INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERINGINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

FEG 300FEG 300

Douglas DaleyDouglas Daley

SUNY ESFSUNY ESF

The scientist seeks to understand what is. The Engineer seeks to CREATE what never was. -Theodore von Karman

What is Engineering?1What is Engineering?1

The creative process of applying:The creative process of applying: Scientific and mathematic principlesScientific and mathematic principles ExperienceExperience Judgement / Common senseJudgement / Common sense

To address a need (problem)To address a need (problem) That results in a new product, process or That results in a new product, process or

systemsystem

What is an Engineer?What is an Engineer?

What is an Engineer?What is an Engineer?

EducatedEducated Licensed/registered Licensed/registered

professionalprofessional Problem Solver/Designer Problem Solver/Designer

addresses society’s needsaddresses society’s needs Creative Individual (intuitive)Creative Individual (intuitive) Applies scienceApplies science Uses design processUses design process Team member/leaderTeam member/leader Decides and recommendsDecides and recommends Draws and specifiesDraws and specifies

Has technical expertise and Has technical expertise and experienceexperience

Evaluates alternative solutions Evaluates alternative solutions based on reliability, cost, based on reliability, cost, manufacturability, ergonomics manufacturability, ergonomics and marketabilityand marketability

Engineer vs. Technologist1Engineer vs. Technologist1

Technologist:Technologist: Shares theoretical background with engineerShares theoretical background with engineer Practical experience in application, Practical experience in application,

implementation, sales of engineer’s designimplementation, sales of engineer’s design Engineer:Engineer:

Develops conceptual designDevelops conceptual design Research and application of scientific conceptsResearch and application of scientific concepts Design of new products and systemsDesign of new products and systems

Engineering: a Profession6Engineering: a Profession6

What is a Profession?What is a Profession? Education: high academic standardsEducation: high academic standards Regulated/LicensedRegulated/Licensed Code of Conduct Code of Conduct Public Service, Public Benefit, Public TrustPublic Service, Public Benefit, Public Trust

Continuing Education and ExperienceContinuing Education and Experience Personal Responsibility, Judgement, DiscretionPersonal Responsibility, Judgement, Discretion Intellectual, Competent, ConfidentIntellectual, Competent, Confident

Engineering Education - FormalizedEngineering Education - Formalized

United States Military Academy (founded 1802). United States Military Academy (founded 1802). Superintendent Sylvanus Thayer made civil Superintendent Sylvanus Thayer made civil engineering the foundation of the curriculum engineering the foundation of the curriculum between 1817 and 1833. “The first civil between 1817 and 1833. “The first civil engineering program in the U.S.” engineering program in the U.S.”

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (founded 1824) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (founded 1824) “for the purpose of instructing persons, who may “for the purpose of instructing persons, who may choose to apply themselves, in the application of choose to apply themselves, in the application of

science to the common purposes of life."science to the common purposes of life."

Education: ABET Program Criteria5 Education: ABET Program Criteria5

Engineering programs must demonstrate that their Engineering programs must demonstrate that their graduates have:graduates have:

(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineeringengineering

(b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret dataand interpret data

(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needsdesired needs

(d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams(d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems(e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems

ABET Program Criteria (cont’d)ABET Program Criteria (cont’d)

(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively(g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of

engineering solutions in a globalengineering solutions in a global and societal contextand societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long

learninglearning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering

tools necessary for engineering practice.tools necessary for engineering practice.

Professional RegistrationProfessional Registration

Required in fields involving public safetyRequired in fields involving public safety State evaluates education and experience and State evaluates education and experience and

administers standard examinationsadministers standard examinations Graduate from a 4 year EAC (ABET) accredited Graduate from a 4 year EAC (ABET) accredited

engineering programengineering program Pass Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examPass Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam Gain 4 years of professional experienceGain 4 years of professional experience Pass Principles and Practice of Engineering examPass Principles and Practice of Engineering exam

NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers: Engineers' Creed NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers: Engineers' Creed

As a Professional Engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare. I pledge:

To give the utmost of performance;

To participate in none but honest enterprise;

To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct;

To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before personal advantage, and the public welfare above all other considerations.

In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge.

Adopted by National Society of Professional Engineers, June 1954

Accessed at http://www.heimer.com/frameset/offsite.asp?url=http://www.nspe.org/ August 2002

Application of Engineering ExperienceApplication of Engineering Experience

Historically, engineering was largely empirical, using Historically, engineering was largely empirical, using experience to create new advances & technology (a.k.a. experience to create new advances & technology (a.k.a. trial and error or tinkering)trial and error or tinkering)

Engineering allowed cultural and societal advances to Engineering allowed cultural and societal advances to occuroccur

Water Supply (Hydraulics): Egyptian irrigation, Roman Water Supply (Hydraulics): Egyptian irrigation, Roman aqueducts, Dutch windmills, canalsaqueducts, Dutch windmills, canals

Commerce (Navigation): English Longitude Act 1714Commerce (Navigation): English Longitude Act 1714 overcome economic losses due to lost ships founderingovercome economic losses due to lost ships foundering technological limitations in material science technological limitations in material science John Harrison awarded prize for chronometer John Harrison awarded prize for chronometer

(development and trials 1715 - 1764)(development and trials 1715 - 1764)

Cultural Advancement: Ancient 3,4Cultural Advancement: Ancient 3,4

Society needed Society needed water for industry water for industry and growthand growth

Civil/Structural Civil/Structural EngineeringEngineering

Clockwise from top left:Clockwise from top left: Pont du Gard - Pont du Gard -

Nimes (Fr)Nimes (Fr) Segovia (Spain)Segovia (Spain) Moselle (Fr)Moselle (Fr) Merida (Spain)Merida (Spain)

Engineering and the Public HealthEngineering and the Public Health

Sewage Disposal/Treatment (Paris, London - Sewage Disposal/Treatment (Paris, London - 1860s, Blue Plains 2002 - 370 MGD)1860s, Blue Plains 2002 - 370 MGD)

Great Plague (summer 1665) killed Great Plague (summer 1665) killed over 60,000 London residentsover 60,000 London residents

Water Supply (Croton Aqueduct - 1842 - 35 Water Supply (Croton Aqueduct - 1842 - 35 MGD - New York - Current 1512 MGD)MGD - New York - Current 1512 MGD)

Waste Disposal (11,000 TPD - Fresh Kills Waste Disposal (11,000 TPD - Fresh Kills Landfill)Landfill)

Water Closet, promoted by T. CrapperWater Closet, promoted by T. Crapper http://www.thomas-crapper.com/history02.htmhttp://www.thomas-crapper.com/history02.htm

Interstate and Defense Highway SystemInterstate and Defense Highway System

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96j.htmhttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96j.htm

Dams: Water Supply, Power, Flood ControlDams: Water Supply, Power, Flood Control

http://www.canyon-country.com/lakepowell/gcdam.htmhttp://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/photos/../../highres/dam08.jpg

Grand Coulee Dam

Glen Canyon Dam

Hoover Damhttp://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/index.html

20th Century’s Greatest Engineering Achievements2

20th Century’s Greatest Engineering Achievements2

High Performance MaterialsHigh Performance Materials Nuclear TechnologiesNuclear Technologies Laser and Fiber OpticsLaser and Fiber Optics Petroleum and Petrochemical Petroleum and Petrochemical

TechnologiesTechnologies Health TechnologiesHealth Technologies Household AppliancesHousehold Appliances Imaging TechnologiesImaging Technologies InternetInternet Space ExplorationSpace Exploration Interstate HighwaysInterstate Highways

Air Conditioning and Air Conditioning and RefrigerationRefrigeration

TelephoneTelephone ComputersComputers Agricultural MechanizationAgricultural Mechanization Radio and TelevisionRadio and Television ElectronicsElectronics Safe and Abundant WaterSafe and Abundant Water AirplaneAirplane AutomobileAutomobile ElectrificationElectrification

Breakthrough TechnologiesBreakthrough Technologies

BiotechnologyBiotechnology NanotechnologyNanotechnology Materials Science and PhotonicsMaterials Science and Photonics Information and Communications Information and Communications

TechnologyTechnology LogisticsLogistics

NAE. The Engineer of 2020. National Academy of Sciences. 2004.

Continuing ChallengesContinuing Challenges

Physical Urban InfrastructurePhysical Urban Infrastructure Highways, bridges, tunnels, powerHighways, bridges, tunnels, power

Information and CommunicationInformation and Communication EnvironmentEnvironment

Sustainable development, Green Engineering, Sustainable development, Green Engineering, energy, clean waterenergy, clean water

Aging populationAging population

http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/08/09/bridge.collapse.ap/index.html#cnnSTCPhoto

Failure – Design, Construction, Operation, or Maintenance?Failure – Design, Construction, Operation, or Maintenance?

Space Shuttle Challenger – Design FailureSpace Shuttle Challenger – Design Failure

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/search/search.cgi?selections=STS51L&browsepage=Go&keywords=null&pageno=38&hitsperpage=5

Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse – Design/Construction Process FailureHyatt Regency Walkway Collapse – Design/Construction Process Failure

http://ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/hyatt/hyatt2.htm

Professional Context for Engineers in the FutureProfessional Context for Engineers in the Future

Systems perspectiveSystems perspective Integrate componentsIntegrate components

Multidisciplinary teams work on complex projectsMultidisciplinary teams work on complex projects Flexibility, receptive to change, mutual respect, global marketsFlexibility, receptive to change, mutual respect, global markets

ComplexityComplexity Integrate social elements into systems analysisIntegrate social elements into systems analysis

CustomerizationCustomerization Public policyPublic policy

Business, military, health Business, military, health Public understanding of engineering and technologyPublic understanding of engineering and technology

Potential or unintended dangersPotential or unintended dangers

Attributes of the Engineer in 2020Attributes of the Engineer in 2020

Strong analytical skillsStrong analytical skills Practical ingenuityPractical ingenuity CreativeCreative Effective communicationEffective communication Business and management skillsBusiness and management skills High ethical standardsHigh ethical standards Dynamic, resilient, flexible, agileDynamic, resilient, flexible, agile Lifelong learnerLifelong learner

Characteristics of a “Good” Engineering DesignCharacteristics of a “Good” Engineering Design

Works all the time (reliable)Works all the time (reliable) Meets technical requirementsMeets technical requirements Meets cost requirementsMeets cost requirements Requires little or no maintenanceRequires little or no maintenance Is safeIs safe Creates no ethical dilemma Creates no ethical dilemma

(moral/public/environmental health issue)(moral/public/environmental health issue)

Application of Engineering Science: Dynamics & KineticsApplication of Engineering Science: Dynamics & Kinetics

Isaac Newton (1642- 1727)Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) First Law of Motion: A particle will remain at First Law of Motion: A particle will remain at

rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless an rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force acts on it (conservation unbalanced external force acts on it (conservation of momentum).of momentum).

Acceleration of a particle is directly proportional Acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the particle mass (F=ma)proportional to the particle mass (F=ma)

1 Newton (force) = (1 kg)(1 m/s1 Newton (force) = (1 kg)(1 m/s22))

Application of Engineering ScienceApplication of Engineering Science

Fluid MechanicsFluid Mechanics Hydraulic Systems (dams, jets, food)Hydraulic Systems (dams, jets, food)

Newtonian FluidsNewtonian Fluids Conservation of Matter and EnergyConservation of Matter and Energy

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics Heat force produces workHeat force produces work Power system analysis and designPower system analysis and design

Analysis by Newton relationshipsAnalysis by Newton relationships First Law: the work done by or on a system depends only on the First Law: the work done by or on a system depends only on the

end statesend states

Engineering Education: Forest Engineering at ESFEngineering Education: Forest Engineering at ESF

Botany, Physics, Chemistry, CalculusBotany, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus Writing, Graphics, History, Fine ArtsWriting, Graphics, History, Fine Arts Economics, Probability and Statistics, Management, Economics, Probability and Statistics, Management,

Decision AnalysisDecision Analysis Fluid Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics, Thermodynamics,

Ecology, Dendrology Ecology, Dendrology Hydrology and Hydraulics, Mechanics of Materials, Hydrology and Hydraulics, Mechanics of Materials,

Structures, Soil MechanicsStructures, Soil Mechanics Surveying, Remote Sensing, PhotogrammetrySurveying, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry Transportation Systems, Water Pollution, Design ElectiveTransportation Systems, Water Pollution, Design Elective

CitationsCitations

1. American Society of Engineering Education. Engineering: Your Future. Web site 1. American Society of Engineering Education. Engineering: Your Future. Web site accessed August 14, 2002 at accessed August 14, 2002 at http://http://www.asee.org/precollege/welcome.cfmwww.asee.org/precollege/welcome.cfm

2. National Academy of Engineering. Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th 2. National Academy of Engineering. Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century. http://www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/Century. http://www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/

3. Roman Aqueducts http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/ia57/jussy/netsco/English/autre-3. Roman Aqueducts http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/ia57/jussy/netsco/English/autre-aqu.htmaqu.htm

4. UNSECO, Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) http://whc.unesco.org/sites/344.htm4. UNSECO, Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) http://whc.unesco.org/sites/344.htm

5. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., Engineering 5. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., Engineering Accreditation Commission, CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING Accreditation Commission, CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING PROGRAMS, 2002-2003, PROGRAMS, 2002-2003, http://www.abet.org/images/Criteria/2002-03EACCriteria.pdfhttp://www.abet.org/images/Criteria/2002-03EACCriteria.pdf, August 2002, August 2002

6. Cottingham, J. Richard. Should all engineers be licensed? National Society of 6. Cottingham, J. Richard. Should all engineers be licensed? National Society of Professional Engineers. http://www.nspe.org/lc1-cottingham.asp. August 2001Professional Engineers. http://www.nspe.org/lc1-cottingham.asp. August 2001

Citations (cont’d)Citations (cont’d)

7. New York City Department of Sanitation, About Fresh Kills Landfill 7. New York City Department of Sanitation, About Fresh Kills Landfill http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/about/1_0.html, August 16, 2002http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/about/1_0.html, August 16, 2002

8. DC Water and Sewer Authority. Blue Plains AWTP. Washington, D.C. 8. DC Water and Sewer Authority. Blue Plains AWTP. Washington, D.C. http://www.dcwasa.com/default.cfm, August 16, 2002http://www.dcwasa.com/default.cfm, August 16, 2002

The Croton Aqueduct. http://www.nyhistory.org/seneca/croton.htmlThe Croton Aqueduct. http://www.nyhistory.org/seneca/croton.html

New York City Department of Environmental Protection. New York City's New York City Department of Environmental Protection. New York City's Water Supply System - History. Water Supply System - History. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.htmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. History. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. History. http://www.rpi.edu/About/Welcome/history.html. August 16, 2002http://www.rpi.edu/About/Welcome/history.html. August 16, 2002