YES functional grouping is still necessary

FFunctionalunctional AAllocationllocation ::Should it be automated or not?If NOT TTask ask AAnalysisnalysis is required

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How to apply HFE Example

Example: HSI Design in a plant modification project (cont´d)

TTaskask AAnalysisnalysis::Analyze the indications and controls the operator needs to perform the job/ task/ function

SStaffingtaffing & Q& Qualificationualification::Who does the job/ task/ function? What qualification does this person have to hold?

HHumanuman RReliabilityeliability AAnalysisnalysis::Identification if job/ task/ function (i.e. pushing button) is risk-significant? Is it an action that has safety significant consequences if performed incorrectly?If YES Reduce the chance of operator error by enhancing

the design, i.e., relocating the control button

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How to apply HFE Example

Example: HSI Design in a plant modification project (cont´d)

PProceduresrocedures & T& Trainingraining DDevelopmentevelopment: : Supporting the HSI/ Control Room design with adequate proceduresand training

The complete design is used to ensure the primary goal: PLANT SAFETY

HFE VHFE Verificationerification & V& Validationalidation ::Evaluation of HSI/ Control Room design

Verification: Does the design meet the requirements?Validation: Does the design do what it is supposed to

do?

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How to apply HFE Example

Example: HSI Design in a plant modification project (cont´d)

Design Implementation:Design Implementation:Evaluation of the aspects of the design that could not be performed during HFE Verification and Validation

i.e., Actual Control Room lighting levelsVerifying that the as-built design conforms to the design resulting from HFE Verification and Validation

Did they really build what we designed, tested, and evaluated?

Human PerformanceHuman Performance Monitoring :Monitoring :Examination of the systems effect on operator performance over time

Necessary verification of safe plant operation

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Results of HFEHFE Design for New Plants

Ergonomic DesignPlant Environmental Conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.)

Local plant conditions• Floor plan and dimensions of

rooms• Existence of remote shutdown

station and local control panels

Plant Equipment Accessibility

Personnel Protection Equipment

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Results of HFE HFE Design for New Plants

Cognitive Design:Human System Interface (Screen and Panel Design)Level of Automation• Workload• Situational Awareness• Vigilance

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Results of HFE HFE Design for New Plants

Cognitive Design:Concept of Operations• Staffing and shift length• Who is doing what• Treatment of alarms• Communication

Alarm ManagementProceduresCommunicationTraining

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Results of HFE HFE Design for New Plants

Alarm-sequence

AlarmsSystem-DiagramsSystem

Information

Plant OverviewSystem Overview

(for both reactor and additional licensed

operators )

Large Screen 1 Large Screen 2

SafetyInformation

Trends

For Operators and Shift/ Plant Supervisors

Design to be optimized with respect to: - Monitoring of plant statusand

- Manual control by the operator

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Results of HFE Modern Control Room (New Build)

Olkiluoto-3 (OL-3) EPR Finland

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Results of HFE Modernized Control Rooms

Safety PanelSafety Functions

Safety DeskReactor Protection System Functions and Alarms

Large Screen DisplaysProcess Overview

Conventional DeskControl Rod Drive

Operational DisplaysNormal and Abnormal Operation

Panel Socket-not usable-not ergonomic

MCR OKG2 (Sweden)

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SummaryHFE- Main Aspects

Integration into the design process

Identification and application of human-centered design requirements

Design of error-tolerant systems

Iterative process consisting of evaluations and feedback loops

Participation of operators/users

Utilization of an interdisciplinary design/ evaluation team

Documentation of the complete HFE-process: traceability

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Thank you for your attention

Questions?I would wish you a successful conference.