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Introduction to Ecosystems
Biotic vs. abiotic factors Terrestrial and aquatic biomes
Reference:
Miller and Levine (macaw book)
Concept # 1
Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms
and the environment in which they live.
Environment
Organisms
ecology - Gr. oikos, “house”
- Ernst Haeckel, German biologist
To understand the various relationships within the biosphere, ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range in complexity
from lower to higher levels of biological organization.
Checkpoint # 1 Which of the following lists levels of biological organization?
A. cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
B. Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
C. organism, population, community, ecosystem
D. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Miller and Levine
Concept # 2
Together, biotic and abiotic factors
determine the survival and growth of
an organism and the productivity of the
ecosystem in which the organism lives.
Checkpoint # 2 Bullfrogs hangout in soft “muck” along the shores of ponds. Which of the following is TRUE about the muck?
A. It is an abiotic factor.
B. It is a biotic factor.
C. It can be considered as either an abiotic or a biotic factor .
Miller and Levine
Concept # 2
Together, biotic and abiotic factors
determine the survival and growth of
an organism and the productivity of the
ecosystem in which the organism lives.
Checkpoint # 3
Which of the following shows an example of the influence of living organisms on abiotic factors? A. A leaf canopy of trees and shrubs shades the pond’s shoreline from direct sun and protect it
from strong winds. B. A forest around the pond affects the humidity of the air close to the ground. C. The roots of trees and other plants determine how much soil is held in place and how much
washes into the pond. D. All of these.
Miller and Levine
Concept # 3
Biomes are defined by a unique set of abiotic factors – particularly climate – and have a characteristic ecological community.
www.duke.edu, media.photobucket.com, www.saharamet.com
Concept # 3
Biomes are defined by a unique set of abiotic factors – particularly climate – and have a characteristic ecological community.
www.cc.gatech.edu., www.treehugger.com, www.uvm.edu
Checkpoint # 4
The life zones of standing freshwater biomes and marine biomes are defined by the following EXCEPT
A. depth of water. C. salt content of water.
B. distance from shore. D. temperature of water.
Typ
es
of
Bio
me
s
Land
Tundra
Taiga
Temperate deciduous forest
Grassland
Tropical rain forest
Desert
Aquatic
Freshwater
Marine
Estuaries
Biomes A review
• Environments with a characteristic climax community
• Areas with similar abiotic factors develop similar climax communities
Group Quiz 2 - Show what you know about BIOMES.
For each biome assigned to your subgroup:
1. Draw the biome.
2. Clearly show 1 biotic-biotic interaction.
3. Clearly show 1 abiotic-biotic interaction.
4. Clearly show 1 abiotic-abiotic interaction.
5. Write a meaty one-sentence description about your biome in the space below.
Biotic-biotic Interactions
Food chains and food webs Ecological relationships
Ecological pyramids
Reference:
Miller and Levine (macaw book)
Concept # 4
At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for energy
to power life’s processes.
Checkpoint # 5 This illustration of a food web shows some of the feeding relationships within the Florida Everglades. Which of the following is NOT true about the orange arrows?
A. It shows one of the many food chains in this food web.
B. It is a complete representation of the energy flow in an ecosystem.
C. It shows the transfer of energy by eating and being eaten.
D. It involves terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
Miller and Levine
Concept # 4
At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for energy
to power life’s processes.
Checkpoint # 6 Name organisms which are:
1) producers
2) consumers
Miller and Levine
Concept # 4
At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for energy
to power life’s processes.
Checkpoint # 7 Name organisms which are:
1) scavengers
2) decomposers
3) detritivores
Checkpoint # 8 How are these types of consumers different from each other?
Miller and Levine
Concept # 5
Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
Checkpoint # 9 Identify the interspecific interaction which the pictures exemplify.
A. competition
B. herbivory
C. mutualism
D. parasites and pathogens
commons.wikimedia.org, en.wikipedia.org
Concept # 5
Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
Checkpoint # 10 Identify the interspecific interaction which the pictures exemplify.
A. competition
B. herbivory
C. mutualism
D. parasites and pathogens
plant roots with mycorrhizae fungi
microfarmgardens.com
Concept # 5
Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
Checkpoint # 11 Identify the interspecific interaction which the picture exemplifies.
A. competition
B. herbivory
C. mutualism
D. parasites and pathogens
hospitalityrisksolutions.com
Concept # 6
The amount of energy or matter in an
ecosystem can be
represented by an
ecological pyramid.
www.treedictionary.com
Concept # 6
The amount of energy or matter in an
ecosystem can be
represented by an
ecological pyramid.
Miller and Levine
Concept # 6
The amount of energy or matter in an
ecosystem can be
represented by an
ecological pyramid.
Miller and Levine
Concept # 6
The amount of energy or matter in an
ecosystem can be
represented by an
ecological pyramid.
Miller and Levine
Concept # 7
No two species in the same habitat can share the same niche
at the same time.
Checkpoint # 12 Which paragraph(s)
in the excerpt to the right describe(s) the
Philippine eagle’s habitat? How about its niche?
(1) The Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi, also known as the Great Philippine Eagle, Haribon, or Monkey-eating Eagle, is a bird of prey belonging to the family Accipitridae and the world’s largest eagle. It is the only member of the genus Pithecophaga and is genetically believed to be most closely related to the snake eagles. (2) This eagle is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on four major islands: eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, with most of the population living on Mindanao. It lives in dipterocarp and mid-montane forests, particularly in steep areas. (3) The Philippine Eagle eats flying lemurs, Asian Palm Civets, reptiles, birds, and occasionally monkeys. Pairs are known to hunt cooperatively, with one eagle distracting a group of monkeys while the other swoops in unnoticed for the kill. A pair requires a large expanse of territory of up to 130 square kilometers (50 sq mi). These eagles are believed to live for up to 60 years. Philippine Eagles mate for life and breeding occurs between September and February, depending on rainfall, prey accessibility, and which island the birds live on. Nests resemble huge platforms made of sticks. One egg is laid and incubation lasts for 58 to 68 days. The parents will care for their offspring for nearly twenty months. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle
Biotic-abiotic Interactions
Biogeochemical cycles Ecological succession
Reference:
Miller and Levine (macaw book)
Concept # 8
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed
loops called biogeochemical cycles.
Checkpoint # 13 Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is FALSE?
A. Matter changes from one form to another within and between ecosystems.
B. Biogeochemical cycles are powered by the similar cycle of energy within and between ecosystems.
C. Cycles of matter involve biological, geological, and chemical processes.
D. Human activity can also play a role in biogeochemical cycles.
Concept # 8
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed
loops called biogeochemical cycles.
Checkpoint # 14 Complete the blank carbon cycle by putting the correct labels for processes and reservoirs, and by color-coding the arrows according to the type of process.
Processes: A. CO2 dissolves in rainwater B. Geological activity releases CO2
C. Burning of forests and fossil fuels releases CO2
D. Geological activity turns marine sediments into rock
E. CO2 dissolves in oceans and returns to the atmosphere
F. Decomposition, pressure, and heat turn organic matter to fossil fuel over millions of years.
G. CO2 is taken up by producers during photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration. Consumers eat producers and release CO2 through cellular respiration.
Reservoirs: 1. Atmospheric carbon (CO2 gas) 2. Carbon in marine sediments 3. Carbonate rocks 4. Dissolved CO2
5. Forests 6. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and
natural gas)
CARBON CYCLE. Fill in the light boxes with letters corresponding to processes. Fill in the dark boxes with numbers corresponding to reservoirs. Color the arrows according to the type of process involved.
RED
BLUE
YELLOW
GREEN
A
C
D
G
“carbon-based life”: key ingredient of living tissue and ecosystems
Miller and Levine
1
2
3
4
5
6
Concept # 8
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed
loops called biogeochemical cycles.
Checkpoint # 15 Complete the blank nitrogen cycle by putting the correct labels for processes and reservoirs, and by color-coding the arrows according to the type of process.
Processes: A. Bacteria fix N2 gas B. Bacteria fix N2 gas C. Some N2 gas is fixed by
lightning D. Bacteria release N2 gas by
denitrification E. N2 gas is turned into fertilizer
and applied to crops. Excess may wash into rivers, streams, and the ocean as runoff
F. Nitrogen is taken up by producers, reused by consumers, and released by excretion and decomposing matter
Reservoirs: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2
gas) 2. Dissolved nitrogen 3. Soil nitrogen (NH3, NO2
-, NO3
-)
NITROGEN CYCLE. Fill in the light boxes with letters corresponding to processes. Fill in the dark boxes with numbers corresponding to reservoirs. Color the arrows according to the type of process involved.
BLUE
YELLOW
RED
A
• Ingredient in proteins and amino acids
• nitrogen-fixation: bacteria convert N2 (gas) NH3
• N2 gas is abundant, but only certain types of bacteria can use this form • These bacteria live in the soil in in legume roots (e.g., peanuts) • Other bacteria convert the fixed nitrogen into NO2
- and NO3-
C atmospheric N-fixation
Miller and Levine
1
2
3
Processes: A. Bacteria fix N2 gas B. Bacteria fix N2 gas C. Some N2 gas is fixed by
lightning D. Bacteria release N2 gas by
denitrification E. N2 gas is turned into fertilizer
and applied to crops. Excess may wash into rivers, streams, and the ocean as runoff
F. Nitrogen is taken up by producers, reused by consumers, and released by excretion and decomposing matter
Reservoirs: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2
gas) 2. Dissolved nitrogen 3. Soil nitrogen (NH3, NO2
-, NO3
-)
NITROGEN CYCLE. Fill in the light boxes with letters corresponding to processes. Fill in the dark boxes with numbers corresponding to reservoirs. Color the arrows according to the type of process involved.
BLUE
YELLOW
RED
• denitrification: bacteria convert NO3- N2 (gas)
A D
E
C atmospheric N-fixation
Miller and Levine
Concept # 8
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed
loops called biogeochemical cycles.
Checkpoint # 16 Complete the blank phosphorus cycle by putting the correct labels for processes and reservoirs, and by color-coding the arrows according to the type of process.
Processes: A. Geological activity turns
marine sediments into rock B. Geological activity washes
phosphates from rock into the ocean
C. Phosphorus is taken up by primary producers, reused by consumers, and released by excretion and decomposing matter
D. Phosphorus is mined, turned into fertilizer, and applied to crops. Excess may wash into rivers, streams, and the ocean as runoff
Reservoirs: 1. Dissolved phosphates 2. Phosphate rock 3. Phosphates in marine
sediments 4. Soil phosphates
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE. Fill in the light boxes with letters corresponding to processes. Fill in the dark boxes with numbers corresponding to reservoirs. Color the arrows according to the type of process involved.
BLUE
YELLOW
GREEN
• Ingredient of DNA and RNA Miller and Levine
1
2
3
4
Concept # 8
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed
loops called biogeochemical cycles.
• The cycles that move carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
through the biosphere are especially critical for life.
• Oxygen participates in the C, N, and P cycles by combining with these elements and cycling with them through parts of their journeys.
Concept # 9 Ecosystems are
constantly changing in response to
natural and human disturbances. This series of
predictable changes that occurs in a
community over time is called
ecological succession.
Checkpoint # 17 How is primary
succession different from secondary succession?
student.britannica.com
