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The theory of gravitational machines is based upon the work of Carlo Santagata which had the intuition of a gravitational filed being in fact the reactive part of a time varying electric field.On the other side, the inertial mass of bodies is explained as the self induction coefficient of charged particles (J.J. Thompson, 1881).This theory has then been extended to explain the behavior and optimize some curious electrical machines (Edwin Gray, Nicola Tesla, Louis Naudin).The construction details and calculations of a simple free energy inverter are also explained in the book.Enjoy the reading
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Introduction to free energy and free gravity
machines
Rev 06A
Added reference 9 in appendix 3
PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com
This e-book is freely distributable with quotation of the author
PeterFoss79
To Luca
INDEX
Introduction 007
Chapter 1: How it all began 009
Chapter 2: Timing is everything 021
Chapter 3: Gray patents (almost) explained 031
Chapter 4: Santagata’s hydrogen 037
Chapter 5: Temperature matters 051
Chapter 6: Tesla and Gray reloaded 063
Chapter 7: The Freerider free energy inverter 083
Chapter 8: Electro/gravitational machines 095
Chapter 9: Bonus track: The asymmetry between matter and antimatter 101
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1: Images 109
Appendix 2: Gray’s patents 129
Appendix 3: References 169
INTRODUCTION
The theory of gravitational machines is based upon the work of Carlo Santagata which had the
intuition of a gravitational filed being in fact the reactive part of a time varying electric field.
On the other side, the inertial mass of bodies is explained as the self induction coefficient of
charged particles (J.J. Thompson, 1881).
This theory has then been extended to explain the behavior and optimize some curious
electrical machines (Edwin Gray, Nicola Tesla, Louis Naudin).
The construction details and calculations of a simple free energy inverter are also explained in
the book.
Enjoy the reading
Peter Foss
Chapter 1
How it all began
“And I’ve always been a nut about thunderstorms.
I watched lightning by the hours, I noticed how much stronger it appeared to be when closer to
the Earth and just naturally concluded more air had to do with that”
Edwin Gray
Toward the end of the 60’s, Edwin Gray caught the attention of both media and scientific
community with his prototype machines which seemingly defied the basic principles of energy
conservation.
The purpose of this chapter is to unveil the initial intuition behind Gray’s and Tesla’s machines,
and to do so we shall start with the first free energy machine ever built.
The first man who stumbled across some unconventional electric machines was Nikola Tesla,
with his famous Tesla coil transformer, a version of which is shown in image 1.
Tesla coil cycleTesla coil cycleTesla coil cycleTesla coil cycle
The condenser C1 is charged by generator G0 to a sufficiently low voltage ��� until electric
breakdown field is reached in the spark gap SG.
A certain flow of electrons leaves the cathode C of the spark gap SG as per formula:
1.1. ��� ≅− �� �� ���������
With the negative sign meaning that the current is incoming from A into C, or else a stream of
negatively charged electrons is leaving cathode C and charging toward anode A of the spark
gap.
We also note that as far as the condenser C1 is concerned, he is only discharging its current
into air, which to him looks as good as the ground potential.
C1 is not at all aware of any secondary circuit R2/C2/L2 which may be dampening its discharge
current in any way, and this is the reason formula 1.1 only shows R1 and not (R1+R2+L2/C2…),
whilst RC is the resistance electrons encounter to jump off the metallic material and into a gas
or vacuum, and this resistance is usually much lower than R1 at sufficiently high cathode
temperatures.
Next step we calculate the current leaving anode A of the spark gap or in other words, the
quantity of electrons crossing the gap. This can be deducted out of Townsend formulas for
avalanche discharges:
1.2. ��� = ���exp(�����) = −Μ ��� ���������; Μ ≫ 1
With α��� being the first Townsend ionization coefficient for ambient air and Μ ultimately being a
dimensionless factor greater than one which summarizes the spark gap overall electric gain.
To summarize, a small current ��� discharging from the condenser C1 can be amplified by many
hundreds of times into ��� by means of a spark gap SG by stealing electrons from the air
molecules.
This amplified surge current was eventually put into use by Tesla through a loosely coupled air
transformer L2/L3 in an attempt to broadcast the electrostatic energy accumulated on the top
hat of his machine.
It must be noted that also the wire employed for the inductance L2 has a certain capacitance or
else a dedicated condenser C2 of utmost importance for the correct functioning of the system.
How How How How the the the the spark gap spark gap spark gap spark gap performs its magicperforms its magicperforms its magicperforms its magic
Let’s now analyze what happens between the terminals AC of the spark gap SG.
To begin with, very little current passes between the tips AC of the spark gap SG, only a small
amount of electrons leave the conductor due to a feeble thermionic dispersion. They are
accelerated toward the anode A due to the electric field between AC, but the acceleration is not
strong enough to ignite a spark and shake apart the molecules of interposed gas.
At some point the gas dielectric rigidity, also known as breakdown electric field, is reached
(image 2).
For air at standard conditions (1 ATM and 0 Deg C) this breakdown electric field is equal to
about:
1.3. ���!"#$%&'() = 3.0-. = �
&�
With V�� being the max voltage achieved into condenser C1 just before the discharge cycle
begins, and ��� being the distance between the tips AC of the spark gap immersed in standard
air.
When C1 begins its discharge, a handful of electrons leaves the cathode (tip C, image 2 part 2)
and charges toward the anode A with a certain acceleration due to 1.3.
1.4. �0� = �� ∙ �2 (electric charge leaving cathode C)
1.5. 3�#4 = 5 �����!"#$%&'() ∙ 678 9#4: (acceleration of free electrons �0�)
These free electrons are accelerated only up to a certain velocity before they smash and slow
down against some air molecules which happen to be in their path (image 2 part 3). These air
molecules are electrically excited so to generate the characteristic lighting glow:
1.6. ;<∗ → ;< + ℎA
But some of them are ionized, with generation of additional free electrons and cations as per
this very simplified reaction:
1.7. ;< + 67 =;<� + 267
This last formula explains how the free electron generation progresses in a chain reaction
fashion. The much slower cation molecules ;<� are lagging behind the electron cloud and they
generate a counter electric field which tends to slow down the electron cloud (image 2 part 4)
thus moderating the chain reaction.
This process keeps escalating until an avalanche of electrons finally reaches the anode A of the
spark gap (image 2 part 5).
1.8. �0� = �� ∙ �2 = Μ�� ∙ �2 = Μd0�
All these electrons can easily permeate inside the anode A whilst the air cations cannot diffuse
into solid material and are stuck in the atmosphere just outside the conductor.
This entire process is what Gray referred to as “splitting the positive”.
To note that the formulas to calculate the acceleration of the air cations are:
1.9. 3�D�E = 5 �����!"#$%&'() ∙ 6�8 9D�E
:
1.10. 9D�E = 18369# 5HIJK6LM2ℎD�E8 = 5.14 + 49#
As we can see, the mass of these heavy air molecules is so much bigger as compared to the
mass of the free running electrons, that the acceleration of the cations is matter of fact negligible
(more than fifty thousand times smaller than the acceleration of electrons).
It must also be noted that the electric charge �0� crashes into A with a small delay PQ from the
time �0� leaves cathode C, this because the speed of the electrons between C and A is finite
due to the average migration velocity of free electrons wriggling their way across air molecules.
Thus considering image 3 upper part we have:
1.11. �#�RS4 = TU�V4< = $��T4
< W�X = Y$��T4< ��X, being
1.12. W�X = &�RS�RS
1.13. PQ = &�ZT�RS4
The factor ��X is the average distance an electron can freely move and accelerate before
impacting & stopping against a static air molecule.
How did they gHow did they gHow did they gHow did they geeeet that idea?t that idea?t that idea?t that idea?
Reportedly Gray seemed to observe thunderstorm phenomena almost in a state of ave. Let us
look at image 4 and try to think with his brain.
The flow of electrons begins in the upper atmosphere, it tends to stay compact inside a single
branch. This fact can be explained due to both low air gas density and higher average electron
velocity, so the electron multiplying process cannot escalate (formula 1.7 pretty much balancing
itself with M = 1).
When the electron shower finally approaches the lower atmosphere, air density increases and
formula 1.7 can now start an abundant chain reaction, which generates a great numbers of free
electrons, all charging toward the ground.
The heaviest air cations are lagging behind in the upper part of the atmosphere. These cations
generate a counter electric field which slows down the electron cloud and tends to quench the
spark.
Since the electron gas density is increasing at lower altitudes, the electron flow tends to branch
out due to self-electrostatic repulsion.
On the other end, Tesla was impressed about the surge voltages that DC lines were exposed to
when dynamos were put online. These dangerous effects caused many nuisances (and
deaths!) and many devices were invented and patented to resolve them, including
overdesigning of equipment. Apparently there was no explanation as to why an high voltage
dynamo would multiply its operating voltage by hundreds of times when connected to a 0
voltage line, and this unwanted voltage surge is what Tesla tried to exploit in its magnifier
transformers, in the sense that he was trying not just to magnify the voltage through this effect,
but also trying to multiply the power output against the law of energy conservation.
Back in the days, engineering schools were much more unsophisticated as compared to the
ones we have nowadays. The poor guys, Tesla and Gray, hadn’t been briefed about the law of
conservation of energy nor about Townsend experiments and avalanche discharges, so both in
their own way saw something which could turn a small incoming current/voltage into a much
bigger one, hence their machines deploying spark gaps as an active electricity generators.
This idea looks somewhat naive when put in front of a detailed first principle examination.
In fact the electrons gathered at the anode on the Gray machines will be available at much
lower absolute voltage potential than when they left the cathode, so this electrostatic charge is
much less capable of yielding a power output, in fact the power output on the secondary circuit
(C2,L2, R2) will be lower than the power required to feed the primary side of the system (C1).
Still the question remains, why should Gray and Tesla machines have worked the way they
supposedly did, why did they invest so much resources and even bother to patent some of
these applications?
We shall see in the next chapters how both Gray and Tesla ultimately stumbled across much
more fundamental phenomena than the one they believed in as per image 4, something that will
be later explained by an obscure formula belonging to Webber (apparently confuted) theory of
electromagnetism which tells us that the electric charge is not constant as Coulomb tells us, but
it can vary depending on relativistic speeds and accelerations of the particle itself:
1.14. �� = Q[\]^
_"� `1 + Q
a� b� c"cd� − Q< ec"cdf
<gh
This ultimately tells us that it is the strong relativistic deceleration of the electrons impacting on
the anode heavy material to induce some relativistic effects so far unaccounted and unexploited
in our current electric machines.
Chapter 2
Timing is everything
I libri dei padri e delle madri (di qualità inferiore!)
parlano meno dei buoni morti.
Paulo Difficiliora
Image 5 and 6 show how voltages and currents should go in and out of the main components
C1, C2 and L2 during a full cycle time T of the system in image 1, at least according to Gray and
Tesla original theory.
The primary circuitThe primary circuitThe primary circuitThe primary circuit
There are four main phases for the condenser C1.
1) Primary circuit discharge phase.
It starts when it is fully charged and capable of igniting the spark ���. This current is
magnified as it crosses the gap CA, then sustains and ultimately quenches, leaving
capacitor C1 partially charged.
2) Primary holding phase.
Condenser C1, not fully discharged, simply holds its charge and voltage still.
This is to prevent the ignition of a second spark before the secondary circuit is ready to
begin another cycle.
3) Autocharge or primary fast charge phase.
During phase T3, some spare current from the secondary circuit can be recycled back to
the condenser C1 to minimize recharge time and energy requirement from the generator
G0. This phase will need some additional circuitry as we shall see in chapter 3, and it
could also be swapped over with phase 4.
4) Slow or else final charge phase.
In the last part of the cycle, generator G0 starts recharging the condenser C1 toward its
final firing voltage to start a new cycle.
The secondary circuitThe secondary circuitThe secondary circuitThe secondary circuit....
The secondary circuit can be any combination of capacitive, inductive or resistive load.
There are up to four main sequences on this side of the system.
1) The lagging phase.
The secondary circuit is fully discharged, there is no current passing through the
components since the electric charge �� is still wriggling its way through the air in the
spark gap.
The length of this holding phase should be as short as reasonably possible depending
on design considerations of the spark gap as outlined in chapter 1.
In most of the low frequency applications this time delay can be assumed 0, but it is
relevant in systems operating at high frequencies.
2) Charging phase.
It partially overlaps with the next step, and it nominally ends when the full current ��� has
entered into anode A.
In this second phase, anode A starts to receive the full flow of electron ���, many times
greater than original flow ��� sent out from the primary circuit.
The multiplying factor Μ could be assumed constant or variable with the voltage ���
which is not constant during the discharging phase of the primary condenser C1.
If the condenser C2 was equal to 0, the received current would quickly charge anode A to
a voltage possibly even lower than ��, before the inductor L2 could release the charge to
ground port G2. If this happens then the spark would suddenly quench in Tau 1 or even
partially repel incoming current ��� (secondary electron emission) rather than prolonging
the cathode charging phase into Tau 1 + T1 to receive max charge available from C1.
If this is the case then the factor Μ drops although the received charge �� is indeed
available at voltages eventually higher than the one in C1.
On the contrary, if the condenser C2 was infinite, the charge �� collected at the anode A
would be available at a negligible voltage, thus the energetic potential of the charge ��
would be too watered to generate significant power through the load L2.
Load L2 and C2 must be matched so to adsorb as much current ��� available at the lowest
voltage �� possible, without repelling or else quenching the current ��� too quickly.
3) Discharge phase.
Here the load L2 finally gets to regime and it sucks out the stored charge �� off the
condenser C2.
If load L2 is too big as compared to charge/voltage available, then C2 will take a long
time to discharge through L2, overall cycle time will get longer and power output of the
system will be lower due to increased cycle time T.
Max power off the circuit is attained when the inductance L2 fully discharges itself at the
right time T.
4) Overshoot phase
If load L2 is lower as compared to the available energy in secondary circuit, then the
inductor L2 will overshoot and possibly cycle some charge back and fro through
resistance R2 to condenser C2.
This will cause dissipation of available energy into resistance R2 and cause a spark
anticipation, like a piston engine knocking, leading to sudden and potentially devastating
secondary circuit overheating (seemingly Tesla destroyed quite a few of his prototypes
before he could properly tune the current and voltage overshoots).
A diode D2 is envisaged to mitigate this potential issue.
Detailed sizing of all system components can be finalized and optimized once spark gap
characteristic parameters Μ and � are established.
Energy balanceEnergy balanceEnergy balanceEnergy balance
As the secondary circuit receives the current ���, the voltage in A decreases with a curve specific
to the particular configuration L2/C2/R2.
The energy balance of the secondary circuit in one operating cycle is defined as:
2.1. �� � = �� ∙ ���(���)�
So it is important to have the lowest value of �� and highest value of �� (biggest spark gap
possible, compatibly with the size and max voltage of the primary condenser).
In a nutshell: low capacitance C2 causes �� to be very hoigh in absolute value but it decreases
the total charge available at the secondary ��.
The overall gain �� � �� �⁄ might seem high but the specific power of the system will be
lower as compared to same system with a greater C2 which is allowed to receive a greater
charge �� but at averagely lower voltages ��.
The most important parameter of the system is the overrunity factor OF which is defined as:
2.2. �� = ����������
=��∙��(� !)��∙��(� !)
= ��(� !)��(� !)
The factor ��(� !)��(� !)
is usually lower than 1 although it could spike above 1 during abnormal
operating conditions.
We then introduce the system voltage efficiency defined as:
2.3. "� =��(� !)��(� !)
So the gain factor in 2.2 can be summarized as
2.4. �� = Μ"�
This last formula tells us that the free energy gain factor of the system depends upon design
parameters of the spark gap (Μ), as well as design considerations on the primary and
secondary loads ("�), or so it seems if we stay within the boundaries of classic
electromagnetism as Gray and Tesla did when they begin to build their prototypes.
Needless to say that from a rigorous analysis against the first principle of thermodynamic, once
accounted for the heat losses across the air, heat generated by the spark, energy required to
tear electrons off the cathode and heat of electrons upon impacting on the anode A, our glorious
overrunity factor would always be lower than 1, which means our machine will not yield any free
energy. Ever!
We shall see later on how the electron deceleration of the electron impacting on the anode
material in A will be the key to bump 2.4 well above 1, thus yielding an output tens of times
greater than the original input energy.
Chapter 3
Gray patents (almost) explained
The bulb lit, then Gray dropped it into a tank filled with water.
“What would be happening if this was getting ordinary power right now?”
Gray asked, as he stuck his hand in the water with the glowing light bulb.
The National Tattler
I invite the reader to take a look at appendix 2, containing Gray patent literature available from
the Internet, it will be a lengthy and yet enlightening exercise.
Both Tesla and Gray machines originally started from the basic concept of a spark gap
Overrunity Factor as explained in formula 2.4, which they tried to exploit in a number of ways.
Patent 1: Patent 1: Patent 1: Patent 1: Tesla/Gray inverterTesla/Gray inverterTesla/Gray inverterTesla/Gray inverter
In image 7 we have some improvements as compared to the original Tesla coil design, mostly
owing to the fact that Tesla did not have power diodes available back in his days.
For instance we have a switch S0 which can manage the holding and slow charge phase of the
primary circuit.
We also have a switch S2 which reroutes the exhaust current from the secondary circuit back
into the primary condenser C1 thus reducing the power draw from generator G0.
There is a switch S1 which isolates the spark gap when the primary is fast charged through
switch S2 thus preventing “spark knocking”.
A new diode D2 is also present to prevent overheating of the secondary circuit, it could
eventually be connected to ground to avoid backcharging of C2 during the overshooting phases,
however C2 back charging could be desirable to lower the recharge power to C1…
Gray inverter (first patent) is a bare bone simplification of such a circuit although it apparently
relies on an inductance 5 to recharge condenser 3. If no external control circuit is applied then
eventually this machine will keep working at its proper resonating frequency depending on
condenser 3, inductance 5 and diode resistance 4.
Patent Patent Patent Patent 2222: : : : EMA motorEMA motorEMA motorEMA motor
This patent has some thrilling electro mechanic going on in regard to spark gap timing and
operation of multiple coil circuits in different configurations to change the speed of the rotor.
A part from that, it resembles a synchronous motor exploiting the gain factor of a sparked
electric current which powers up the magnets of what is ultimately an electric motor.
An air pump was needed to “cool the rotor/stator”, but most likely the air was also necessary to
feed the spark gap array with fresh fuel (air).
Patent Patent Patent Patent 3333: : : : VVVVacuum tubeacuum tubeacuum tubeacuum tube inverterinverterinverterinverter
This patent (image 8) is clearly a game changer as compared to the previous straightforward
designs.
Main peculiarity here is that the spark gap is now a vacuum tube, so the current is not amplified
by the molecules of the gas (M = 0!!!!), but it is in fact the secondary electron emission charge of
the high voltage anode toward two collecting plates.
The main omission in Gray’s patent here is to show only one terminal connecting both collecting
plates inside his vacuum tube (my mark ups are shown in red).
According to Gray’s description of the device, the inner plate 34b should in fact collect the
emitted electrons of anode 12 toward the inductive load 36, whilst the outer plate 34a should be
connected to ground, thus forming a condenser assembly with the inner plate 34b in order to
smoothen surge currents and voltages and to protect the inductive load.
The operating cycle is dully described in the patent, and all this needless sophistication doesn’t
explain why the device should produce more energy than it adsorbs or why some energy should
go to the load 36.
Wireless electricityWireless electricityWireless electricityWireless electricity applied to light bulbsapplied to light bulbsapplied to light bulbsapplied to light bulbs
Another thing that cannot be explained in terms of amplified sparked current is Edwin Gray
demonstration of the bulb experiment in the water tank, which was somewhat similar to Tesla
experiment lighting a mercury vapor bulb wirelessly.
Last clue is that reportedly, Edwin Gray machines were emitting an outgoing magnetic field all
around them, as if magnetic monopoles were being generated by the machine.
Since classical electromagnetism cannot predict nor explain such machines, it is time to go and
look for other equations which could explain these phenomena without contradicting but
integrating our knowledge of electromagnetism.
Chapter 4
Santagata’s hydrogen
If you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains – however improbable – must be the true
Sherlock Holmes
Carlo Santagata was an Italian engineer fairly active in physic research and member of the
Physic Society.
He wrote quite an amazing book: The unification of electromagnetic and gravitational fields –
Gravitational waves and antigravity.
Unfortunately Santagata didn’t live to complete the second part of this fundamental theory, but
still he put forward enough information for us to close the circle.
I will hereby provide a simplified explanation of his work as well as some extensions and
deductions starting from his formulas.
Again I strongly recommend the reader to lookup for Santagata’s original work which will
provide an extremely accurate and rigorous description of some of the things I am going to dully
explain in this chapter.
To begin with, mass does not exist, but it only is an indirect measure of a particle magnetic
moment potential.
Every particle only bears its own electric charge, and is magnetic moment potential, indirectly
measured as a mass or else gravitational field:
4.1. ���(�) = ���
��� �1 +
��� ��
����� −
�� �
�����
���
4.2. ���(�) = ���(�� !�"#) + ���($�%&'�%�'�(%!) +���() �!*%�) 4.3. ���(�� !�"#) = �
�� ��� ; ���($�%&'�%�'�(%!) =
��� ��
��
����� ; ���() �!*%�) =
,�-�� ��
��� �
�����
�
We can notice that whilst the coulombian electric field is somewhat constant and steady, the
other two terms fluctuates and flickers along with the particle movement (typically circular
orbits).
The gravitational terms weakens with the distance, but still it does not weaken as much as we
would expect and this would account for dark matter effects at cosmological level.
The nuclear term is only strong at short distance (strong and weak electromagnetic forces).
Intermediate distances between the nuclear and gravitational ones will other kind of
electromagnetic forces active at molecular levels such as London forces, Wan Der Vaal forces,
gas pressure forces and so on.
The relative equilibrium of these three terms, along with the self induction coefficient effect to be
explained later, determines an equilibrium distance of each and every particle at any scale of
observation, thus unifying all the fundamental forces of nature under the umbrella of the
electromagnetic field.
A simple example is the hydrogen atom.
For an electron orbiting a proton like on image 9, it means that this particle can only collapse so
far toward the atom nucleus before its centrifugal force (related to its inertial mass) balances the
electrostatic force (related to its charge), thus generating a magnetic pole whose value is strictly
dictated by the dipole specific mass/charge ratio.
Even an isolated electric particle at rest, does not necessarily have a charge homogeneously
distributed like classically assumed, but it is eccentric instead and it spins within its own classic
radius as much as needed in order to maintain its internal magnetic moment potential.
Assembling a protonAssembling a protonAssembling a protonAssembling a proton
A practical explanation of what we have just said is given in image 10.
The electric charge of a proton is not evenly distributed, but it is eccentric and rotating within its
nuclear radius so to maintain a certain magnetic moment. Some parts of the proton might even
be negatively charged, although the overall mean value of the (coulombian) charge is positive.
As a consequence of this fact, the electric field radiated at a certain radius r from the particle will
not be static but it will flicker and fluctuate with the same frequency of the inner charge rotating
frequency. As per earlier we will simplify it as follow:
4.4. ���(�) = ���
��� .1 +/"(0*"1) sin56(0*"1)7 +8(0*"1)9:
4.5. ���(�) = ���(�) +���(;) 4.6. ���(�) = �
�� ��� Coulombian electric field
4.7. ���(;) = ���
��� /"(0*"1) sin56(0*"1)7 +8(0*"1)9 Gravitational/reactive electric field
We can then say that the gravitational field radiated by the particle is in fact a very tiny reactive
electrical field:
4.8. <�(�) = ���
��� /"(0*"1)
�0 = >sin56(0*"1)7 +8(0*"1)9>0
? @7 = A�� =A�"
4.9. B = C DE(FGEH)√� This is valid for a purely sinusoidal reactive electric fields
In In In In fact gravity isfact gravity isfact gravity isfact gravity is dimensionally dimensionally dimensionally dimensionally like an like an like an like an electric fieldelectric fieldelectric fieldelectric field, it is the , it is the , it is the , it is the effective effective effective effective (rms) (rms) (rms) (rms) value of the value of the value of the value of the reactive reactive reactive reactive
part of the particle electrostatic part of the particle electrostatic part of the particle electrostatic part of the particle electrostatic fieldfieldfieldfield!!!!
The reactive field itself might also have a simply sinusoidal shape or otherwise be composed of
more harmonics depending on the complexity of the subsystems making up the particle or atom,
but ultimately the effective value and main frequency along with secondary harmonics is what
characterize the gravitational behavior and interaction with other particles.
This theory has been used by Santagata to explain and predict many physical phenomena such
as:
1) Variation of geomagnetic fields due to moving gravitational bodies.
2) Prediction of the Sun Wolf number against the masses and orbits of the Solar system
planets.
3) Prediction of the elastic module for solid materials as a simple function of density,
molecular weight of the material and crystalline structure shape.
4) Prediction of the speed of sound for both solid and gas media as a simple function of
density and molecular weight.
5) Prediction of the Casimir effect.
6) Deduction of the gravitational/electrical force ratio for protons.
In fact Santagata uses this residual/reactive electric field (or gravitational field) to explain any
aggregative state of the matter, from the quarks up to the galaxies, and it is fundamental for us
to go through this imaginative exercise together in order to better understand the implications of
such a revolutionary theory.
Assembling a neutronAssembling a neutronAssembling a neutronAssembling a neutron
Someone might say that since the neutron has no electric charge to swing around and ‘bout,
then its nucleus should radiate no gravitational field, but in fact the neutron is like a proton with
a negatively coated shell which gives an overall null Coulombian electric field but still radiates a
flickering reactive electric field as per 4.7, hence its gravitational field is radiated similarly to the
one of a charged proton (image 10), although its mean (coulombian) value is 0 across the
board.
Assembling an hydrogen atomAssembling an hydrogen atomAssembling an hydrogen atomAssembling an hydrogen atom
When we put together a proton and an electron, we don’t just add up the masses (reactive
electric fields) of the base particles, but we also put an electron into a circular orbit, and this
orbit generates some additional ripples and flickering to the electric field being radiated outside
the atom, so the total mass of an hydrogen atom is slightly higher than the sum of the masses at
rest of a single proton and electron.
Similarly, when we push that electron up toward higher orbits, we also increase the eccentricity
or magnitude of /"(0*"1) so that the atom will appear a little bit heavier than before...
The concept of electric charges forced within highly eccentric orbits is of utmost importance to
understand gravitational machines and to generate and focus gravitational fields in specific
directions.
Assembling a solidAssembling a solidAssembling a solidAssembling a solid matrixmatrixmatrixmatrix
As explained in figure 10, the flickering electrical (gravitational) field has its own shape, which is
eventually a function of the atom’s temperature.
Within a solid, the atoms are cold enough to exhibit a tetragonal shaped reactive electric field as
per image 11 top part. This helps to explain why they all wish to fall within right
electro/gravitational equilibrium positions of a tetragonal matrix which minimizes the overall
potential like Lego blocks clicking into their only possible position.
Assembling a Assembling a Assembling a Assembling a gaseousgaseousgaseousgaseous matrixmatrixmatrixmatrix
If the atom is hot enough, the shape of its gravitational (reactive electric) field changes from
tetragonal into a more unstable needle like shape (image 11 lower part).
This means that even if such an atom can find a couple of peers to neutralize a couple of its
electric arms, there will be other atoms around them which will jump in and disrupt the links
previously formed, which means all the atoms are unable to cut an electrically (gravitationally)
stable deal with their neighbours and this overall electric unbalance results in a repulsive force
for all the atoms or molecules of the gas (antigravitational/repulsive reactive field).
As the gas is let free to expand, it also cools down, which means that its atoms will sooner or
later end up with a residual electric (gravitational) field shaped as per the solid matrix.
This observation predicts that a gas let free to expand shall not expand forever but find a
gravitational equilibrium (gaseous nebula), however if enough time and space is available the
atoms will find a more stable a thermal / electrical (gravitational) equilibrium in order to form a
matrix similar to a solid one, only much less dense and much frailer than the solid matrixes we
are used to.
This phenomenon is otherwise explained by astrophysicists as a “dark matter” gravitational glow
capable of holding interstellar gasses together more than what they should as atoms and
molecules of gas reach a semisolid equilibrium position somewhat in a somewhat tighter shape
than the one dictated by gravity attraction alone.
Assembling a solar systemAssembling a solar systemAssembling a solar systemAssembling a solar system
Image 12 summarizes the gravitational interaction between two massive bodies, only that the
gravitational field is in fact an electric one.
One thing to visualize is that the reactive electric fields of the two masses are rotating in perfect
synchronism like gears meshing together.
If the kinetic energy of say the smaller mass m was higher, then the rotation of its gravitational
gear 6" would be slower than the rotation 6J of the gears in M, which means the equilibrium
position of the two masses will be at a greater distance.
RRRRelativistic elativistic elativistic elativistic massmassmassmass
When at rest, the orbit of the electric charge inside its nucleus is simplified as plain circular
(image 13 top left side). We see that the main charge here is positive but also a smaller
negative charge is present and nested within the particle.
If we then accelerate that same particle to relativistic speeds, the internal charge keeps rotating
around the nucleus, but it is now in an awkward relativistic situation in which the forward rotating
speed K��A is to be mitigated to avoid faster than light speeding tickets, which means the charge
must make up for the lost time by speeding up and increase its backward speed K��L.
We end up with a relativistic situation where >K��L> ≫ >K��A>, so the eccentricity of the orbit is
extremely high, which also means the reactive electric (gravitational) field emitted by the particle
is extremely high, which means its apparent mass is higher than the same mass at rest.
Unification of the forces of natureUnification of the forces of natureUnification of the forces of natureUnification of the forces of nature
Depending on the scale we look at, the gravitational or else reactive electric field is the cause of
all the known forces of nature which distinguish themselves only as a function of the particle
temperature.
It will be very strong on a small scale (atomic forces) and a bit less strong on a molecular or
solid matrix level (London forces), and less strong still on a planetary level (gravity), and even
less strong on an intergalactic / gas dust level (dark matter), and so forth.
What about the inertial mass?What about the inertial mass?What about the inertial mass?What about the inertial mass?
In his book Santagata promised to give charges to the masses, which is what we just did in 4.9
but he also promised to give masses to the electric charges, which boils down to the inertial
mass problem:
4.10. N� = BO�
This equation is obviously working in a number of technical applications and does not need any
electric charge to explain itself, so at last mass seems to be an electric charge independent
property of particles.
Nevertheless, what was recognized and later proved back in the 1881 (J.J. Thomson) is that it is
more difficult to accelerate an electrically charged body than it is to accelerate the uncharged
version of the same.
This fact is simply explained in terms of self magnetic induction of the charged body, which
behaves like an electric current when it is set in motion and the induced magnetic field
generates an additional electromagnetic resistance to the acceleration of the charged body.
We could simplify this concept in the following way:
4.11. K = P Q'Q� =A!�
4.12. N = C R! Q'Q�
Here the inertial mass has been replaced by an electric charge and its self induction coefficient,
and this fact has been furthermore explored by some researchers who tried to calculate the self
induction coefficient of the electron which ultimately brought the following conclusion:
4.13. B*,*!*����"%;(*�'� = S B*,'(*��'%!
So the theoric calculated self induction electric dependent inertial “mass” of an electron is 33%
higher than its actually measured mass value.
This result, although not satisfactory, comes very close to predicting the electron mass and
moreover is missing the target by a clean 1/3 ratio and not an odd number, thus suggesting the
theory is somewhat close to the goal although not yet mature to deliver the right result.
Also we wonder if there is space for a classic Newtonian inertial mass at all within an electron or
any other particle, since all particles (including neutrons) should have a tiny self induction
coefficient per 4.12, regardless of our mathematical capability to accurately predict that value.
Last suggestion is that electromagnetic and inertial masses might come to fully coincide once
the electric charge eccentricity or dual charge is accounted into the particle model under
consideration.
Chapter 5
Temperature matters
The Schrodinger cat walks in a bar and…
…it doesn’t!
As per before, we can conclude that gravity is that residual electric force which pushes or pulls
particles toward their equilibrium distance.
That equilibrium distance depends upon the rotational kinetic energy or rotational temperature
of the particles being examined.
Gearing fieldsGearing fieldsGearing fieldsGearing fields
The gravitational (alternate electric) fields of each particle perfectly mesh into each other when
the particles are held at the right electric and kinetic equilibrium distance. We can see the
electron in image 10 gravitationally surfing on the field radiated from the proton since their
reactive fields are meshing together at the right gearing ratio.
However, if the electron (or else the proton) spin is rotationally (thermally) excited then a new
equilibrium distance will be forced upon the system (image 16), and again this equilibrium must
ensure the reactive fields have the right gearing ratio.
Also looking at image 14 we could summarize the gravitational force between two electrically
charged particles in the following way:
5.1. ������ =
�
��� ����
��1 +��(����) sin� �(����)! +"�(����)#$�1 +
�%(����) sin� %(����)! +"%(����)#$ − 1'
5.2. ������ =�
��|� ��|
����%(����) cos +�(����)
The newly introduced cos +� factor summarizes the direction of the gravitational force between
two particles, and it can vary between 1 or -1 (attractive or repulsive), whilst the term ��%(����)
suggest that a particle apparent gravitational field can be enhanced to values far greater than
their minimum thermal value and it is directly related to the eccentricity and magnitude of the
unbalancing charge.
The theory requires the electron particle itself to have a small, positive electric charge nested
within a negative shell, similarly to the proton structure shown in image 14. This positive electric
charge should be nested deeply inside the electron but it can be exposed (in theory) if the
electron is spinning at sufficiently high energy.
When the gravitational field frequencies are perfectly tuned into each other (cold systems) then
cos +� is 0 (image 15 top part), the centrifugal force balances the coulombian force and the
system is in electro/kinetic equilibrium.
The system could however be excited so that the fields do not properly mesh into each other,
then cos +� might change so the gravitational force favors and enhances the centrifugal one.
This leads the electron toward outer orbits (central part of image 15 and also image 16 which
shows an electron gearing properly and another one not gearing correctly and thus being
repelled outward).
On the other side, if the orbiting particle is too slow or else not gearing right, then cos +� will be
attractive, the gravitational force will team up with the coulombian attractive force and bring
down the particle against the centrifugal pull (image 15 bottom part).
By exciting a particle spin frequency or else charge eccentricity we can forge attractive or
repulsive gravitational fields as compared to particles which tune in at similar frequencies. The
difference between a gravitational attractive force versus its repulsive expression is mediated by
the phase angle between the electric reactive field and the particle electric dipole phase angle.
We must also note that despite the neutron being an electrically neutral particle, it must be
considered like a proton as far as gravitational fields are concerned as explained in the previous
chapter.
Also the thermal energy of a particle brings upon many agitation modes within the same, but the
ones which enhance the spin of the inner electric dipole are the ones most relevant for the
generation of strong gravitational or anti gravitational fields.
Have you ever seen a lighting ball?Have you ever seen a lighting ball?Have you ever seen a lighting ball?Have you ever seen a lighting ball?
If you have never seen or heard of it please look it up on Youtube or Wikipedia.
Such a strange and unexplained phenomenon can be better understood with what we have
described so far.
Let us take the nucleus of a heavy atom and thermally charge its magnetic momentum so that
the spinning velocity of its inner charge is as close as possible to the speed of light.
The Coulombian electric field will behave business as usual, but the reactive electric field will be
extremely strong and spiky, like a sea urchin (image 17).
This means that the gravitational equilibrium distance of the cold/unexcited orbiting electrons
will be very far away from the nucleus, in the order of few centimeters.
Unfortunately, the lighting ball is not an isolated object, it is surrounded by pressurized
atmospheric air, which will try to enter inside the lighting ball to fill the void between nucleus and
electron orbits.
As fresh air pours into the lighting ball, it is exposed to highly ionizing gravitational repulsive
winds which prevent electrons of air molecules from approaching the center of the ball, thus
generating an ionizing wave which pushes exhausted air ions and related electron clouds
outward again with a spectacular emission of glowing light.
Eventually, the excited nucleus at the center of the lighting ball will decay its extremely high spin
velocity down to more sociable thermal kinetic energies, so the glow fades and the show ends.
An alternative ending is that as the nucleus cools down, it passes through a resonating speed
which unbalances the atomic strong force that holds the nucleus together thus exploding the
nucleus and bringing the show to a sudden end.
This is more likely when the nucleus is a heavier atom, since its atomic structure is somewhat
more unstable and brittle than smaller ones.
Super electronsSuper electronsSuper electronsSuper electrons
Like for the lighting ball, overexcited “super” electrons are extremely antisocial toward the other
particles, especially electrons.
It is reported that Tesla was generating quite a few of these during his experiments.
These should look similar to what we have described for lighting balls, only that now it is the
electron which will look like an urchin, and probably the diameter of the ball will be smaller.
When these are forced into a metallic matrix, they might not have enough antigravitational force
to explode the robust metallic matrix in which they dwell, but still they can bully nearby electrons
in the metallic structure and keep them at bay in virtue of a highly repulsive reactive electric field
(image 18).
A metallic material irradiated with super electrons will exhibit an extremely low voltage as
compared to the ground because normal electrons cannot spread evenly within the conductor
volume, they are forced and squeezed into a smaller material volume and they will concentrate
on the body surface.
In this case the metallic conductor will appear extremely negatively charged, thus making the
conductor highly ionizing in air and behaving in fact like an energized condenser.
Again the super electrons will ultimately decay their spin energy down to thermal energies and
the effect will fade, but we now have the key with which we can fully understand Gray
schematics.
Also when we look at image 18, we could draft the values of the superficial electric field
radiating from the conductor surface (image 19 top part).
To begin with the conductor has no electric field, then when the super electron enters into it, the
electric field quickly drops down to a very low value.
As the superelectron cools down, the electrostatic pressure on the surface drops too and if the
effect is due to a multitude of superelectrons we can then imagine this process to develop like
an exponential decay until in T3 all the superelectrons have faded and the electric field is back
to 0.
We can go further and develop the displacement current integral as follow:
5.3. ,-.-∯01��
02345 = ∮ 7389
That formula can be developed into an average/constant displacement current field as well as a
reactive displacement current field (Image 19 lower part).
The average part of this field is capable of inducing electric currents in conductors approaching
or leaving the proximities of the supercharged conductor, with the currents being greater the
faster the conductor is moved about. This is important to bear in mind since human body is a
good conductor, and also Tesla personnel seemed to have suffered injuries during some
experiments!
The reactive part of this field could furthermore be used to power up specially designed
transformers placed nearby the supercharged conductor.
EMP radiationEMP radiationEMP radiationEMP radiation
This kind of electromagnetic radiation is such to enhance the rotation/spin of an electrically
charged particle. Supposedly a great deal of EMP radiation is generated upon abrupt
deceleration of high speed electrons, and tesla was chiefly generating EMP sources capable of
broadcasting the superelectric state of electrons to receiving stations.
If we look at booth Gray and Tesla machines, we could say that the EMP radiation travels
across a radiated conductor like a field thus momentarily transforming electrons into
superelectrons as the radiation/EMP field passes by, rather than having a physical movement of
superelectrons across the metallic material as shown in image 18.
The conductor also radiates part of the EMP field outward and this can be gathered and
amplified by putting receiving conductors around the radiating one (precisely Tesla coil type
transformers which are loosely coupled from a magnetic point of view but strongly coupled from
an EMP field point of view).
More in general we can imagine that certain materials are better carrier of EMP fields/radiation
than others which tend to leak the EMP field around them.
Magnetic monopolesMagnetic monopolesMagnetic monopolesMagnetic monopoles
This is a part of the Gray machines which cannot be explained so far, I will try to bridge this as a
pure hypothesis.
In image 20 the orbit of the particle charge inside the nucleus is so energetic to be totally
warped and twisted due to extreme thermal charge.
The resulting spires of this quantic coil (not easy to draft but take this leap of faith with me) are
so wired together to result in an “all out” radiating magnetic field, same as a magnetic
monopole.
Another possibility is that the conservative magnetic field is in fact an electromagnetic fingerprint
or radiated energy field due to superelectrons decaying back into their normal electric state.
The generation of magnetic monopoles, although not clear in the theory, will be needed to
explain exceptionally high torques present into the EMA motor as well as reported experimental
measurements done on Gray machines.
Perle ai Perle ai Perle ai Perle ai porci.porci.porci.porci.
Another interesting prediction is that the gravitational field of a body changes with its
temperature or else spin kinetic energy, with hotter bodies appearing somewhat lighter than
their equivalent cooled version.
This is explained by formula 5.2 and the deduction that a cooler body tends to synchronize the
reactive electric field of all its sub particles so to add up a stronger reactive (gravitational) field.
On the other side, the particles of a hot body cannot efficiently synchronize and add up their
reactive electric fields, so the total reactive electric field (gravitational field) measured outside
the body will be lower than the geometric sum of the gravitational fields of all its particles, as if
the total available gravitational field had a lower “power factor”.
From a Universe point of view, the expansion of the same is related to its mean temperature,
and as it cools down, it tends to slow down and arrest its expansion into an equilibrium position.
As it cools furthermore it will then condense (contract) back into a more dense and concentrated
equilibrium position.
Chapter 6
Tesla and Gray reloaded
Gray: If only you had had power mosfets, we would be 120 years more advanced.
Tesla: Quite the contrary, I would have blasted them all before you could have said EMP…
Gray & Tesla
In our previous chapters we have gathered all the electromagnetic ingredients we need to cook
both Gray and Tesla machines, let us start from image 8 as marked up in red.
Please note the schematics shown here have been edited by myself, as they seem to be
somewhat incomplete, possibly an attempt of Gray to cover up his tracks and prevent other
people from copying his inventions.
The mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiled
The vibrator 20 excites transformer 22 in order to charge condenser 16 at very high voltages
thus inducing a strong electric field between terminals 32 and 12 of the vacuum tube.
Switching mechanism 26 dictates the operating frequency of the spark gap by commanding the
gate of triode 28 which is in fact an old fashion power mosfet but very robust design and
capable of withstanding high voltages. This last one is meant to protect the low voltage cathode
circuits against induced back currents due to EMP radiation exposure of cathode 32 during
operation.
The spark event begins with a controlled flow of electrons being emitted from cathode 32 and
accelerated toward high voltage anode 12. The final kinetic energy of the electrons energy is
important here since a part of this energy converts electrons in superelectrons and also
generated EMP radiation, meaning that you can build very compact devices operating at high
voltages and frequencies, or else you can have longer tubes but operating at much lower
voltages and obviously also the frequencies of operation will be lower.
The resistor 30 is meant to keep the cathode hot so to enhance thermionic emission during
operation and increase specific power available at each cycle.
In order to increase the system operating frequencies (and thus the power generated) it is
recommended to use higher voltages/shorter tube designs which allow for shorter spacing
between electric pulses without losing on electron final kinetic energy.
Once the electrons impact on the anode 12, a fraction of them is excited to a superelectric state
(image 18 central part), and more ones in the anode 12 and in nearby metallic materials are
converted into superelectrons thanks to the generated EMP pulse.
The electrons still in mid air and travelling toward the anode will eventually be invested by some
EMP radiation emitted from the forerunner ones, thus causing the otherwise focused beam to
scatter. An high diameter anode is better suited to collect most of the spark electrons, as well as
using a very focused/short electron trail.
It would be possible to study the conversion efficiency of electrons into superelectrons, simply
by experimentally study the optimum kinetic energy of the electrons on the anode surface, and
this function must also be dependent upon the anode material, its density, molecular weight,
etc.
My impression from Gray and Tesla experiments is that any kinetic energy will do the trick, with
higher kinetic energies generating higher grade superelectrons, so high specific power
machines should enhance that factor in order to get better performances, either by making a
longer spark gap or otherwise using an higher differential voltage between the terminals 32 -12.
As per earlier, a certain electric power can be transferred toward load 36 by irradiating plate 34b
with EMP radiation. Eventually plates 34b and 34a can be arranged in a condenser like fashion
to resonate with load 36 and operating frequency 26.
As electrons and superelectrons diffuse in anode 12, capacitance 16 will be fully discharged
and eventually slightly negatively charged depending upon the value of resistance 44 and 46,
letting electrons out of the anode metallic material (secondary circuit).
As superelectrons fade back into a normal electric state, the conductor 12 and condenser 16 will
in turn start to positively charge in the measure of total electron quantity passed by diodes 44
and 46, and there are three possible outcomes.
1) The electrons which left through diode 46 and 44 are less than the electrons which
entered in 12. In this case the transformer 22 will have to draw out the extra electrons
from condenser 16 to raise its voltage back to operating value before the next cycle
begins.
2) The electrons which left through diode 46 and 44 are more than the electrons which
entered in 12. In this case the transformer 22 will not be needed at all since the
condenser 16 will be left with a higher voltage than it was before.
This condition is an unstable one, as we can expect the voltage in 16 will increase
constantly at each cycle until condenser 16 explodes or else spark gap 48 kicks in to
prevent failure of the high voltage components. A firing from spark gap 48 will eventually
cause a misfire in the spark tube and a temporary loss of power output. The circuit can
be stabilized by means of a high voltage Zener diode 46 which will ensure stability of the
operating voltage and will allow transformer 22 to be fully disconnected during operation
(no external power source required to maintain the system going).
3) The electrons which left through diode 46 and 44 are the same amount as the electrons
which entered in 12. In this case the system is in perfect equilibrium, the max operating
voltage of condenser 16 is stable and the transformer 22 could be pulled offline
altogether.
Tesla oscillators and also Gray first patent (full of unnecessary timing circuits to confuse the
otherwise simple operation of the system) were built exactly on the principle that the discharge
would be so powerful to allow the automatic recharge of the system at each cycle, this is in
theory possible but very tricky, and reportedly Tesla broke many “jars” in his experiments due to
the instability effects we have just described and the fact that the mean operating voltage at
equilibrium will be higher than the spark gap nominal ignition voltage.
At the beginning of operation we can expect many electrons to leave the load conductor 1-36-
38 through spark gap 42, and the same conductor is left with an highly positive voltage once all
superelectrons have decayed back into more stable thermal electron state after shutdown, so a
ballast resistance 48 is used as a safety grounding device when the system is not in use.
In a nutshell, this machine converts the kinetic energy of electrons into a reactive electric field
which is seen by fellow electrons as a repulsive gravitational field, which in turns generates a
high voltage which can yield high power at low currents.
This fact is what allows the overrunity factor in our formula 2.4 to be far greater than 1.
The anti principle of thermodynamicThe anti principle of thermodynamicThe anti principle of thermodynamicThe anti principle of thermodynamic
From a physic point of view we can say that the principles of thermodynamic are correct and
allow no free energy machines within certain “relative” boundary condition (formula 1.14).
The main condition being that all particles within the system emit conservative type fields
(conventional electrostatic and gravitational fields). In this case the outcome of any movement
or energetic transition can only be dissipative and produce a lower than before energetic net
state or else move the system toward higher entropy levels.
On the other side, if the particle fields are no longer conservative but time varying then we can
say that the outcome of a energetic transition or movement can bring about the same entropic
state or even yield a lower one than the original configuration depending upon the relative
equilibrium of conservative and non conservative fields and the type of movement we produce
in the system.
Superelectrons = supertorqueSuperelectrons = supertorqueSuperelectrons = supertorqueSuperelectrons = supertorque????
It is reported that Gray EMA motor was delivering an exceptionally high specific torque, not
explainable in terms of standard electric currents, not even superelectric ones.
The unusual torque factor is explainable if we embrace the concept of superelectrons also
behaving like magnetons in certain excitement states (image 20). Let us see what these
particles can do for us.
If we take a look at image 21 part 1 we see an electric charge radiating its conservative electric
field E all around.
Also if we swing this charge around (image 21 part 2), we obtain a magnet which has a North
and South pole. The lines of the magnetic field B are bound to close circularly upon themselves
(solenoidal field).
On the other end, a magnetic monopole or magneton is shown in image 21 part 3. This is a
much more exotic and difficult particle to obtain (at least until today).
It consists of a North pole without a matching South pole, so the magnetic field B radiates
outward from the center, similarly to a conservative field.
This particle is not commonly observed in nature nor into standard electric circuits, and only
recently it was possible to isolate some specimen in very challenging experimental conditions.
If we could isolate and swing around a magneton, we obtain an electric field which has a
solenoidal behavior (image 21 part 4).
Normal electric components will exhibit strange behaviors when exposed to flows of magnetons
also called magnetic currents, and it is important to familiarize ourselves with these new
applications.
In image 22 part 1, a simple copper wire is passing a magnetic current.
An annular electric field is induced all around the wire perimeter which in turn triggers electrons
to move in a circular way around the wire diameter.
The sum of all these annular currents will warm up the wire surface.
These annular electric currents will in turn induce a magnetic field inside the wire itself which will
oppose the passage of magnetons thus causing the wire to exert a certain resistance to the
passage of magnetic current.
This magnetic resistance should be greater the ticker the wire, whilst thin conductors are much
better carriers of magnetic currents.
Image 22 part 2 shows a special kind of transformer in which the primary is fed with a pulsing
magnetic current, and the output on the secondary side is necessarily a pulsed electric current.
If the magnetic current on the primary side is constant, then the secondary side of the
transformer will produce a DC electric current, which is unusual behavior as compared to
standard transformers.
Let us place two magnets in such a way to repel each other when an electric current flows
through their coils.
The passage of electric current generates two solenoidal magnetic fields opposing each other,
thus causing the coils (magnets) to repel each other.
If we now flow magnetic currents into these coils, they will again repel each other, but this time
is more like an electrostatic, not a magnetic repulsive field.
In this instance the two magnetic currents generate two solenoidal electric fields opposing each
other, thus causing an electrostatic repulsive force.
Here we have Gray experiments with the shooting magnet as well as the EMA motor unusual
torque capabilities.
A condenser fed with a pulsing magnetic tension is shown in image 22 part 5.
As magnetic charges flow in and out of the condenser left armor, there is a variation of magnetic
field on the armor surface, and this can be exploited by a secondary coil placed just in front of
the armor thus generating a pulsed electric current.
If the magnetic current is constant, then the secondary coil will not generate any tension nor
current, the best dielectric for this condenser would be a ferromagnetic material.
All these weird effects can be quantified and machines designed accordingly by means of the
classic Maxwell equations with the addition of magnetons:
6.1. ∮��� ⋅ ���=∯ −� ���� + ������������ ���
6.2. ∮��� ⋅ ���=∯ + �����
��� +! �"��
��� �����
6.3. …
The magnetic current term in Maxwell formulas is usually forgotten and set to zero due to
magnetic monopole scarcity, but that term can now be resumed and put to good use.
The EMA motorThe EMA motorThe EMA motorThe EMA motor explainedexplainedexplainedexplained....
Again the original idea was to steal electrons from the air and multiply an electric current inside
a spark gap, then the inductor and condenser would work in pair (same exact principle of Tesla
twin oscillator circuit), and eventually the inductor would have overshoot and recharged the HV
condenser back again to restart another cycle in a free energy type loop.
As usual Gray was covering his tracks and wouldn’t explain in full his wirings so I had to put my
markups to complete it, but overall the explanation of operation of the magnets is fair but for the
fact that these coils are not interacting with magnetic fields through electric currents but on the
contrary are exchanging electric fields through magnetic currents.
Here the overrunity factor is dumped into magnets to generate kinetic energy and provide a
mechanical power output through the rotor shaft (see again image 22 part 3).
Also he is putting some secondary magnets alongside the primary ones which are optional and
help smooth up the otherwise bumpy torque profile, also because the main rotor was made in
plastic which is not very resistant to peak forces and torques.
We should spend some time to explain the safety circuit 46, whose schematic is omitted
deliberately by Gray.
Namely this circuit is to recover energy during “misfire events”, what does this mean?
When the engine is operating at low speeds there is a chance that the recharging circuit 32 will
overcharge the condensers above their max allowed voltage and damage them before they can
discharge themselves across the variable distance spark gap or programmer 40 so a fixed
distance spark gap 46 is needed to protect the main condenser and recharge battery 10b.
As also explained above, some of the energy from the spark gap is not 100% transmitted into
the rotor magnets but it lags behind and sits inside the HV condensers which are autocharged
as per the explanation already given in the previous patent.
The fixed spark gap 46 along with the variable/programmable spark gap 30 looks very similar to
the 3-way spark gap illustrated in the third patent of appendix 2, so Gray was kicking around the
same technology over and over and testing different ways of using the free energy available
from the spark gaps.
Tesla Tesla Tesla Tesla revivedrevivedrevivedrevived
All the technical discussions about the sizing and operation of Tesla coils in chapter 2 still holds
true and can now be amended in the light of what already discussed.
I invite the reader to lookup for the book “Colorado Spring notes” by Nicola Tesla, an interesting
piece of history which shows how tesla machines evolved as more intuitions were added up.
It is funny to see how at some points Tesla was discharging huge superelectric currents to the
ground, thus causing sparks to happen between the pavement and the feet of people walking
on the streets.
Another time he tried to return a superelectric current into the power grid, thus frying arrays of
electric generators miles down the distribution line…
If we go back to 1891 and more specifically to Tesla lecture to AIEE at Columbia University, he
lit a mercury vapor bulb wirelessly, the quantity of power transmitted back then was quite
impressive even for nowadays technology which deploys solid state components which do not
take advantage of sparked currents like Tesla and Gray did.
Radiating electricityRadiating electricityRadiating electricityRadiating electricity
Behind the scenes of the mercury bulb there were two radiating plates, like condensers which
were connected to alternating superelectric currents.
What Tesla tried to develop here and in many other patents was in fact an energy broadcasting
system which would use EMP radiation.
Tesla would rather broadcast the spin superstate of electrons to a faraway receiving station (or
bulbs) capable of amplifying the received electromagnetic EMP power hundreds of times rather
than locally produce them in a tube like Gray did.
The possibility to broadcast electric superstate like a radio signal also explains the intense
borealis phenomena and clouds of lighting balls induced by high altitude nuclear experiments
on various parts of the Earth which are not otherwise explainable.
As per above, we can expect a conductor filled with superelectrons to have a strong thermionic
emission, as well as a strong reactive electric field which resonates more with the low pressure
gasses of a bulb.
These ionizing antigravitational fields can eventually be strong enough to ionize atmospheric air
and lit flying butterflies on the spot as happened in Colorado Spring during Tesla experiments.
Exploring the Solar System with gExploring the Solar System with gExploring the Solar System with gExploring the Solar System with gravitational machinesravitational machinesravitational machinesravitational machines
Tesla oscillator, or else known as Earthquake machine might be the first gravitational machine
ever built by modern men.
Eventually the myth was busted by Mythbusters, still I would give this item a second chance to
run again now that we know better how and why it should have worked, also they should have
run it higher up in a skyscraper apartment somewhere downtown Manhattan like Tesla did, thus
allowing the machine to better broadcast gravitational waves and resonate with metallic
structures of other nearby skyscrapers (folks, just grab your socks!).
One piece of information we have is that the machine might have laxative effects on people
nearby, which is compatible with the idea of masses being pushed up and down in people
stomachs.
Next info is that it might have reached the resonating frequency of nearby buildings, thus
causing them to oscillate. Other heavy machineries in the basement of Tesla’s building were
bashed around all over the place.
Third clue is that Tesla had a flair for causing great damages to third party equipment and
infrastructures when playing with his experimental machines.
Last clue is that gravitational waves radiated by superelectrons mostly tune in with other
electrons, this can induce great electric fields for electricity generation, but it has no real power
to induce Newtonian forces capable of moving massive bodies.
Here we seemingly have a machine capable of generating gravitational waves which tune in
with atom nuclei rather than electrons. This could bring us to a whole new chapter of space
exploration.
Where was theWhere was theWhere was theWhere was the idea coming from this time?idea coming from this time?idea coming from this time?idea coming from this time?
The device was originally born to convert the energy from piston steam engines into electricity,
so it was meant to be basically a reciprocating type transformer.
Eventually the device was superseded by high efficiency rotating steam turbines, still Tesla built
some of these small transformers and made further experiments with them, claiming they were
worth hundreds of millions. What did he discover this time?
A version of this device is shown in image 23. A wheel (in blue) is driven by a motor to swing the
white shaft within the center on a horizontal axis with harmonic motion.
The shaft is made of ferromagnetic material and is supported by the sliding bearings B1 and B2.
Additional magnets are hooked up onto the moving shaft and these are powered in a certain
sequence and are synchronized with the shaft motion and position as it slides across the
magnetic expansions of a fixed magnet M1/M2.
Difficult to understand what was going on since we do not know the exact timing of the coils, still
I would like to put forward a few suggestions.
First thing to remember is that circular electric currents are generating gravitational waves,
similarly to an hydrogen atom having an overall mass heavier than the one of its constituents.
Next we remember that the iron atoms have electron orbits arranged in such a way that the
induced magnetic field is exceptionally strong (ferromagnetism), so their electric orbits, in
general are somewhat bigger and more populated than other materials, probably more prone to
give out gravitational waves of the same frequency of atom nuclei.
Since the iron atom itself teams up with many other ones next to him, the total magnetic field
inside the magnetic material can be very strong.
This magnetic field and hence the electron orbits of the electrons can be arranged in different
directions as we apply different magnetomotrice forces around the material.
The idea of this system was probably to generate a rotating magnetic field inside the bulk iron
material, and this is also what happens in many electric motors we have nowadays, although
here the magnetic field is used to induce a torque into the rotor and it would seem
counterintuitive to dissipate a rotating magnetic field into the iron material like Tesla did.
An electrostatic assembly with circuitry to induce a rotating magnetic field would have been
much cheaper to build and operate than having mechanical moving parts, but still Tesla seemed
to prefer this design than a non-moving type design.
A possibility is that the speed of the shaft and iron atoms was adding a speed on the rotating
electron orbits, thus crafting a gravitational wave of a specific frequency and shape capable of
hooking the nuclei of other atoms around the machine rather than affecting the electron clouds
of the same. Bets are still open to fully explain this machine.
Danger: High supervoltagesDanger: High supervoltagesDanger: High supervoltagesDanger: High supervoltages aheadaheadaheadahead
Last thing to observe on Tesla experiments is that the frequency and currents employed in his
sparks gaps had different effects depending on the operating frequency (see appendix 3,
reference 9).
Lower frequencies would cause the EMP radiation to resonate at an organic level (possibly
exciting water molecules) thus posing a sensible hazard to personnel around the machine.
On the other end, high operating frequencies would seemingly interact on a free electron level
like the ones found in metallic materials, thus making the machine safe to humans and easy to
convert and amplify back into electric current through a receiving antenna.
Intermediate frequencies seemed to interact best with gasses, causing intense ionization of low
pressure mercury bulbs, but even fluorescence of air gas.
Chapter 7
The Freerider free energy inverter
Mankind will one day come to realize that
My most important invention is in fact my spark gap oscillator
Nikola Tesla
I invite the reader to pay attention to image 24 and 25 containing the schematic and the
construction details of a simple free energy inverter still capable of delivering an interesting
electric power.
On the right side of image 24 we have low voltage coil L1 normally disconnected from the
battery, switch S1 is normally in position 0 so nothing happens.
When switched in position 1, the battery B1 can power up the type N mosfet MOS1 so to allow
current through coil L1.
The way coils L1 and L2 are wound together is important and it is shown in detail in image 24
bottom part.
When the current from B0 inflows into L1, the variation of magnetic flux into L2 will induce a
positive voltage in terminal B2 and a negative voltage on terminal T2
The negative voltage in T2 will not be strong enough to trigger a flow of electrons from plate A
toward the pointy conductor C on the other side of the spark gap SG1.
Since coil L1 is a short circuit as seen from battery B0, then the voltage on terminal B1 will also
drop to 0, thus switching off MOS1, then the collapse in current and magnetic field from L1 will
positively charge terminal T2 (and also anode plate A), whilst terminal B2 will be firmly held at 0
volts due to diode D2 connecting that terminal to the ground.
This On and OFF cycle will happen many times per seconds (in the order of KHz or MHz
depending on circuit self inductance and capacitance)
The high voltage in T2 will in draw a flow of electrons (spark) from the pointy tip C toward the
collecting anode plate A.
Electrons will accelerate between cathode C and anode A, best results will be obtained in
vacuum as there is no drag due to friction of the electrons with the air molecules.
At some point the electrons will impact on anode A and will be decelerated down to thermal
speeds once inside the hard solid metallic material of the anode.
The deceleration of the electrons is of uttermost importance, so we should use highest possible
voltages and longest possible spark gaps (high final electron kinetic energy) in conjunction with
hardest and densest possible materials for the anode A (highest possible deceleration).
The current output of the inverter is in fact dictated by the spark gap construction, with longer
spark gap generating greater current output.
The power output (spark gap length) of the system must be carefully regulated to avoid high
operating currents on the components of the power recovery circuit on the left of image 24.
Once the first spark is established through the induction coil L1, more sparks will alternate at the
proper resonance frequency and will self-sustain themself without the aid of ignition coil L1.
How is this possibleHow is this possibleHow is this possibleHow is this possible????
When the electrons impact in A, they are subject to a relativistic deceleration, this in turn will
generate a lot of X-rays, braking radiation most importantly some EMP radiation.
An EMP radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation which causes the electrons to spin very
fast around their axis.
As they do so they will in turn generate an anti-gravitational field which will cause the excited
electrons (or superelectrons) to repel each other with much stronger force than the only
coulombian repulsion itself.
We can say that the electrons received at anode A will appear to have a greater coulombian
repulsive charge than their normal coulombian charge (it will be the sum of the coulombian
charge + the antigravitational repulsive charge), at least as long as they are impacting and
decelerating into the anode A.
An excited electron is here called a Super Electron and it can be used to explain phenomena
such as lighting balls.
The superelectric effect will soon fade as the electron train is fully received at the anode but
before it does so it will cause many other good electrons to leave the conductor L2 through
diode D2.
When the superelectric effect fades completely then the electrons which left through D2 will be
more than the electrons which entered into the anode plate A, thus leaving inductor L2 and
plate A all the way down to T2 highly charged at positive voltages.
This residual positive voltage in turn draws another pulse of electrons from cathode C, and so
forth until a certain operating frequency and operating voltage is established and self sustains in
such a way that the electron received at the anode fully balance the quantity of electrons exiting
from D2.
Unfortunately the anode will also draw electrons available from the nearby air molecules (tip
effect) and some electrons leaking in from diode D2 thus decreasing the voltage and the kinetic
energy available from the electron trains drawn from the cathode.
Therefore a condenser C2 (Leyden jar type) is also present to help sustain the voltage of the
metallic material for a long enough time, diode D2 should be thermionic type (0 leak currents) or
have a very small rated current in order to reduce also leak current typically in the range of 10E-
4 the rated current.
The time it will take for cathode electrons to reach the anode is in fact very short due to the low
electron mass and high voltage/acceleration across the gap so the capacity of this condenser
can be furthermore reduced in systems operating at very high frequencies.
How do we recover the energy?How do we recover the energy?How do we recover the energy?How do we recover the energy?
In this schematic there are three ways to do that:
1) A metal pipe or meshed wire collector is placed around the cylindrical anode conductor
similarly to an Edwin Gray tube. This conductor is irradiated by the EMP radiation generated by
the electrons impacting on anode A and we can therefore expect a certain number of electrons
to turn into superelectrons (the heavier the collector, the more electrons will be converted).
Electrons are therefore pushed out of the conductor due to the superelectric pressure and they
will be allowed to leave the metal pipe through diode D3A.
When the superelectric effect fades then the pipe metallic material will be left positively charged
and it will draw more electrons from diode D3B.
This conductor will in fact behave like an high frequency pulse current generator.
2) Also the cathode metallic material is exposed to some EMP radiation and could be
connected together with the collector wire.
The cathode wire itself could be connected to the same metallic pipe although the EMP
radiation might irradiate these materials at different times and cause interference patterns which
are better avoided by splitting the two conductors and grounding the cathode altogether.
A resistor R2C could also be deployed on the cathode wire to limit spark gap current and
modulate power output of the system.
3) The collector conductor will be flushed with EMP radiation but as discussed earlier on, this
EMP radiation might also behave like a magnetic current, so it would be possible to wound
some wire around the collector wire and measure a pulse voltage as a function of the number of
coils around the wire. This voltage could also be used to recover electricity as per point 1.
The energy recovery circuitThe energy recovery circuitThe energy recovery circuitThe energy recovery circuit
As discussed, the collector plate will generate a pulsed alternate current in conductor 3, this
current is split and straightened by diodes D3A and D3B into a pulsed DC current which can
light bulb LB3 and also feed the ignition coil L1 (in case the system is not self sustaining).
In any case battery B0 could be disconnected altogether thus obtaining a self sustaining free
energy inverter.
How to controlHow to controlHow to controlHow to control the power outputthe power outputthe power outputthe power output
The inverter will make available a certain DC current between nodes 4 and G, regardless of the
interposed load.
Voltage, and therefore power delivered, between the two terminals will be dictated by the load
receiving the current (bulb LB3 or maybe even a car battery), so the higher the voltage (heavier
the load) the greater the power output.
To throttle down the generated current it is necessary to either shorten the distance between the
anode and cathode in the spark gap, or otherwise increase the value of resistance RV2 which
will limit the amount of electrons in each spark thus reducing its mean operating voltage and
therefore decrease the kinetic energy of electrons impacting on the anode.
Switching off the inverterSwitching off the inverterSwitching off the inverterSwitching off the inverter
Following options are available
1) You starve the electrons emitted by the cathode by increasing resistance R2C or by
disconnecting it from the ground altogether.
2) In case the HV coil is self sustaining the sparks then you short circuit the high voltage coil
to the ground (switch S2).
3) In case the HV coil is not self sustaining the sparks then you open switch S1.
FAQsFAQsFAQsFAQs
First thing to clarify is that the described circuit does not transfer energy from battery B0 to light
bulb LB3.
Battery B0 is only used for few seconds to ignite the first sparks on the high voltage coil, once
the coil has received the first EMP pulse then it will keep self charging and drawing more
electrons, discharging and then recharging again in a cyclic way pretty much forever if self
sustaining.
If the system is not self sustaining (capacitance C2 too low as compared to D2 leak currents)
then the power recovery circuit will take over the job of battery B0 thus supporting the ignition
coil L1 and recharging battery B0.
Only wear parts for this kind of machine are the tip of the cathode C (might overheat and slowly
consume itself thus slowly increasing the spark gap distance).
Also the metallic plate of the anode A which is receiving trains of high velocity electrons might
suffer some wear effects.
As the cathode gets consumed and shorter we can expect the both current output and mean
spark gap voltage of the inverter to drift toward the high side.
Max power output available on the inverter is dictated by the max current and voltage which can
be handled by diode D0A, B as well as the max current handled by LB3.
Other critical components are D2 and C2 which should be able to handle peak voltages greater
than the spark gap nominal “Air Ignition Voltage”.
Safety disclaimerSafety disclaimerSafety disclaimerSafety disclaimer
Aside from the normal recommendations when harnessing HV circuit (high electromagnetic
interferences and near fields, people with peace makers might suffer fatal injuries when nearby
these machines), it is also important to note that metallic conductors (screws or bolts on the
machine) will tend to expel electrons when the machine is operating and they will suddenly
charge positively when the machine is switched off, so all metallic components around the
machine should be solidly grounded.
Beware also of the grounding port G, to be connected to an earth ground, not to a plug ground
as the electric interferences might interact with other nearby appliances (remember when Tesla
fried a bunch of electric generators in a power station few miles away from Radiator Spring…).
On the same note, the EMP radiation can have disruptive effects on electronic devices such as
mass memory storage ones.
In regards to the spark gap, it will also generates X-rays in the spark process, so it is a good
idea to enclose the entire cathode-anode assembly within some thick steel pipe (elbows on both
ends to prevent x-rays escaping through the axis).
Chapter 8
Electro/gravitational machines
At the start of his Empire of the Air, Mouillard gave fair warning that one could be
entirely overtaken by the thought that the problem of [manned] flight could be solved by man:
“When once this Idea has infected the brain, it possesses it exclusively”.
The Wright brothers
Now that the mystery of gravitational fields has been unveiled, the two main applications to this
discovery are free electric energy generators and free gravity (Naudin type) generators.
A basic gravitational machine is shown in image 26.
A condenser C1 and variable inductance L1 are coupled in series and attached to an alternating
voltage generator.
The pair is chosen so to be in resonance with the voltage generator frequency, we can therefore
expect high alternating voltages to develop on a top hat capacitance Cg connected to the
common terminal between C1 and L1.
The top hat Cg might be chosen so to have a very high capacitance without causing unwanted
corona discharges in the surrounding air.
Additional diodes and inductances might be used (D+, D-, R+, R-, L+, L-) in order to give a
specific shape to the electrostatic field generated other than a simply sinusoidal wave so to
mimic a complex gravitational field.
A metallic sphere of high radius might be charged to very high voltages indeed with low
discharge effects, however the electric charge stored at peak voltage might be very low due to
overall low surface of the system.
Another possibility is to use a fine mesh wire as an air capacitance. This will have a high
capacitance due to high specific surface, but it will not be possible to charge the same at very
high voltages due to small specific radius of the wire, meaning it will suffer corona discharges at
much lower voltages as compared to a spherical conductor with high radius.
These discharges are especially high during the low voltage phase and are less evident in the
positive charging phase.
Cost and design considerations must be implemented in order to select best constructive
approach between the two possible options.
The purpose of this top conductor is in any case to accumulate as many charges as possible in
absolute value during each cycle of operation so to cause an intense alternating coulombian
electric field which is in fact a gravitational field.
Depending on the operating frequency of the system, this gravitational field will tune in with
other nearby atom nuclei.
Depending on the particle proper gravitational frequency and temperature, the induced
gravitational force of our conductor Cg might be repulsive or attractive.
Multiple assemblies of these machines might be deployed with different frequencies and phase
angles between each other in order to focus gravitational fields in specific directions or with
specific shapes capable of tuning in with different materials.
Apparently a similar device has already been built by the French engineer Jean Louis Naudin,
see the references for additional information.
Variation on Variation on Variation on Variation on the same conceptthe same conceptthe same conceptthe same concept
Image 27 shows an advanced version of a gravitational field generator in which two metallic
spheres, each carrying a different coulombian charge, are set in motion one around the other.
The charge on each of the two spheres could be constant or else varying as described in image
26 to craft gravitational waves of different shapes or complex harmonics so to hook up on
certain materials rather than others.
Chapter 9
Bonus track:
The asymmetry between matter and antimatter
Once Einstein knew the universe was expanding, he discarded the cosmological constant as an
unnecessary fudge factor. He later called it the "biggest blunder of his life," according to his
fellow physicist George Gamow.
Hubblesite.org
A complex and rather expensive experiment has been devised by physicists and engineers in
order to study and explain the asymmetry observed in nature between matter and antimatter,
which is: Why is the observed universe made of matter rather than antimatter whose existence
is confined to elaborate experiments and rather small and short lived quantities.
So far the question is still unanswered, however a diagonal explanation of this observation is
that in fact the asymmetry between M and AM is non existent, what is asymmetric is the
distribution of these two forms of matters in the universe.
The problemThe problemThe problemThe problem
Every particle observed in nature has an antiparticle of the same mass but opposite electric
charge. Like the electron attracted to the proton of opposite electric charge, each particle is both
gravitationally and electrostatically attracted to its antiparticle.
The only particle which coincides with its own anti particle is the photon AKA the light or
electromagnetic radiation.
Unlike the electron and proton, whose electrostatic attraction is at some point countered by a
gravitational repulsion which prevents the electron from completely collapsing onto the proton, a
pair of particle and antiparticle would fully collapse one onto the other, but once they touch, they
would instantaneously convert their mass (and antimass) into electromagnetic radiation through
the equation:
9.1. � = (� + ��)
This also explains the issue of scientists and engineers of generating appreciable quantities of
antiparticles, sine these ones would evaporate into light as soon as they touch the walls of the
container they are stored.
Therefore antiparticles must stored into vacuum magnetic bottles to prevent these from
interacting and evaporating with normal particles.
Eventually it was possible to briefly generate and study some atoms and molecules of anti-
hydrogen which was confirmed to behave in a total asymmetric way as compared to the well
know hydrogen molecules.
It has not been possible to generate and study higher atomic or molecular species due to the
complexities of these experiments, however there is so far no reason or hint to believe that
antimatter should behave any different from its symmetric part, the matter we normally observe
and interact with.
The mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiledThe mystery unveiled
The fact that our Earth and probably solar system is “supposedly” made of matter, doesn’t
necessarily imply that a nearby galaxy or solar system is also made of matter as our one.
In fact if a nearby solar system or galaxy was made of antimatter, we wouldn’t be able to tell the
difference, since the anti-light we can observe here on Earth from these systems and stars
would look all the same as the normal light we would observe from systems made of common
matter.
The only way to tell the difference would be to send a physical probe made of matter in one of
these remote systems and see if it is blasted into a flash of light (a real thermonuclear reaction)
as it crashes onto a planet or asteroid of this system.
What about the Big BangWhat about the Big BangWhat about the Big BangWhat about the Big Bang
At the beginning, matter and antimatter were generated equal in quantities, however they were
not homogeneously distributed.
Some parts were richer in AM, other in M, the small quantities of M present within a mainly AM
zone would quickly evaporate into light, the same would happen for pockets of AM trapped into
regions rich in M.
The thermofusion evaporation of M and AM in these mixtures and homogeneous zones would
fuel a substantial increase of temperature which in return would scatter the clouds of M and AM
far apart, which is what we call the Big Bang.
Quasar eventsQuasar eventsQuasar eventsQuasar events
There are some objects out there in the outer space known for their extremely high
electromagnetic emission, unlikely any star we would normally observe.
The consensus is that these unusually bright spots happen when two different galaxies and
their relative supermassive black holes merge one with the other, thus fueling a strong
electromagnetic emission.
An alternative explanation would be for the two colliding galaxies to be made of M and AM
respectively so that their impact would in turn convert substantial quantities of mass into light as
per 9.1.
As the M and AM is converted into light, the temperature between the two galaxies/bodies
would increase and cause the two to repel and expand far from each other similarly to a Big
Bang event, with the quantity of M and AM converted into light being a crescent function of the
impact kinetic energy of the two bodies.
To conclude, the higher the kinetic energy upon collision, the more M and AM is evaporated into
light before the two bodies are once again repelled far from each other due to the
electromagnetic pressure.
Since the two bodies/galaxies share the same center of gravity, the thermal expansion upon
collision would scatter them afar for a little longer in time before they meet and clash once more
in spectacular quasar events, and this will repeat until these bodies can find their
thermogravitational equilibrium or until the totality of M and AM is consumed aside from its
quantity asymmetry.
Appendix 1
Images
Appendix 2
Gray’s patents
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Appendix 3
References
1: Carlo Santagata - L’unificazione dei campi elettromagnetici e gravitazionali. Le
onde gravitazionali. L’antigravità. Parte prima (2012)
2: Nikola Tesla – Colorado Spring Notes (1899)
3: Nikola Tesla biography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
4: Short biography of Edwin Gray:
http://www.free-energy.ws/pdf/ed_gray_bio.pdf
5: Edwin Gray articles and patents:
http://www.free-energy.ws/edwin-gray.html
6: Electromagnetic mass:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_mass
7: Nuclear test effects on atmosphere:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl
8: Jean Louis Naudin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYEJcMW8uK8
9: Peter A. Liendemann
The free energy secrets of cold electricity
