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Introduction to Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

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Frankenstein is NOT what you think it is. FRANKENSTEIN

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TOPICS IN FRANKENSTEIN Topics: The dangers of Science and Technology Man vs. Nature Beauty of Nature vs. The Corruptive City Original Sin and Depravity Nature vs. Nurture The Pursuit of Truth The Role of Guilt The Perversion of Good Danger of the Unnatural

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ROMANTICISM (1800-1840) Romanticism: From the Merriam-Webster Dictionary a literary, artistic, and philosophical movement originating in the 18th century, characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions, and marked especially in English literature by sensibility and the use of autobiographical material, an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of external nature, an interest in the remote, a predilection for melancholy, and the use in poetry of older verse forms

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The Romantic Period was a REACTION against the ideas of the following movements: The Age of Enlightenment The Industrial Revolution Rationalism Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein during the Romantic Period (1816) and incorporated elements of Romanticism in the novel. ROMANTICISM (CONTD)

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THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of Enlightenment: A movement that tried to reform society through using reason and scientific knowledge. Characteristics of the Enlightenment: Focus on Classical influences Emphasis on Rationalism Truth can be obtained not through the senses (experience), but through the mind (intellectual/deductive) Science rather than Religion can explain the Natural World.

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KEY ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS Renee Descartes: Rationalist Cogito Ero Sum (I think, therefore, I am) John Locke: The Social Contract (Government) Jean Jacques Rousseau: Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. Sir Isaac Newton: Founder of Calculus and the Laws of Gravity Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution: A period marked by rapid advancements in agriculture, mining, transportation and technology which created a profound shift in society Key Features: Innovations in transportation Rise of Cities Creation of Factories Belief in human potential

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TRAITS OF ROMANTICISM Romanticism was a BACKLASH against the ideas of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution Key Features: Emphasis on strong emotions and experience rather than reason Return to Nature Rejection of Rationalism Rejection of the tenants of Industrialism Glorification of Nature over the City Isolation of the Narrator Focus on Women and Children

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NATURE IN ROMANTICISM Sentimentalism: Emphasis on feelings over reason and rationality. Emotional experiences achieved through viewing or experiencing Nature. Aesthetic: Having a sense of the beautiful; characterize d by a love of beauty. Pertaining to, involving, or concerned with pure emotion and sensation as opposed to pure intellectuality.

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THE SUBLIME The Sublime: A feeling of intense emotion causing the reader to reach a state of experience and heightened awareness. Often, this is achieved through witnessing the beauty and majesty of nature. Part of the sublime is a feeling both of wonder and terror simultaneously Edmund Burke A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful "Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain and danger... Whatever is in any sort terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror.

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Classical Johann Sebastian Bach (Baroque) Brandenburg Concerto Mozart (Classical) Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Allegro) Romanticism Ludwig van Beethoven (Early Romantic) Piano Sonata No 32 in C minor, Op 111 Frdric Chopin (Romantic) Chopin Nocturne Op. 9 No. 2 CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: MUSIC

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Art : Romanticism CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: ART The Birth of Venus for the Medici by Botticelli. (1486) Art: Classical

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Art : Romanticism CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: ART Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower(183236) Art: Romanticism

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CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: ARCHITECTURE The Glyptothek in Munich, designed by Leo von Klenze (181630)Glyptothek Architecture: Classical

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CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: ARCHITECTURE Architecture: Romanticism (Gothic)

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CLASSICISM VS. ROMANTICISM: ARCHITECTURE Architecture: Romanticism (Gothic)

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THE GOTHIC NOVEL Gothic Novels: An offshoot of Romanticism which combined horror with romance. They strove for the aesthetic through powerful emotions; namely terror. By experiencing terror, the reader approaches the Romantic ideal of becoming engulfed by emotion. Traits of Gothic Novels Glorification of Medievalism (rather than Classical or Roman influence) Distant, exotic, far off settings Existence of dark, uncontrollable forces opposing the protagonist Often includes a virtuous, female protagonist Contains fantastic exploits or deeds

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GOTHIC Henry Fuseli The Nightmare Gothic Elements?

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NATURE VS. NURTURE Nature Argument Original Sin: The belief that all evil in mankind descends from the first sin committed by the first humans Adam and Eve in Genesis. Mankind, according to this belief, inherits the state of sin of its first ancestor. Depravity: Based on the idea of original sin, the idea that humans are born into sin by nature, and that given their own devices, humanity will fall into evil out of necessity.

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NATURE VS. NURTURE Nurture Tabula Rasa: The belief that the mind begins as a blank slate that becomes filled through our experiences. According to this belief, everything that we are is a result of what we have experienced. Anti-Hero (Byronic Hero): A protagonist who doesnt possess the traits normally associated with a hero, instead having traits typically associated with villains. Satan from Miltons Paradise Lost is an example.

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PARADISE LOST: SATAN Is this the Region, this the Soil, the Clime, Said then the lost Arch-Angel, this the seat That we must change for Heav'n, this mournful gloom For that celestial light? Be it so, since he [ 245 ] Who now is Sovereign can dispose and bid What shall be right: farthest from him is best Whom reason hath equald, force hath made supreme Above his equals. Farewell happy Fields Where Joy for ever dwells: Hail horrors, hail [ 250 ] Infernal world, and thou profoundest Hell Receive thy new Possessor: One who brings A mind not to be chang'd by Place or Time. The mind is its own place, and in itself Can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n. [ 255 ] What matter where, if I be still the same, And what I should be, all but less then he Whom Thunder hath made greater? Here at least We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: [ 260 ] Here we may reign secure, and in my choice To reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, then serve in Heav'n.