INTROduction TO government

PHILIPPINEgovernmentCONCEPT OF STATEMEANING OF STATEA community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.ELEMENTS OF STATE1. People2. Territory3. Government4. Sovereignty5. RecognitionPEOPLEThis refers to the mass of population living within the state.There is no requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state.But it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing.TERRITORY1. Terrestrial (land mass)2. Aerial (air space)3. Fluvial (rivers and streams)4. Maritime Domain (related to the sea/s)GOVERNMENTIt refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out.SOVEREIGNTYIt is the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction, and to have freedom from foreign control. MANIFESTATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY1. Internal or the power of the state to rule within its territory;2. External or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection or control by other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence.Characteristics of SovereigntyPermanence;Exclusivity;Comprehensiveness;Absoluteness;Individuality;Inalienability; andImprescritibility1. Permanence means it exist in the same form forever or for a very long time. 2. Exclusivity means it is limited to a group of people.3. Comprehensiveness means including everything, so as to be complete comprehensive knowledge of the subject.4. Absoluteness means possessing unlimited power: having total power and authority.5. Individuality means the state or condition of being separate from others.6. Inalienability means it is impossible to take away or not able to be transferred or taken away, e.g. because of being protected by law.7. Imprescribility it means not to be taken away or impossible to remove or violate the people's imprescriptible rights.RECOGNITIONA necessary condition for a country to obtain statehood. Instances showing recognition such as, but not limited to, are the following;Bilateral or multilateral agreements with other countriesAcceptance of membership application in the United Nation

FORMS OF GOVERNMENTPRINCIPAL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT1. As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers;2. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government;3. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government; 4. As to source of power or authority:1. As to number of personsexercising sovereign powersA. Government by oneA1) Monarchy or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure. Monarchs include such rulers as kings and queens, emperors and empresses, tsars, and kaisers.

TYPES OF MONARCHY1. Absolute Monarchy or one in which the ruler rules by divine right; and2. Limited monarchy or one in which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution.The power of the monarch varies from absolute to very limited; the latter is exemplified in modern-day constitutional monarchies, e.g., UK.1. As to number of personsexercising sovereign powersA2 Authoritarian or one in which the supreme power of the dictator whose power is usually through force.1. strict and demanding obedience: favoring strict rules and established authority;2. demanding political obedience: belonging to or believing in a political system in which obedience to the ruling person or group is strongly enforced.GOVERNMENT BY FEWAristocracy or one in which political power is exercised by few privileged class.1. people of highest social class: people of noble families or the highest social class2. superior group: a group believed to be superior to all others of the same kind 3. government by elite: government of a country by a small group of people, especially a hereditary nobility 4. state run by elite: a state governed by an aristocracy.GOVERNMENT BY FEWOligarchy1. small governing group: a small group of people who together govern a nation or control an organization, often for their own purposes;2. entity ruled by oligarchy: a nation governed or an organization controlled by an oligarchy;3. government by small group: government or control by a small group of people.GOVERNMENT BY FEWSources of their power:By birthBy wealthBy wisdomIn an aristocracy, although the power of government is wielded by a few, theoretically the administration of government is carried on for the welfare of the many.Whenever the interests of the people as a whole are made subservient to the selfish interests of the rulers, aristocracy becomes a form of government known as oligarchy.GOVERNMENT BY MANYDemocracy or one in which political power is exercised by the majority of the people. It is further classified into:Direct or pure democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly rather than through the medium of representatives chosen by the people to act for them.Indirect, representative or republican democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representatives.2. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national governmentUnitary government or one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the national government;Federal government or one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme within its own sphere.Difference between Unitary and FederalCountries with federal political systems have both a central government and governments based in smaller political units, usually called states, provinces, or territories.These smaller political units surrender some of their political power to the central government, relying on it to act for the common good.Difference between Unitary and FederalInafederalsystem,laws are made both by state, provincial, or territorial governments and by a central government.In the United States, for example, people who live in the state of Ohio must obey the laws made by the Ohio legislature and the Congress of the United States.Difference between Unitary and FederalFederalpoliticalsystems divide power and resources between central and regional governments.Central governments decide issues that concern the whole country, such as organizing an army, building major roads, and making treaties with other countries.Difference between Unitary and FederalIn unitary systems, with laws giving virtually all authority to the central government.The central government may delegate duties to cities or other administrative units, but it retains final authority and can retract any tasks it has delegated.The central government in a unitary system is much more powerful than the central government in a federal system.3. As to relationship betweenthe executive and the legislative:Parliamentary government or cabinet govt. is one in which the executive and legislative branch of the government are dependent or executive branch is part of the legislative branch.Presidential government or one in which the state makes the executive independent from the legislative.Difference betweenParliamentary and PresidentialIn parliamentary governments, of which the United Kingdom, India, and Canada are examples, the executive branch is subordinate to the legislature.In presidential governments, such as in the Philippines, the executive is independent of the legislature, although many of the executive's actions are subject to legislative review.4. As to Source of Power or Authority: De facto is one not so constituted or founded with the existing constitution but has the general support of the people and has effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers.De Jure is one which is constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the state but has no control of the territory.Hereditary & Elective

CHECKS AND BALANCESThedoctrineandpractice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability among political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens.Thefirstcheckcomes from the fact that different branches of the government have overlapping authority, so each branch can act as a limit on the other.

SEPARATION OF POWERSThedoctrineandpractice of dividing the powers of a government among different branches to guard against abuse of authority.A government of separated powers assigns different political and legal powers to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. SEPARATION OF POWERSThe legislative branch has the power to create laws.The executive branch has the authority to enforce the law and oversee the administration of government responsibilities.The judicial branch has the power to try cases brought to court and to interpret the meaning of laws under which the trials are conducted.SEPARATION OF POWERSAgovernmentofseparated powers is less likely to be tyrannical and more likely to follow the rule of lawIt makes a political system more democratic by making it difficult for a single ruler, such as a monarch or a president, to become dictatorial.It prevents one branch of government from dominating the others or dictating the laws to the public.

Political ideologiesLIBERALISMAttitude,philosophy, or movement that has as its basic concern the development of personal freedom and social progress.Thecourseofliberalism in a given country is usually conditioned by the character of the prevailing form of government.For example, in countries in which the political and religious authorities are separate, liberalism connotes, mainly, political, economic, and social reform.In countries in which a state church exists or a church is politically influential, liberalism connotes, mainly, anticlericalism.LIBERALISMIn domestic politics, liberals have opposed feudal restraints that prevent the individual from rising out of a low social status.In international politics, liberals have opposed the domination of foreign policy by militarists and military considerations and the exploitation of native colonial people.In economics, liberals have attacked monopolies and mercantilist state policies that subject the economy to state control.In religion, liberals have fought against church interference in the affairs of the state and attempts by religious pressure groups to influence public opinion.CONSERVATISMAgeneralstateofmind that is averse to rapid change and innovation and strives for balance and order, while avoiding extremes.Originally conservatism arose as a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment.Conservatives advocated belief in faith over reason, tradition over free inquiry, hierarchy over equality, collective values over individualism, and divine or natural law over secular law.Conservatism emphasizes the merits of the status quo and endorses the prevailing distribution of power, wealth, and social standing.

DEMOCRACY(Greekdemos,thepeople; kratein, to rule), political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish.In modern democracies, supreme authority is exercised for the most part by representatives elected by popular suffrage. The representatives may be supplanted by the electorate according to the legal procedures of recall and referendum, and they are, at least in principle, responsible to the electorate.

SOCIALISMEconomicandsocial doctrine, political movement inspired by this doctrine, and system or order established when this doctrine is organized in a society.It demands state ownership and control of the fundamental means of production and distribution of wealth.It advocates nationalization of natural resources, basic industries, banking and credit facilities, and public utilities.It places special emphasis on the nationalization of monopolized branches of industry and trade, viewing monopolies as inimical to the public welfare.It also advocates state ownership of corporations in which the ownership function has passed from stockholders to managerial personnel.

CAPITALISMEconomicsysteminwhich private individuals and business firms carry on the production and exchange of goods and services through a complex network of prices and markets.Capital in this sense means the buildings, machines, and other equipment used to produce goods and services that are ultimately consumed.Economic activity is organized and coordinated through the interaction of buyers and sellers (or producers) in markets.CAPITALISMOwners of land and capital as well as the workers they employ are free to pursue their own self-interests in seeking maximum gain from the use of their resources and labor in production.This principle, called consumer sovereignty, reflects the idea that under capitalism producers will be forced by competition to use their resources in ways that will best satisfy the wants of consumers.Under this system a minimum of government supervision is required; if competition is present, economic activity will be self-regulating.COMMUNISMAs a political movement, it soughts to overthrow capitalism through a workers revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals.In theory, communism would create a classless society of abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic status.In practice, communist regimes have taken the form of coercive, authoritarian governments that cared little for the plight of the working class and sought above all else to preserve their own hold on power.PHILIPPINEgovernmentTHE EXECUTIVE BRANCHPHILIPPINEgovernmentTHE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHPHILIPPINEgovernmentTHE JUDICIARY BRANCH