INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERSTO COMPUTERSINTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERSTO COMPUTERS

Evolution of Evolution of the Computerthe ComputerEvolution of Evolution of the Computerthe Computer

FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)

Huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable. Huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build

the the ENIACENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.It use vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.

Presper Eckert Willian Mauchly

Vacuum tube

MARK 1

SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)

The famous computer scientists during the second generation era :The famous computer scientists during the second generation era :

Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic signals across Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic signals across a resister. a resister.

Transistors had many advantages compared to other hardware Transistors had many advantages compared to other hardware technology.technology.

THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)

IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964.IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964.

Other modelsOther models CDC 7600 CDC 7600 B2500.B2500.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT) It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to evolve. It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to evolve.

Steve Jobs Bill Gates Micheal Dell

There are many types of computer models such as:There are many types of computer models such as: Apple MacintoshApple Macintosh IBMIBM DELLDELL ACERACER

1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer.1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer. 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer.1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer.

FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)

Technologically advance and are still being development to become more efficient.

Other modern computer devices:• silicone chips• processor• robotics• virtual reality• intelligent systems• programs which translate languages

Types of ComputersTypes of Computers

Super Computers

Mini Computers

Mainframe Computers

MICRO COMPUTERMICRO COMPUTER

WORK STATIONWORK STATION

COMPUTER PARTS COMPUTER PARTS AND COMPONENTSAND COMPONENTSCOMPUTER PARTS COMPUTER PARTS AND COMPONENTSAND COMPONENTS

A keyboard is an example of input device for text input.

•A monitor is an output device that can be used to display text.

•It can display graphics and video.

•It is similar to a television set that accepts video signals from a computer and displays information on its screen.

A mouse is also an input device A mouse is also an input device but it is called a pointing device but it is called a pointing device used to input data that is used to input data that is continuous and multi-dimensional continuous and multi-dimensional into a computer.into a computer.

A pair of speakers is an audio output device that generates sound.

A printer is an output device that can be used to print text, apart from graphics, on mediums such as paper, transparency film or even cloths.

INPUTINPUT

HardwareHardware used to enter datadata and instructions

PROCESS STORAGE :Holds data, instructions, and information for future use

OUTPUT

Output Hardware that conveys information to one or more people

Computer System

Data processing cycle of the computer systemData processing cycle of the computer system

Input Process Output

Storage

SYSTEM UNITSYSTEM UNITSYSTEM UNITSYSTEM UNIT

System UnitSystem Unit

Case that contains electronic components of the Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process datacomputer used to process data- - Sometimes called Sometimes called

thethe chassischassis

INPUT/OUTPUT PORT(I/O PORT)INPUT/OUTPUT PORT(I/O PORT)

RESET BUTTONRESET BUTTON

Compact Disc Compact Disc

Flat, round, portable metal discFlat, round, portable metal disc CD-ROMCD-ROM DVD-ROMDVD-ROM

The Components of a ComputerThe Components of a Computer

Floppy Disk Floppy Disk DriveDrive

Function :Function :

The Components of a ComputerThe Components of a Computer

Hard Disk DriveHard Disk Drive

The Components of a ComputerThe Components of a Computer

FUNCTION :

MotherboardMotherboard

Main circuit board in system unit

Also called system board

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU) Interprets and carries

out basic instructions that operate a computer Control unit directs and

coordinates operations in computer

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations

Also called the processor

ProcessorProcessor

Control Control UnitUnit

Arithmetic Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Logic Unit (ALU)

InputDevicesDevices

OutputOutputDevicesDevicesMemoryMemoryDataData InformationInformation

InstructionsInstructionsDataData

InformatioInformationn

InstructionsInstructionsDataData

InformatioInformationn

StorageStorageDevicesDevices

Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)

The more RAM a The more RAM a computer has, the computer has, the faster it respondsfaster it responds

Also called Also called main memory main memory

or primary or primary storagestorage

Most RAM is Most RAM is volatilevolatile, it is lost , it is lost when computer’s when computer’s

power is power is turned offturned off

Memory chips that can be Memory chips that can be read from and written read from and written

to by processorto by processor

Read-Only Memory (ROM)Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Memory chips that store Memory chips that store permanent data permanent data and instructionsand instructions

Nonvolatile memoryNonvolatile memory, it is not , it is not lost when computer’s lost when computer’s

power is turned offpower is turned off

Three types:Three types:FirmwareFirmware——Manufactured with Manufactured with permanently written permanently written data, instructions, data, instructions, or informationor information

EEPROMEEPROM ((eelectrically lectrically

eerasable rasable pprogrammable rogrammable rread-ead-oonly nly mmemory)—emory)—

Type of PROM Type of PROM containing microcode containing microcode

programmer programmer can erasecan erase

PROMPROM ((pprogrammable rogrammable

rread-ead-oonly nly mmemory)—emory)—

Blank ROM Blank ROM chip onto which chip onto which a programmer a programmer

can write permanentlycan write permanently

Expansion SlotExpansion Slot

An opening, or socket, An opening, or socket, on the motherboard on the motherboard that can hold an that can hold an adapter cardadapter card

WithWith Plug and Play, Plug and Play, the computer the computer automatically automatically configures cardsconfigures cardsand other devices and other devices as you install themas you install them

PERIPHERALSPERIPHERALSPERIPHERALSPERIPHERALS

PERIPHERAL DEVICESPERIPHERAL DEVICES

External hardware devices attached External hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral to the computer are called peripheral equipments.equipments.

TYPES OF PERIPHERALTYPES OF PERIPHERAL

INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

STORAGE DEVICESSTORAGE DEVICES

The Components of a ComputerThe Components of a Computer What is an What is an input deviceinput device?? Hardware used to enter data and instructions

Input is any data or instruction that you enter Input is any data or instruction that you enter into the memory of a computer.into the memory of a computer.

There are four types of input: which are text, There are four types of input: which are text, graphic, audio and video.graphic, audio and video.

Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions

INPUTINPUT

a) INPUT DEVICES FOR TEXTSa) INPUT DEVICES FOR TEXTS

You can press the keys of a You can press the keys of a virtual keyboardvirtual keyboard on the screen. on the screen.

You can enter data such as text and commands into You can enter data such as text and commands into a computer by pressing the keys on the a computer by pressing the keys on the keyboardkeyboard..

An optical readerAn optical reader uses a light uses a light source to read characters, marks source to read characters, marks and codes and then converts them and codes and then converts them into digital data.into digital data.

A digital cameraA digital camera allows you to take allows you to take pictures and store the photographed pictures and store the photographed images digitally.images digitally.

b) INPUT DEVICES FOR GRAPHICSb) INPUT DEVICES FOR GRAPHICS

A scannerA scanner will captures images will captures images from photographic prints, posters, from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages and similar sources magazine pages and similar sources for computer editing and display.for computer editing and display.

Audio input is the Audio input is the speech, music and sound speech, music and sound effectseffects entered into the computer. entered into the computer.

The example of input devices such as a The example of input devices such as a microphonemicrophone and and digital musical instrumentsdigital musical instruments like the Musical Instrument Digital Interface like the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) keyboard.(MIDI) keyboard.

c) INPUT DEVICES FOR AUDIOc) INPUT DEVICES FOR AUDIO

A Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) A Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) video cameravideo camera enables a home or small enables a home or small business user to capture video and images.business user to capture video and images.

A webcamA webcam is any video camera that is any video camera that displays its output on a web page.displays its output on a web page.

A digital video cameraA digital video camera allows you allows you to record full motion and store the to record full motion and store the captured motion digitally.captured motion digitally.

d) INPUT DEVICES FOR VIDEOd) INPUT DEVICES FOR VIDEO

Pointing devices such as a Pointing devices such as a mousemouse, , trackballtrackball, , graphics tabletgraphics tablet and and touch screentouch screen are used to are used to input spatial data into the computer.input spatial data into the computer.

Spatial data refers to data that is continuous Spatial data refers to data that is continuous and multi-dimensional.and multi-dimensional.

e) POINTING DEVICESe) POINTING DEVICES

The Components of a ComputerThe Components of a Computer What is an What is an output deviceoutput device?? Hardware that conveys information to one or more people

Output is the result of data processing activity Output is the result of data processing activity when it is presented external to the system. when it is presented external to the system.

There are four types of output, which are:There are four types of output, which are:

Output device is hardware that is capable of delivering or showing information.

OUTPUTOUTPUT

A monitorA monitor can be used to display text, graphics can be used to display text, graphics and video. It is similar to a television and video. It is similar to a television

set that accepts video signals from set that accepts video signals from

a computer and displays information a computer and displays information

on its screen.on its screen.

A printerA printer can be used to prints text can be used to prints text

and graphics and graphics on a physical medium on a physical medium such as paper or transparency film such as paper or transparency film or even cloths.or even cloths.

TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICESTYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES

A photo printerA photo printer is a colour is a colour

printer that produces printer that produces

photo-lab-quality pictures.photo-lab-quality pictures.

An image setterAn image setter can transfer can transfer electronic text and graphics electronic text and graphics

directly to film, plates, or directly to film, plates, or

photo-sensitive paper.photo-sensitive paper.

A pair of speakersA pair of speakers is an audio is an audio

output device that generates sound. output device that generates sound.

The headphoneThe headphone is a pair of small is a pair of small speakers placed over the ears and speakers placed over the ears and plugged into a port on the sound card. plugged into a port on the sound card.

A woofer or subwooferA woofer or subwoofer is used to is used to boost the low bass sound and is boost the low bass sound and is connected to the port on the sound connected to the port on the sound card.card.

A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projectorprojector uses its own light source to uses its own light source to project what is displayed on the project what is displayed on the computer on a wall or projection computer on a wall or projection screen. screen.

A digital light processing (DLP) A digital light processing (DLP) projectorprojector uses tiny mirrors to reflect uses tiny mirrors to reflect light which can be seen clearly in a light which can be seen clearly in a well-lit room.well-lit room.

Information and documents are stored in Information and documents are stored in computer storage so that it can be retrieved computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever they are needed later on.whenever they are needed later on.

STORAGESTORAGE

Computer storageComputer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.

Store programs and data to be used at a later Store programs and data to be used at a later time.time.

Useful to keep current data while being Useful to keep current data while being processed by the processor until the processed by the processor until the information is saved in a storage media such as information is saved in a storage media such as a hard disk or a diskette.a hard disk or a diskette.

It also stores instructions fromIt also stores instructions froma computer program.a computer program.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER STORAGEFUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER STORAGE

Primary storagePrimary storage is known as the main is known as the main memory of a computer, including RAM memory of a computer, including RAM (Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-(Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). Only Memory).

It is an internal memory (inside the CPU) that It is an internal memory (inside the CPU) that can be accessed directly by the processor.can be accessed directly by the processor.

TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGETYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAM AND ROMRAM AND ROM

RAM ROM

Data and program

Stores during and after processing

Stored by manufacturer

Content Stores information temporarily

Stores instructions (Information) permanently

Processing time

Very fast, but uses a lot of power

Fast, but uses very little power

Volatility Volatile Non-volatile

Secondary storageSecondary storage is the alternative storage is the alternative storage

in a computer. in a computer.

It is an external storage that refers to various It is an external storage that refers to various ways a computer can store program and data.ways a computer can store program and data.

TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGETYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

Used to store programs and data for future use.Used to store programs and data for future use.

Secondary storage is required for two reasons.Secondary storage is required for two reasons.

1.1. The working memory of the The working memory of the CPU is CPU is limited in sizelimited in size and and cannot always hold the amount cannot always hold the amount of data required.of data required.

2. Data and programs in secondary 2. Data and programs in secondary storage do storage do

not disappearnot disappear when the power when the power is turned off.is turned off.

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

BITBIT

smallest unit smallest unit a short for binary digit. a short for binary digit. represented by the numbers 1 and 0. represented by the numbers 1 and 0. represent the binary systemrepresent the binary system

DATA MEASUREMENTDATA MEASUREMENT

BYTEBYTE a unit of information built from bits. a unit of information built from bits. 1 byte = 8 bits.1 byte = 8 bits. A byte provides enough different A byte provides enough different

combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters.individual characters.

One byte represents a single character such as One byte represents a single character such as the number 3, letter b or a $ symbol. the number 3, letter b or a $ symbol.

DATA MEASUREMENTDATA MEASUREMENT

KILOBYTE (KB)KILOBYTE (KB)In mathematics, 1 KB = 1000 bytes.In mathematics, 1 KB = 1000 bytes.In computer, 1 KB = 1024 bytes or In computer, 1 KB = 1024 bytes or

can be said as:can be said as:1 KB = 210 bytes1 KB = 210 bytes

DATA MEASUREMENTDATA MEASUREMENT

MEGABYTE (MB)MEGABYTE (MB)1 MB = 1 048 576 bytes 1 MB = 1 048 576 bytes

or it can be said as:or it can be said as:1 MB = 220 bytes1 MB = 220 bytes

GIGABYTE (GB)GIGABYTE (GB)1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytes1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytes

or it can be said as: or it can be said as: 1 GB = 230 bytes1 GB = 230 bytes

DATA MEASUREMENTDATA MEASUREMENT