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Introduction to emergency medicine
Scope
Approach to the emergency patientEMSTriage
APPROACH TO THE EMERGENCY PATIENT
extremely challenging environmentavailable and prepared at any time
for any patient with any complaintunfamiliar
Clinical scope of the problem
Anatomic essentials
AirwayBreathingCirculationDisabilityExposure
History
Physical examination
Temperature HR RR BP O2 sat Pain score GCS
Laboratory studies
DTX ECG
Radiologic studies
Bedside ultrasonography
Special patients
PediatricBroselow resuscitation tape
Disposition
ConsultationSerial evaluationAdmission/discharge
Admission/discharge
discharge instructions1) what to do
2) what not to do
3) when (and where) to follow-up
4) reasons to return to the ED
Pearls, pitfalls and myths
Always address life-threats firstAn exact diagnosis is not always
possible in EM, and not always necessary.
elderly patients: uncommon presentations
Never rush a patient out of the ED with a condition that may recur
Pearls, pitfalls and myths
Think about abuse or neglect in every case.
Document appropriate findings in the medical record clearly. consultant’s name, service, time you spoke,
and brief summary of the conversationConsider dangerous outcomes or the
worst-case scenario in every patient.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
extension of emergency medical care into the prehospital setting
รถปฏิ�บั�ติ�การฉุ�กเฉุ�น
Ground transport
http://www.manafeth.com/index.php/en/products/view/Ambulance-Type-I#
Air transport
มาติรฐานอุ�ปกรณ์�ทั่��วไป
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หมอุน พร�อุมปลำอุกหมอุน ผู้�าคลำ�มเติ�ยง ผู้�าห&ม ผู้�าเช้,ด้ติ�วกระด้าษช้ าระ ภาช้นะ อุ�ปกรณ์�เก,บัส่��งข�บัถ&าย เช้&น Bed pan,
Urinal, ถ�งจั�ด้เก,บัเส่มหะหร#อุอุาเจั�ยน น 0าด้#�ม แก�วน 0า แลำะน 0าส่ะอุาด้ส่ าหร�บัช้ าระลำ�าง
อุ�ปกรณ์�ส่ารส่นเทั่ศแลำะการส่#�อุส่าร
Medical Equipment
อุ�ปกรณ์�ทั่างการแพทั่ย�พ#0นฐาน1. อุ�ปกรณ์�ขนย�ายลำ าเลำ�ยง2. อุ�ปกรณ์�เพ#�อุการติรวจัว�น�จัฉุ�ย3. อุ�ปกรณ์�ปฐมพยาบัาลำแลำะทั่ าแผู้ลำ4. อุ�ปกรณ์�ช้&วยช้�ว�ติข�0นพ#0นฐาน
Medical Equipment
อุ�ปกรณ์�ทั่างการแพทั่ย�เฉุพาะด้�าน1. อุ�ปกรณ์�ส่ าหร�บัทั่ าคลำอุด้2. อุ�ปกรณ์�ส่ าหร�บัการช้&วยช้�ว�ติข�0นส่(ง3. อุ�ปกรณ์�ส่ าหร�บัการช้&วยเหลำ#อุทั่��เก��ยวก�บัระบับัทั่างเด้�น
หายใจั4. อุ�ปกรณ์�ส่ าหร�บัการช้&วยเหลำ#อุทั่��เก��ยวก�บักระด้(ก5. ยาหร#อุเวช้ภ�ณ์ฑ์�
Medical Equipment
Medical Equipment
อุ�ปกรณ์�เพ#�อุความปลำอุด้ภ�ยขอุงการปฏิ�บั�ติ�การ
1. อุ�ปกรณ์�ป4อุงก�นตินเอุง2. อุ�ปกรณ์�ป4อุงก�นบัร�เวณ์ทั่��ปฏิ�บั�ติ�งาน3. อุ�ปกรณ์�อุ#�นเพ#�อุช้&วยเหลำ#อุแลำะเพ#�อุความปลำอุด้ภ�ยขอุง
ผู้(�ป)วยฉุ�กเฉุ�น
Manpower
Phases of EMS response
TRIAGE
simplest term: the sorting or prioritizing of items
1º operational objectives: time to see physician
Assigning Triage
"usual presentation" not totally dictated by the presenting
complaintvital signs, PEFR, O2 saturation, pain
scales
Role of Triage Personnel
triage nurse rapid access be in view of the registration and waiting
areas at all timesAccurate: based on
Practical knowledge gained through experience and training.
Correct identification of signs or symptoms. Use of guidelines and triage protocols.
General Triage Guidelines
dynamic processTriage Process: Primary survey vs
Primary Nursing Assessment
General Triage Guidelines
1. All patients should be assessed (at least visually) within 10 minutes of arrival.
2. Full patient assessments should not be done in the triage area
General Triage Guidelines
3. primary survey level IV and V patients that have been sent
to the waiting area
4. The priority for care may change5. Level I, II, patients should be in a
treatment area
The triage assessment
1. Chief complaint2. Subjective3. Objective4. Additional Information:
Allergies Medications
Reassessment
Objectives for time to Nursing reassessment is related to triage level
exceeded the time objective: up triaged
Documentation Standards
1. Date and time of triage assessment.2. Nurse’s name.3. Chief complaint or presenting concerns.4. Limited subjective history: onset of injury/symptoms5. Objective observation.6. Triage Level7. Location in the department.8. Report to treatment nurse.9. Allergies10.Medications11.Diagnostic, first aid measures, therapeutic
interventions.12.Reassessment(s).
Protocols
Emergency Severity Index (ESI©)the Canadian Triage Acuity Scale
(CTAS©)the Australian Triage Scale (ARS©)the Manchester Triage System
(MTS©)
Level I Resuscitation
Conditions that are threats to life or limb (or imminent risk of deterioration) requiring immediate aggressive interventions.
Level II Emergent
Conditions that are a potential threat to life limb or function, requiring rapid medical intervention or delegated acts.
Level II Emergent
Level III Urgent
Conditions that could potentially progress to a serious problem requiring emergency intervention.
Level IV Less Urgent (Semi urgent)
Conditions that related to patient age, distress, or potential for deterioration or complications would benefit from intervention or reassurance within 1-2 hours.
Level V Non Urgent
Conditions that may be acute but non-urgent as well as conditions which may be part of a chronic problem with or without evidence of deterioration.
Australian triage scale
Manchester triage scale
NUH triage
NUH triage
NUH triage
Reference
An introduction to clinical emergency medicine – 2nd ed.
มาติรฐานแลำะหลำ�กเกณ์ฑ์�เก��ยวก�บัระบับัการแพทั่ย� ฉุ�กเฉุ�น พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๒
ESI, 2012 editionCTAS, 2008 editionATSMTS
Take home message
available and prepared at any time for any patient with any complaint
Always address life-threats firstEmergency department: EMS + ERTriage: sorting or prioritizing
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU