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Introduction to HCI. Human Computer Interaction CIS 6930/4930 Section 4188/4186. Intro. What is a user interface? Why do we care about design? We see this all the time. What’s good about the design of this error box? The user knows there is an error - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction to HCIIntroduction to HCIHuman Computer InteractionHuman Computer Interaction
CIS 6930/4930CIS 6930/4930Section 4188/4186Section 4188/4186
IntroIntro► What is a user interface?What is a user interface?► Why do we care about design?Why do we care about design?
► We see this all the time. We see this all the time. What’s good about the design of this error box?What’s good about the design of this error box?
► The user knows there is an errorThe user knows there is an error What’s poor about the design of this error box?What’s poor about the design of this error box?
► DiscouragingDiscouraging► Not enough informationNot enough information► No way to No way to resolveresolve the problem (instructions or contact the problem (instructions or contact
info)info)
Why HCI is ImportantWhy HCI is Important► The study of our interface with information.The study of our interface with information.► It is not just ‘how big should I make buttons’ or It is not just ‘how big should I make buttons’ or
‘how to layout menu choices’‘how to layout menu choices’► It can affectIt can affect
EffectivenessEffectiveness ProductivityProductivity MoraleMorale SafetySafety
► Example: a car with poor HCIExample: a car with poor HCI► Take 5 minutes for everyone to write down one Take 5 minutes for everyone to write down one
common device with substantial HCI design choices common device with substantial HCI design choices and discuss with the neighbor the pros and cons. and discuss with the neighbor the pros and cons. How does it affect you or other users?How does it affect you or other users?
My ChoiceMy Choice► iPod by Apple iPod by Apple
ComputersComputers► Pros:Pros:
portableportable powerpower ease of useease of use # of controls# of controls
► Cons:Cons: scratches easilyscratches easily no speech for car no speech for car
useuse proprietaryproprietary
HCI CommunityHCI Community► Academics/Industry Academics/Industry
Research Research TaxonomiesTaxonomies TheoriesTheories Predictive modelsPredictive models
► Experimenters Experimenters Empirical dataEmpirical data Product designProduct design
► Other areas (Sociologists, Other areas (Sociologists, anthropologists, managers)anthropologists, managers) MotorMotor PerceptualPerceptual CognitiveCognitive Social, economic, ethicsSocial, economic, ethics
HCI ToolsHCI Tools► SoundSound► 3D3D► AnimationAnimation► VideoVideo► DevicesDevices
Size (small->very large)Size (small->very large) Portable (PDA, phone)Portable (PDA, phone) PlasticityPlasticity
► Context Context sensitive/awaresensitive/aware
► PersonalizablePersonalizable► UbiquitousUbiquitous
Usability RequirementsUsability Requirements► Goals:Goals:
UsabilityUsability UniversalityUniversality UsefulnessUsefulness
► Achieved by:Achieved by: PlanningPlanning Sensitivity to user Sensitivity to user
needsneeds Devotion to Devotion to
requirements analysisrequirements analysis TestingTesting
Bad InterfacesBad Interfaces► EncumberingEncumbering► ConfusingConfusing► SlowSlow► Trust (ex. windows Trust (ex. windows
crashing)crashing)► What makes it hard?What makes it hard?
Varies by cultureVaries by culture Multiple platformsMultiple platforms Variety of usersVariety of users
► Think of a game Think of a game you’ve played with a you’ve played with a bad interfacebad interface UNIXUNIX
► What’s wrong with each?What’s wrong with each? Type of errorType of error Who is affectedWho is affected ImpactImpact
► What’s a redesign What’s a redesign solution?solution?
Requirements AnalysisRequirements Analysis1.1. Ascertain users’ needsAscertain users’ needs2.2. Ensure proper reliabilityEnsure proper reliability3.3. Promote appropriate standardization, Promote appropriate standardization,
integration, consistency, and portabilityintegration, consistency, and portability4.4. Complete projects on schedule and within Complete projects on schedule and within
budgetbudget
Ascertain User’s Ascertain User’s NeedsNeeds
► Define tasksDefine tasks TasksTasks SubtasksSubtasks
► FrequencyFrequency FrequentFrequent OccasionalOccasional ExceptionalExceptional RepairRepair
► Ex. difference between Ex. difference between a space satellite, car a space satellite, car engine, and fighter jetengine, and fighter jet
ReliabilityReliability► Actions function as specifiedActions function as specified► Data displayed must be Data displayed must be
correctcorrect► Updates done correctlyUpdates done correctly► Leads to trust! (software, Leads to trust! (software,
hardware, information) – hardware, information) – case: Pentium floating point case: Pentium floating point bugbug
► Privacy, security, access, Privacy, security, access, data destruction, tamperingdata destruction, tampering
Standardization, Integration, Standardization, Integration, Consistency, PortabilityConsistency, Portability
► Standardization Standardization – common user-interface features – common user-interface features across multiple applicationsacross multiple applications AppleApple WebWeb WindowsWindows
► Integration Integration – across application packages– across application packages file formatsfile formats
► Consistency Consistency – common action sequences, terms, – common action sequences, terms, units, layouts, color, typography within an applicationunits, layouts, color, typography within an application
► Portability Portability – convert data and interfaces across – convert data and interfaces across multiple hardware and software environmentsmultiple hardware and software environments Word/HTML/PDF/ASCIIWord/HTML/PDF/ASCII
Case Study: Library of Congress Case Study: Library of Congress Database DesignDatabase Design
►http://catalog.loc.gov/http://catalog.loc.gov/► Two interfacesTwo interfaces
Catalog New BooksCatalog New Books► 3-6 hour training course - staffers3-6 hour training course - staffers
Search Catalog of BooksSearch Catalog of Books► General public – too complex, command language and complex General public – too complex, command language and complex
cataloging rulescataloging rules► SolutionSolution
Touch screenTouch screen Reduced functionalityReduced functionality Better information presentationBetter information presentation
► Eventually Web based interfaceEventually Web based interface► Same database and services, different interfacesSame database and services, different interfaces
Usability Usability MeasuresMeasures
► How can we measure the How can we measure the ‘goodness’ of an interface?‘goodness’ of an interface?
► What are good metrics?What are good metrics?► ISO 9241ISO 9241
EffectivenessEffectiveness EfficiencyEfficiency SatisfactionSatisfaction
► SchneidermanSchneiderman Time to learnTime to learn Speed of performanceSpeed of performance Rate of errorsRate of errors Retention over timeRetention over time Subjective satisfactionSubjective satisfaction
Usability Usability MotivationsMotivations
► Life-Critical systemsLife-Critical systems ApplicationsApplications: air traffic, nuclear reactors, military, : air traffic, nuclear reactors, military,
emergency dispatchemergency dispatch RequirementsRequirements: reliability and effective (even under stress): reliability and effective (even under stress) Not as importantNot as important: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention
► Industrial and Commercial UseIndustrial and Commercial Use ApplicationsApplications: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations RequirementsRequirements: short training, ease of use/learning, multiple : short training, ease of use/learning, multiple
languages, adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speedlanguages, adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speed► Office, Home, and EntertainmentOffice, Home, and Entertainment
ApplicationsApplications: E-mail, ATMs, games, education, search : E-mail, ATMs, games, education, search engines, cell phones/PDAengines, cell phones/PDA
RequirementsRequirements: Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates, : Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates, satisfactionsatisfaction
DifficultiesDifficulties: cost, size: cost, size
•Time to learn•Speed of performance•Rate of errors•Retention over time•Subjective satisfaction
Usability MotivationsUsability Motivations► Exploratory, Creative, CollaborativeExploratory, Creative, Collaborative
ApplicationsApplications: Web browsing, search engines, : Web browsing, search engines, simulations, scientific visualization, CAD, simulations, scientific visualization, CAD, computer graphics, music composition/artist, computer graphics, music composition/artist, photo arranger (email photos)photo arranger (email photos)
RequirementsRequirements: remove the ‘computer’ from the : remove the ‘computer’ from the experience, experience,
DifficultiesDifficulties: user tech savvy-ness (apply this to : user tech savvy-ness (apply this to application examples)application examples)
► Socio-technical systemsSocio-technical systems ApplicationsApplications: health care, voting, police: health care, voting, police RequirementsRequirements: Trust, security, accuracy, : Trust, security, accuracy,
veracity, error handling, user tech-savy-nessveracity, error handling, user tech-savy-ness
•Time to learn•Speed of performance•Rate of errors•Retention over time•Subjective satisfaction
Universal UsabilityUniversal Usability► Interface should handle diversity of usersInterface should handle diversity of users
BackgroundsBackgrounds AbilitiesAbilities MotivationMotivation PersonalitiesPersonalities CulturesCultures
► Question, how would you design an interface Question, how would you design an interface to a database differently for:to a database differently for: A. right-handed female, Indian, software A. right-handed female, Indian, software
engineer, technology savvy, wants rapid engineer, technology savvy, wants rapid interactioninteraction
B. left-handed male, French, artistB. left-handed male, French, artist► Does not mean ‘dumbing down’Does not mean ‘dumbing down’
Ex. Helping disabled has helped others (parents Ex. Helping disabled has helped others (parents w/ strollers, elderly)w/ strollers, elderly)
Ex. Door handlesEx. Door handles► Goal: Address the needs of more users - Goal: Address the needs of more users -
unlike yourself!unlike yourself!
Physical VariationPhysical Variation► AbilityAbility
Disabled (elderly, handicapped, vision, Disabled (elderly, handicapped, vision, ambidexterity, ability to see in stereo ambidexterity, ability to see in stereo [SUTHERLAND])[SUTHERLAND])
SpeedSpeed Color deficiencyColor deficiency
► Workspace (science of Workspace (science of ergonomicsergonomics)) SizeSize DesignDesign
► Lots of prior researchLots of prior research► Field of Field of anthropometryanthropometry
Measures of what is 5-95% for weight, Measures of what is 5-95% for weight, height, etc. (static and dynamic)height, etc. (static and dynamic)
Large variance reminds us there is Large variance reminds us there is great ‘variety’great ‘variety’
Name some devices that this would Name some devices that this would affect.affect.
► note most keyboards are the samenote most keyboards are the same► screen brightness varies considerablyscreen brightness varies considerably► chair height, back height, display anglechair height, back height, display angle
► Multi-modal interfacesMulti-modal interfaces► AudioAudio► Touch screensTouch screens
Cognitive and Perceptual Cognitive and Perceptual VariationVariation
► Bloom’s TaxonomyBloom’s Taxonomy knowledge, comprehension, knowledge, comprehension,
analysis, application, synthesis, analysis, application, synthesis, evaluationevaluation
► MemoryMemory short-term and workingshort-term and working long-term and semanticlong-term and semantic
► Problem Solving and reasoningProblem Solving and reasoning► Decision makingDecision making► Language and communicationLanguage and communication► Search, imagery, sensory Search, imagery, sensory
memorymemory► Learning, skill development, Learning, skill development,
knowledge acquisitionknowledge acquisition► Confounding factors:Confounding factors:
fatigue, cognitive load, fatigue, cognitive load, background, boredom, fear, background, boredom, fear, drugs/alcoholdrugs/alcohol
PersonalityPersonality► Computer anxietyComputer anxiety► GenderGender
Which games do women like?Which games do women like? Pac-man, Donkey Kong, TetrisPac-man, Donkey Kong, Tetris Why? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieter Why? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieter
soundtracks, fully visible playing fields, softer soundtracks, fully visible playing fields, softer colors, personality, closure/completeness)colors, personality, closure/completeness)
Can we measure this?Can we measure this?► What current games are for women?What current games are for women?► Style, pace, top-down/bottom-up, Style, pace, top-down/bottom-up,
visual/audio learners, dense vs. sparse datavisual/audio learners, dense vs. sparse data► No simple taxonomy of user personality No simple taxonomy of user personality
types. Ex. Myers-Briggs Type Indicatortypes. Ex. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Extrovert vs. introvertExtrovert vs. introvert Sensing vs. intuitionSensing vs. intuition Perceptive vs. judgingPerceptive vs. judging Feeling vs. thinkingFeeling vs. thinking
► Weak link between personality types and Weak link between personality types and interfacesinterfaces
► Think about your application, and see if user Think about your application, and see if user personality is important!personality is important! Fighter jets vs. search enginesFighter jets vs. search engines
Cultural and International Cultural and International DiversityDiversity
► LanguageLanguage► Date / Time conventionsDate / Time conventions► Weights and MeasuresWeights and Measures► Left-to-rightLeft-to-right► Directions (!)Directions (!)► Telephone #s and Telephone #s and
addressesaddresses► Names, titles, salutationsNames, titles, salutations► SSN, ID, passportSSN, ID, passport► SortingSorting► Icons, buttons, colorsIcons, buttons, colors► EtiquetteEtiquette► Evaluation:Evaluation:
Local experts/usability studiesLocal experts/usability studies
Users with DisabilitiesUsers with Disabilities► Federal law to ensure access to IT, including computers Federal law to ensure access to IT, including computers
and web sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act)and web sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act)► DisabilitiesDisabilities
VisionVision► Blind (bill-reader)Blind (bill-reader)► low-visionlow-vision► color-blindcolor-blind
HearingHearing► DeafDeaf► Limited hearingLimited hearing
MobilityMobility LearningLearning
► DyslexiaDyslexia► Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc.Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc.
► Keyboard and mouse alternativesKeyboard and mouse alternatives► Color codingColor coding► Font-sizeFont-size
Users with DisabilitiesUsers with Disabilities► ContrastContrast► Text descriptors for web imagesText descriptors for web images► Screen magnificationScreen magnification► Text to Speech (TTS) – JAWS (web pages)Text to Speech (TTS) – JAWS (web pages)
Check email on the road, in bright Check email on the road, in bright sunshine, riding a bikesunshine, riding a bike
► Speech RecognitionSpeech Recognition► Head mounted optical miceHead mounted optical mice► Eye Gaze controlEye Gaze control► Learning what helps those with Learning what helps those with
disabilities affects everyonedisabilities affects everyone Present procedures, directions, and Present procedures, directions, and
instructions accessible to even poor instructions accessible to even poor readersreaders
Design feedback sequences that explain Design feedback sequences that explain the reason for error and help put users on the reason for error and help put users on the right trackthe right track
Reinforcement techniques with other Reinforcement techniques with other devicesdevices
► Good target area for a final project!Good target area for a final project!
ElderlyElderly► ReducedReduced
Motor skillsMotor skills PerceptionPerception Vision, hearing, touch, mobilityVision, hearing, touch, mobility SpeedSpeed MemoryMemory
► Other needsOther needs Technology experience is varied Technology experience is varied
(How many grandmothers use (How many grandmothers use email? mothers?)email? mothers?)
Uninformed on how technology Uninformed on how technology could help themcould help them
Practice skills (hand-eye, problem Practice skills (hand-eye, problem solving, etc.)solving, etc.)
► Touch screens, larger fonts, Touch screens, larger fonts, louder soundslouder sounds
ChildrenChildren► Technology saviness?Technology saviness?► Age changes much:Age changes much:
Physical dexterity Physical dexterity ► (double-clicking, click and drag, and small targets)(double-clicking, click and drag, and small targets)
Attention spanAttention span (vaguely) Intelligence(vaguely) Intelligence
► Varied backgrounds (socio-economic)Varied backgrounds (socio-economic)► GoalsGoals
Educational accelerationEducational acceleration Socialization with peersSocialization with peers Psychological - improve self-image, self-confidencePsychological - improve self-image, self-confidence Creativity – art, music, etc. explorationCreativity – art, music, etc. exploration
► Teenagers are a special groupTeenagers are a special group Next generationNext generation Beta test new interfaces, trendsBeta test new interfaces, trends Cell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games, virtual worldsCell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games, virtual worlds
► Requires SafetyRequires Safety► TheyThey
Like exploring (easy to reset state)Like exploring (easy to reset state) Don’t mind making mistakesDon’t mind making mistakes Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a kid with an Ice Age Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a kid with an Ice Age
DVD?)DVD?) Don’t like patronizing comments, inappropriate humorDon’t like patronizing comments, inappropriate humor
► Design: Focus groupsDesign: Focus groups
Accommodating Hardware and Accommodating Hardware and Software DiversitySoftware Diversity
► Support a wide range of hardware and Support a wide range of hardware and software platformssoftware platforms
► Software and hardware evolutionSoftware and hardware evolution OS, application, browsers, capabilitiesOS, application, browsers, capabilities backward compatibility is a good goalbackward compatibility is a good goal
► Three major technical challenges are:Three major technical challenges are: Producing satisfying and effective Internet Producing satisfying and effective Internet
interaction (broadband vs. dial-up & wireless)interaction (broadband vs. dial-up & wireless) Enabling web services from large to small (size Enabling web services from large to small (size
and resolution)and resolution) Support easy maintenance of or automatic Support easy maintenance of or automatic
conversion to multiple languagesconversion to multiple languages
HCI GoalsHCI Goals► Influence academic and industrial researchersInfluence academic and industrial researchers
Understand a problem and related theoryUnderstand a problem and related theory Hypothesis and testingHypothesis and testing Study design (we’ll do this!)Study design (we’ll do this!) Interpret resultsInterpret results
► Provide tools, techniques and knowledge for Provide tools, techniques and knowledge for commercial developerscommercial developers competitive advantage (think ipod)competitive advantage (think ipod)
► Raising the computer consciousness of the Raising the computer consciousness of the general publicgeneral public Reduce computer anxiety (error messages)Reduce computer anxiety (error messages) Common fears:Common fears:
► I’ll break itI’ll break it► I’ll make a mistakeI’ll make a mistake► The computer is smarter than meThe computer is smarter than me
HCI contributes to this!HCI contributes to this!
Near & Future InterfacesNear & Future Interfaces
►Let’s reviewLet’s review►Minority ReportMinority Report►Steel BattalionSteel Battalion►Eye ToyEye Toy►Dance Dance RevolutionDance Dance Revolution►Nintendo WiiNintendo Wii
•Time to learn
•Speed of performance
•Rate of errors
•Retention over time
•Subjective satisfaction